Archaeology of Our Universe YIFU CAI ( 蔡一夫 )
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1
2 Archaeology of Our Universe YIFU CAI ( 蔡一夫 )
3 Thermal History Primordial era 13.8 billion years by WMAP/NASA
4 Large Scale Structure (LSS) by 2MASS
5 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by ESA/Planck
6 CMB in angular space by ESA/Planck
7 Purpose To understand the origin of our universe and its evolution at early times To explain the phenomena of our Universe observed today, namely, Large Scale Structure To make predictions for future astronomical and cosmological experiments
8 Purpose To understand the origin of our universe and its evolution at early times To explain the phenomena of our Universe observed today, namely, Large Scale Structure To make predictions for future astronomical and cosmological experiments
9 Purpose To understand the origin of our universe and its evolution at early times To explain the phenomena of our Universe observed today, namely, Large Scale Structure To make predictions for future astronomical and cosmological experiments
10 Purpose To understand the origin of our universe and its evolution at early times To explain the phenomena of our Universe observed today, namely, Large Scale Structure To make predictions for future astronomical and cosmological experiments
11 Status Observational cosmology starts to flourish It provides an observational window to fundamental theories The study of our baby universe has obtained numerous successes
12 Status Observational cosmology starts to flourish It provides an observational window to fundamental theories The study of our baby universe has obtained numerous successes
13 Status Observational cosmology starts to flourish It provides an observational window to fundamental theories The study of our baby universe has obtained numerous successes
14 Status Observational cosmology starts to flourish It provides an observational window to fundamental theories The study of our baby universe has obtained numerous successes
15 This is just the beginning
16 Modern Cosmology Observations The Big Bang theory Outline When our baby Universe was born Inflation and the CMB Initial singularity Bounce Cosmology Connecting fundamental theories with observations Matter Bounce paradigm Outlook
17 Modern Cosmology Observations The Big Bang theory Outline When our baby Universe was born Inflation and the CMB Initial singularity Bounce Cosmology Connecting fundamental theories with observations Matter Bounce paradigm Outlook
18 Optical Telescope: Sloan Digital Sky Survey by SDSS
19 Our Observable Universe from Wikipedia
20 Large Scale Structure by 2MASS
21 Observing CMB on earth: South Pole Telescope by SPT
22 Observing CMB in space: Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) by COBE/NASA
23
24 Anisotropies in CMB by COBE
25 John C. Mather George F. Smoot "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
26 Observing CMB in space: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) by WMAP/NASA
27 Anisotropies with high resolution by WMAP
28 Observing CMB in space: Planck by Planck/ESA
29 Anisotropies with higher resolution by Planck
30 Observational Facts: Our universe has a thermal expanding history with 13.8 billion years The background looks the same at anywhere on sufficiently large scales Galaxies and clusters form the LSS
31 Observational Facts: Our universe has a thermal expanding history with 13.8 billion years The background looks the same at anywhere on sufficiently large scales Galaxies and clusters form the LSS
32 Observational Facts: Our universe has a thermal expanding history with 13.8 billion years The background looks the same at anywhere on sufficiently large scales Galaxies and clusters form the LSS
33 Observational Facts: Our universe has a thermal expanding history with 13.8 billion years The background looks the same at anywhere on sufficiently large scales Galaxies and clusters form the LSS
34 Observational Facts: Our universe has a thermal expanding history with 13.8 billion years The background looks the same at anywhere on sufficiently large scales Galaxies and clusters form the LSS
35 Theoretical Framework General Relativity Cosmological Principle
36 Theoretical Framework General Relativity Cosmological Principle
37 Theoretical Framework General Relativity Cosmological Principle Rotation invariance & Shift invariance
38 Theoretical Framework General Relativity Cosmological Principle Rotation invariance & Shift invariance
39 Curvature: Shape of the Universe K =+1 K = 0 K =-1
40 Our Universe K =+1 K = 0 K =-1
41 Scale factor of the Universe
42 Our Universe
43 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Hubble Parameter: expanding rate of the universe (about 70 km/s per Mpc) H a a Hubble horizon: correlation length of the universe (about 14 billion light years) R H c H
44 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Hubble Parameter: expanding rate of the universe (about 70 km/s per Mpc) H a a Hubble horizon: correlation length of the universe (about 14 billion light years) R H c H
45 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Hubble Parameter: expanding rate of the universe (about 70 km/s per Mpc) H a a Hubble horizon: correlation length of the universe (about 14 billion light years) R H c H
46 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Friedmann Equation
47 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Radiation
48 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Radiation Visible Matter Invisible Matter
49 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Radiation Visible Matter Curvature Invisible Matter
50 Dynamics of Big Bang Cosmology Radiation Dark Energy Visible Matter Curvature Invisible Matter
51
52 Flatness Problem?
53 Unwanted Relics Problem?
54 Cosmic Time 13.8 billion years 370,000 years Big Bang Horizon Problem?
55 Flatness Problem Unwanted Relics Problem Horizon Problem The origin of the LSS And the Big Bang Singularity
56
57 Modern Cosmology Observations The Big Bang theory Outline When our baby Universe was born Inflation and the CMB Initial singularity Bounce Cosmology Connecting fundamental theories with observations Matter Bounce paradigm Outlook
58 Inflationary Cosmology (Guth, Starobinsky, 1980s) 13.8 billion years by WMAP/NASA
59 Solution to Horizon Problem Cosmic Time 13.8 billion years 370,000 years Big Bang
60 Solution to Horizon Problem Cosmic Time 13.8 billion years 370,000 years Inflation ~ seconds Big Bang
61 Solution to Flatness & Unwanted Relics Problems
62 The Physics of Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe That requires a matter field with negative pressure This can be realized by a scalar field φ slowly rolling down along a very flat potential φ field fluctuations lead to scale invariant primordial power spectrum and explain CMB and LSS
63 The Physics of Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe That requires a matter field with negative pressure This can be realized by a scalar field φ slowly rolling down along a very flat potential φ field fluctuations lead to scale invariant primordial power spectrum and explain CMB and LSS
64 The Physics of Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe That requires a matter field with negative pressure This can be realized by a scalar field φ slowly rolling down along a very flat potential φ field fluctuations lead to scale invariant primordial power spectrum and explain CMB and LSS
65 The Physics of Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe That requires a matter field with negative pressure This can be realized by a scalar field φ slowly rolling down along a very flat potential φ field fluctuations lead to scale invariant primordial power spectrum and explain CMB and LSS
66 The Physics of Inflation A period of accelerated expansion in the very early universe That requires a matter field with negative pressure This can be realized by a scalar field φ slowly rolling down along a very flat potential φ field fluctuations lead to scale invariant primordial power spectrum and explain CMB and LSS
67 Successes of Inflationary Cosmology Horizon problem Flatness problem Unwanted relics problem LSS Formation (Chibisov & Mukhanov, 1981)
68 Perturbation Theory in Inflation Hubble length R H = c/h Inflation Time Reheating Today
69 Perturbation Theory in Inflation Hubble length R H = c/h Inflation Classical Perturbation Quantum Fluctuation Reheating Today Time
70 Perturbation Theory in Inflation Hubble length R H = c/h Inflation Time Reheating Today
71 Perturbation Theory in Inflation Hubble length R H = c/h Inflation Planck Length Time Reheating Today
72 Inflation s challenges Trans-Planckian Problem (Martin & Brandenberger, 2000) Microscopic origin of the scalar field driving inflation Big Bang Singularity A competitive paradigm: Bounce Cosmology
73 Modern Cosmology Observations The Big Bang theory Outline When our baby Universe was born Inflation and the CMB Initial singularity Bounce Cosmology Connecting fundamental theories with observations Matter Bounce paradigm Outlook
74 The Physics of Bounce a(t) a(t) t Tolman, 1930s t
75 The Physics of Bounce a(t) Cosmic Bounce a(t) t Tolman, 1930s t
76 The Physics of Bounce
77 May the forces be with you Electromagnetism Weak Interaction Strong Interaction Quantum Mechanically Gravitation GR is Classical! Quantum gravity?
78 String Theory Fundamental objects are elementary strings Their oscillation modes correspond to fundamental particles It attempts to build a quantum theory unifying all forces of nature including gravitation
79 String Theory Mathematical consistency leads to Extra space dimensions New fundamental symmetries
80 String Theory Mathematical consistency leads to Extra space dimensions New fundamental symmetries
81 Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Universe (Khoury, Ovrut, Seiberg, Steinhardt, Turok, 2001) DE domination Deceleration Turnaround Ekpyrotic contraction Before big crunch A bounce After big bang Radiation domination Matter domination
82 String Theory Mathematical consistency leads to Extra space dimensions New fundamental symmetries
83 String Gas Cosmology (Brandenberger & Vafa, 1989) Matter contraction Thermal contraction Thermal string contraction Hagedorn phase T duality A bounce Post bounce expansion Radiation domination Matter domination
84 Loop Quantum Cosmology (Ashtekar, Bojowald, Pawlowski, Singh,, 2000s) Quantum Structure of Spacetime near Planck
85 Viewpoint from effective field approach A period of matter field contraction before the bounce This can be achieved by a scalar field φ without slow roll
86 Field theory paradigm of Matter Bounce V(φ) Brandenberger, CYF, Qiu & Zhang, 2008 Matter Oscillations φ
87 Field theory paradigm of Matter Bounce V(φ) Brandenberger, CYF, Qiu & Zhang, 2008 δφ Scale Invariant Power spectrum!! φ
88
89
90 Old Matter Bounce paradigm Benefits: There is no slow-roll fine-tuning Explains CMB and LSS alternative to inflation Defects: The same field fluctuations lead to over large anisotropies in the universe, and thus unstable
91 Old Matter Bounce paradigm Benefits: There is no slow-roll fine-tuning Explains CMB and LSS alternative to inflation Defects: The same field fluctuations lead to over large anisotropies in the universe, and thus is unstable
92 New Matter Bounce Paradigm: A hybrid paradigm of Matter & Ekpyrotic Bounces CYF, Easson & Brandenberger, 2012 V(φ) φ Matter Contraction Ekpyrotic Contraction Bounce Big Bang Expansion
93 New Matter Bounce Paradigm: A hybrid paradigm of Matter & Ekpyrotic Bounces CYF, Easson & Brandenberger, 2012 V(φ) φ Matter Contraction Ekpyrotic Contraction Bounce Big Bang Expansion Dilute unwanted anisotropies
94 Bounce + inflation A bounce takes place before inflation A nearly scale-invariant spectrum with an oscillating feature Suppresses CMB anisotropies on large angular scales CYF, et. al., 2008
95 Perturbation Theory in Inflation Hubble horizon R H = c/h Inflation Planck Length Time Reheating Today
96 Perturbation Theory in Bounce CYF, et.al., 2008 Hubble horizon R H = c/h Contraction Bounce Expansion Planck Length Time Begin End Today
97 Perturbation Theory in Bounce Crucial points: Fluctuations originate on sub-hubble scales Fluctuations propagate for a long time on super-hubble scales Fluctuations pass through the bounce smoothly No Trans-Planckian Problem CYF, et.al., 2008
98 The Physics of Bounce No initial singularity An alternative to inflation in explaining the CMB & LSS Applied to examine fundamental theories Indicating another bounce in the future?
99 Modern Cosmology Observations The Big Bang theory Outline When our baby Universe was born Inflation and the CMB Initial singularity Bounce Cosmology Connecting fundamental theories with observations Outlook
100 Today The past decade has witnessed the era of precision cosmology The paradigm of early universe has been greatly developed Big Bang cosmology has become the Standard Model Inflation obtained a large amount of initial achievements Bounce cosmology is ambitious on solving big bang singularity
101 In Near Future There are more unknown mysteries Very early universe opens a window to explore fundamental physics It became possible to observationally probe physics near the Big Bang
102 This is just the beginning Fin
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