Analysis of Comet in the Solar Wind
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1 Analysis of Comet Tails for Turbulence in the Solar Wind DAVID RICE NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY CRAIG DEFOREST AND TIM HOWARD SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
2 David R. Rice Hometown: Grimes, Iowa Northwestern University Evanston, IL Rising Junior Majors: Integrated Science Physics and Astronomy Earth and Planetary Sciences Research Experience Assistant to Jason H. Steffen CIERA Simulating planetary ejecta and studying mass transfer of orbital bodies with various initial orbital conditions
3 1 Turbulence Theory 7 Lovejoy 2 Why Comets?? 8 ISON 3 PDL 9 Encke 4 HI-1 Image Processing 10 Velocity Analysis 5 Tracking Tool 11 R 2 Analysis 6 Verifying Machholz 12 Conclusions
4 Turbulence Type of fluid flow containing chaotic property changes Features: Irregularity, Diffusivity, Rotationality, Dissipation Eddies contain most of the kinetic energy of the turbulent motion Eddies have defined length scales Chaos isn't a pit. Chaos is a ladder. Littlefinger The Kolmogorov length scale is the scale where there is viscous dissipation of energy Ex. Atmospheric circulation, cigarette smoke, flow over a golf ball
5 Solar Wind Gusts Solar wind has speeds between 200 and 800 km/s Wind is not constant on even short periods much like Earth s winds Causation of gusts? From the source Processing of the wind (turbulence) I m an agent of chaos, and you know the thing about chaos? It s fair. The Joker Need for CME Breakup predictions
6 Sungrazing Comets 1488 known comets come within ~12 solar radii 1 Close to the sun comets develop long ion tails that can extend over 3.8 AU 2 Neutral gas species in coma are ionized by solar UV photons 1. JPL Small- Body Database 2. Yeomans, Donald K. (2005). "Comet". World Book Online Reference Center. World Book Ions are carried by the magnetic field of the solar wind Wind causes ropes, knots, disconnections, and streamers In-Situ Probes are like studying the human body with an electron microscope -Craig
7 Perl Data Language Gives Perl ability to efficiently manipulate large N-dimensional arrays Allows greater indexing and vectorization than MATLAB or IDL Ex. 3*(1,2,3,4) = (3,6,9,12) Supports FITS Includes interactive shell FREE!!!
8 Image Processing Using STEREO HI-SECCHI 1 images large field of view with good resolution Batches of images help remove background 1. Remove fixed patterns 2. Co-align starfield 3. Background subtract 4. Remove 2 nd order zodiacal light 5. Moving object filter
9 Tracking Tool Gnuplot tool to place test particles on tail perturbations Track comet head and keep justified in frame of view Turn motion filter on and off Adjust the brightness My Additions Change color pallet. Sepia, Rainbow, Heat, Wheel Sort-Track function Removes undefined Orders tracks Small Bug Fixes
10 Human Data Collection All test particles are being tracked with the eye Craig tracked 170 test particles on Comet 96P/Machholz 9 out of 13 comparable in first test Second test 20 out of 31 good/perfect 7 out of 31 ok may skip between 2 tracks mostly near the head
11 Comet Lovejoy (C2/2011 W3) The Great Birthday Comet (SOHO s 16 th ) Dec th -22 nd As bright as Venus 1 Exit 3 orders of magnitude brighter than everything else Pixel Overload Entry only 2 days 40 traces but short 1. Phillips, Tony (15 December 2011). "What's Up in Space". Spaceweather.com
12 Comet ISON (C/2012 S1) Nov th -29 th Media reported that it may become brighter than the Moon Never became bright enough for the naked eye 50 traces Difficulties Exhibits few fluctuations Projection Angle Tracking near head
13 Comet Encke (2P/Encke) Nov th -29 th with ISON Periodic every 3 years Close approaches to Earth happen every 33 years 44 traces Difficulties Farther away than ISON Crosses ISON Solar Maximum
14 Velocity Analysis Analyzed the velocity of test particles over time many different tests Above is map of the evolution of difference in relative velocity of two points By examining t 0 =0 we find when the particles have been accelerated to wind speeds We see further increase in the difference in velocity after initial acceleration
15 ISON Lovejoy Encke
16 Structure Function SF is a statistical test of particle motion and memory R 2 = dp 1 -dp 2 2 Difference in the displacement vectors for a given Δt Log-Log Plot exponent corresponds to slope Quadratic Free Propagation Linear Random Walk Sub Linear Confined (Eddies)
17 ISON Lovejoy Encke
18 Conclusion With better background subtraction and our tracking tool we are able to track perturbations in the comet tail and hence test particles in the solar wind for over 20 hours (Some up to 30+) The structure function qualifies the existence of turbulence in the solar wind exhibited in comet Machholz Although inconclusive on their own comets Lovejoy, ISON, and Encke support that the Machholz conclusions are repeatable with stricter comet selection. Ideal comets: Large Tail fluctuations throughout HI-1 Not during solar maximum No fantail or breakup Comet head brightness comparable to max f-corona Projection Angle: points need visible movement Xkcd.com
19 Acknowledgements Craig DeForest, Tim Howard, SwRI Marty Snow, Erin Wood, LASP National Science Foundation University of Colorado Northwestern University Abram, Casey, Christina, Codie, Derek, Demi, Hanna, Max, Natalie, Sam, Sara, Sierra, Summer, Taylor, Will, and Willow
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