Observatories: The Russian Facilities

Transcription

1 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015 Observatories: The Russian Facilities Evgenii Semenko Special Astrophysical Observatory at Nizhnii Arkhyz

2 «Russia is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.» Sir Winston Churchill

3 Introduction about 60 the number of astronomical observatories in modern Russia, Russian astronomy is divided between academic institutes/ observatories and universities, about the number of professional astronomers in Russia (~10% of the world s number), persons every year the number of graduate students (Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, Kazan and Ural Federal Universities), about 10 students every year will continue their work in science (only half in Russia). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 2/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

4 Introduction 1735 the first professional astronomical observatory was established in St. Petersburg (the first director Joseph-Nicolas Delisle), 1839 the St. Petersburg observatory was reorganized, got new building and equipment and was renamed to Pulkovo astronomical observatory, New astronomical observatories have been founded in: Moscow (1831), St. Petersburg (1881), Kazan (1901), etc. The observatories in Estonia, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and other countries of the former the Russian Empire (the USSR) are out of consideration, Early Russian astronomy had prominent applied character (astrometry, time and coordinate service, etc.). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 3/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

5 Introduction 1930-s development of new technologies in USSR, 1934 Lytkarino optical glass plant near Moscow was founded, early stage of the soviet astronomical development (State optical and mechanical plant, later Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Union or LOMO), m the Shain Mirror Telescope (ZTSh) at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, m the Big Azimuthal Telescope BTA at the Special Astrophysical Observatory, m the Ambartsumyan Mirror Telescope (ZTA) in Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Almost all astronomical observatories in the former Soviet Union and in modern Russia have been equipped with the telescopes manufactured by LOMO or Carl Zeiss. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 4/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

6 Map of the Russian astronomy observatories universities E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 5/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

7 Astronomical institutes and centers Academic institutes (governed by the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations, previously by the Russian Academy of Sciences): Institute Foundation year Opportunity types Space Research Institute Moscow, Tarusa, Eupatoria Astro-Space Center of P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Puschino, Kalyazin optical (RTT-150), spaceborne devices radio (RT-22, BSA, DCR-1000, RT-64), spaceborne devices Institute of Astronomy Moscow, Zvenigorod, Terskol optical (Zeiss-2000*) E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 6/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

8 Astronomical institutes and centers Academic institutes (governed by the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations ФАНО, before by the Russian Academy of Sciences): Institute Foundation year Opportunity types Institute of Applied Astronomy St. Petersburg, Badary, Svetloe, Zelenchukskaya radio VLBI (3 RT-32) Institute for Nuclear Research Troitsk (Moscow), Baksan, Lake Baykal neutrino detectors (Baksan, Baikal) Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics Irkutsk and region, Buryatia, Norilsk optical (Solar telescopes) & IR (AZT-22 IR), radio E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 7/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

9 Astronomical institutes and centers Academic institutes (governed by the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations ФАНО, before by the Russian Academy of Sciences): Institute Foundation year Opportunity types Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio-wave Propagation Troitsk, St. Petersburg, Karelia, Kaliningrad Main Astronomical Observatory St. Petersburg, Kislovodsk, Campo Imperatore (Italy) Special Astrophysical Observatory Nizhnii Arkhyz, St. Petersburg radio, spacebourne devices optical (small telescopes) & IR (AZT-24), radio (BPR) optical (BTA, Zeiss-1000), radio (RATAN-600) E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 8/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

10 Astronomical institutes and centers The observatory that is de facto Russian: Institute Foundation year Opportunity types Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Nauchny (the Crimea, Ukraine) optical (ZTSh, AZT-11, ZTE, BST, etc.), radio (RT-22), gamma It will obey to the Agency starting from the next year. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 9/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

11 Astronomy in the universities There are four universities that have astronomical departments: University Structure Instrumentation M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Physics, Division of Astronomy, P.K. Shternberg State Astronomical Institute, Two observational stations: the Crimean Astronomical Station (near CrAO) and the Caucasian Highland Observatory (Shatdzhatmaz, about 30 km from Kislovodsk). 50-cm AZT-5 (1958) 2x60-cm Zeiss-600 (1969) 1.25-m ZTE (1961) 2.5-m mirror telescope (2014). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 10/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

12 Astronomy in the universities There are four universities with astronomical departments: University Structure Instrumentation Saint Petersburg State University Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, Department of Astronomy, V.V. Sobolev Astronomical Institute E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 11/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

13 Astronomy in the universities There are four universities with astronomical departments: University Structure Instrumentation Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University Institute of Physics, Department of astronomy and space geodesy, 3 observatories: V.P. Engelgardt Astronomical Observatory, the North Caucasian Highland Astronomical Station and the RTT-150 branch. 40-cm robotic telescope (2015) MMT system (9- channel wide-field system) (2014) 1.5-m Russian-Turkish telescope AZT-22 E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 12/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

14 Astronomy in the universities There are four universities with astronomical departments: University Structure Instrumentation Ural Federal University Department of Physics, Kourovka astronomical observatory. 45-cm AZT-3 (1965) 70-cm Cassegrain-700 (1994) 1.2-m APM telescope (2009) E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 13/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

15 The largest Russian telescopes 1.1-m mirror IR telescope AZT-24 (RC F/7.2, 20 corrected FOV), Installed at the Observatory of Campo Imperatore in Italy (Roma+Teramo +Pulkovo), Elevation 2150 m, N, E, NIR array ( FOV) with HJK and narrowband photometric filters and set of prisms (R~300), 17.8 mag in 60 s (J band). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 14/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

16 The largest Russian telescopes 1.2-m APM telescope (RC F/3.3, F/10), Installed at the Kourovka Astronomical Observatory of UrFU, Elevation 290 m, N, E, CCD photometer-polarimeter (UBVRCIC + low-pass), Spectrographs: long-slit ANNA (R=600, λ= Å), hi-res fiber-coupled UFES (R=30 000, λ= Å), SNR 50 for 9m in 2900 s exp. (hi-res). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 15/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

17 The largest Russian telescopes 1.25-m ZTE telescope (Parab. PF +Newt. F/4, Cas. F/17), Installed at the Crimean Astronomical Station of the SAI MSU, Elevation 600 m, N, E, Set of low-res spectrographs for UV and visual ( Å) and NIR (up to Å). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 16/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

18 The largest Russian telescopes 1.25-m AZT-11 telescope (Parab., Cas. F/13, 2 foci), Installed at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Elevation 600 m, N, E, 5-channel fast photometerpolarimeter (UBVRI) and CCDphotometer (2k 15(, FOV). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 17/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

19 The largest Russian telescopes 1.5-m AZT-22 telescope (RC, F/7.7, F/48), optically is identical to the telescope on Mt. Maidanak (Uzbekistan), Installed at the Tübitak National Observatory of Turkey, 45% Kazan FU, 15% ISR RAS, 40% Turkish universities, Elevation 2500 m, N, E, Focal reducer TFOSC (13 13 FOV, 2k 2k (, 3 filter wheels (5-5-8), spec. mode: λ= Å, R= ), ANDOR CCD ( FOV, 2k 2k (, 6 pos. filter wheel), Hi-res Coudé Echelle Spectrometer (λ= Å, R= ). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 18/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

20 The largest Russian telescopes 2-m Zeiss-2000 telescope by Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH (RC F/8, F/36), Installed at the Observatory on Peak Terskol (near Mt. Elbrus), Elevation 3100 m, N, E, CCD photometer (11 11 FOV, UBVR filters), MMCS: multimode (LS or echelle) spectrometer in Cassegrain focus, R= , λ= nm, MAESTRO: coudé echelle spectrometer (R= , λ= nm), TUVES: UV coudé echelle spectrometer (R= , λ= nm). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 19/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

21 The largest Russian telescopes 2.5-m RC telescope by SAGEM-REOSC (RC F/8 + 4 Nasmyth foci), Installed on the Mt. Shatdzhatmas Observatory, Elevation 2112 m, N, E, CCD photometer (UBVRI, SDSS, narrowband): FOV (5 5 ), mosaic 2 (2k 4k@15(), AstroNIRCam: NIR photometerpolarimeter and spectrometer (R<1500) based on HAWAII-2RG, More devices will be available soon E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 20/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

22 The largest Russian telescopes 2.6-m the G.A. Shain Mirror telescope (F/3.85, F/16, F/40), Installed at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Elevation 600 m, N, E, CCD photometer in PF (BVRI, , 1k Spectrographs for visual range: Nasmyth long-slit spectrometer (R=3000), coudé echelle spectrometer ESPL (R= ). Registration of stars with a brightness up to 15m and 10m, resp. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 21/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

23 The largest Russian telescopes 6-m mirror telescope on altazimuth mount BTA (F/4, 2 F/31), Installed at the Special Astrophysical Observatory, Elevation 2070 m, N, E, Spectrographs: MSS (R=15 000), NES (R=45 000), Digital speckle-interferometer (vis. & NIR), Multimode focal reducers: SCORPIO & SCORPIO2, Multicolor Panoramic Photometer- Polarimeter. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 22/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

24 Special Astrophysical Observatory Institute of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations, Director Yury Balega. 480 staff members (100 scientists), 11 laboratories, 11 groups, 2 service groups, St. Petersburg branch, 3 optical telescopes (Zeiss-600, Zeiss-1000, BTA), Radiotelescope RATAN-600. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 23/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

25 Special Astrophysical Observatory Main research areas: Solar physics (RATAN-600), Stellar physics: evolution, chemical composition, magnetic fields, binary and multiple systems, asteroseismology, exoplanets, Physics of interstellar medium, Galaxies: dynamics and kinematics, AGN, chemical composition, population of galaxies, GRB and other transient events, Cosmology (incl. RATAN-600), Development of new instrument and methods. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 24/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

26 Telescope BTA Parabolic main mirror: D=6 m, F=24 m (F=180 m), d=0.65 m, glass-316 by LZOS, 650 tons of movable parts (850 tons, totally), telescope height 42 m, altazimuth mount, dead zone = 5, accuracy: 1 (pointing), ±0.2 (tracking) with Texp < 40 min, new TCS was developed at SAO (late 1990-s). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 25/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

27 BTA. Devices Digital speckle interferometer in primary focus Operating range is within visible (500 nm) to NIR (800 nm), Set of interferential filters (550, 600, 650, 700, 800 nm), ADC unit, Camera Andor EMCCD ( (QE > 90%), Typical exposure time ~10-20 (s, m lim =15, m=5, Final resolution down to 0.02, Description: Maksimov A.F, et al. Astrophys. Bulletin, 64, 296 (2009). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 26/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

28 BTA. Devices E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 27/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

29 BTA. Devices Focal reducers SCORPIO and SCORPIO-2 in prime focus Modes: direct imaging (UBVRI, SDSS and narrow band filters), long-slit spectroscopy/polarimetry, wide-band polarimetry, 3D-spectroscopy with IFP, F/4 reduced to F/2.6, Spectral range nm, FOV , m lim = 27.5 in R (SNR=5, T exp =1800 s ), E2V CCD (2048 (), scorpio-2/index.html E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 28/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

30 BTA. Devices Multicolor Panoramic Photometer and Polarimeter in primary focus Purpose: simultaneous polarimetry and/ or photometry of compact sources (FOV = ) with ultrahigh time resolution, Position Sensitive Device (photon counting, QE=10-20%, space sensitivity about 100 (, time resolution is about 0.5 (s), Scientific purposes: study of optical pulsars, photometry of GRB and other objects that rapidly change brightness or polarization. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 29/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

31 BTA. Devices Stellar Spectrographs at the Nasmyth-2 focus Purpose: Spectroscopy and circular spectropolarimetry, Operating wavelength range: Å, Detector: CCD system based on E2V ( (by ADLab), Resolving power: λ/ λ = (MSS), (NES), Limiting magnitudes (S/N = 10, T exp =3600 s) MSS: 13.5 m, NES: 12 m. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 30/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

32 BTA. Devices E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 31/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

33 How to observe? Write a proposal TAC (April, October) Observations Current observing schedule (2015/2): BTA state in real time: TAC distribute observing time of the BTA (100%), RATAN-600 (100%), Zeiss-1000 (100%), Zeiss-2000 (Mt. Terskol, 20%), ZTSh (the Crimea, 10%), Minimum observing unit one night, Responsible observers could be selected only from the SAO staff. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 32/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

34 Observing with BTA General archive of the observational data: Local archive of the Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Photometry of Extragalactic Sources: alcor.sao.ru/db/aspid/ Распределение времени по группам заявителей Time distribution CIS 7% 13% Other Russia SAO 45% 35% Data averaged for 5 years E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 33/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

35 Observing with BTA Observational time by months averaged for 5 years. E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 34/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

36 Observing with BTA % Доля,% Качество изображений (угл. сек.) Seeing, arcsec Time lost due to weather conditions, Problem of light pollution, Mean value for seeing from images is about 1.5, Image quality at the BTA is not representative for the site in general (wind, temperature), ~20-25% nights have photometric quality (absolute value). E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 35/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

37 BTA. Some perspectives Two new devices: IR spectro-photometer with the HAWAII-2 detector ( (), filters I, J, H, K, spectroscopic mode with R= Expected in 2016, Fiber-coupled hi-resolution echelle spectrometer. Sp. resolution up to , λ= Å. Circular and linear spectropolarimetry. Expected in E. Semenko «The Russian Facilities» 36/37 ESO/OPTICON/IAU Summer School, Brno 2015

38 Thank you for attention Special Astrophsical Observatory Nizhnii Arkhyz Karachai-Cherkassian Rep Russia, Tel.: +7 (87878) Fax.: +7 (87878)