A Pencil-Beam Search for Distant TNOs at the ESO NTT 117 Hermann Boehnhardt, Olivier Hainaut, Catherine Delahodde, Richard West, Karen Meech, Brian

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1 Contents The Kuiper Belt: Overview 1 David Jewitt 1 Introduction 1 2 Things We Know About the Kuiper Belt 1 3 Things We Think We Know 4 4 Things We Would Like to Know 6 5 Acknowledgement 8 Physical Characteristics of Trans-Neptunian Objects and Centaurs 9 John K. Davies 1 Introduction 9 2 Sizes 10 3 Rotation Periods and Lightcurve Amplitudes 11 4 Colours 12 5 Spectroscopy 17 6 Discussion 19 7 Acknowledgements 20 References 21 Detection of Thermal Emission from 1993 SC - First Results. 25 Nicolas Thomas, Sonke Eggers, Wing-Huen Ip, Giinter Lichtenberg, Alan Fitzsimmons, Horst Uwe Keller, Jwan Williams, Gerhard Hahn, Heike Rauer 1 Introduction 25 2 ISOPHOT Observations 26 3 Reduction 26 4 Modelling 28 5 Results 28 6 Summary and Discussion 30 References 30 Physical Characteristics of Distant Comets 33 Dina Prialnik 1 Introduction 33 2 Modelling the Structure and Evolution of Comets 34 3 Radiogenic Heating of Comets 37 4 Early Evolution of Comets Due to Radiogenic Heating 40 5 Conclusion: Characteristics of Distant (New) Comets 46 References 47

2 VIII Optical Observations of Trans-Neptunian and Centaur Objects 51 M. Antonietta Barucci, Monica Lazzarin 1 Introduction 51 2 Observations 52 3 Results 52 4 Conclusions 54 References 55 Photometry Techniques Report of Splinter Meeting 57 Simon Green, Neil McBride 1 Introduction 57 2 Data Reduction Strategy 58 3 Photometric Calibration 59 4 Where to Next? 59 5 Note added in proof: What happened next? 60 Physical Observations of 1996 TO 6 e 61 Catherine E. Delahodde, Olivier R. Hainaut, Hermann Bohnhardt, Elisabetta Dotto, M. Antonietta Barucci, Richard M. West, Karen J. Meech 1 Introduction and Observations 61 2 Results 62 3 Discussion 62 References 63 TNO Color Survey with the VLT: Pilot Observations with the Science Verification Camera 65 Olivier R. Hainaut, Hermann Bohnhardt, Richard M. West, Catherine E. Delahodde, Karen J. Meech 1 Introduction and Observations 65 2 Results 67 3 Conclusion and Projects 68 References 68 Colours of Distant Solar System Bodies 71 Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist, Mats Dahlgren, Andreas Ekholm, Johan Lagerros, Magnus Lundstrom, Per Magnusson, Johan Warell 1 Introduction 71 2 Observations and Data Reductions 71 3 Results 72 4 Acknowledgement 73 References 73

3 ' IX Comet Size Distributions and Distant Activity 75 Karen J. Meech, Olivier R. Hainaut, Brian G. Marsden 1 Introduction 75 2 Observing-Program 76 3 Size Determination Issues 76 4 Discussion and Results 78 References 79 Ion Irradiation of Minor Bodies in the Outer Solar System 81 Giovanni Strazzulla 1 Introduction 81 2 An Organic Crust? 81 3 Effects on Specific Species 83 References 85 Surveys of the Distant Solar System 87 Alan Fitzsimmons 1 Introduction 87 2 Pre-1992 Surveys QBi and Beyond 89 4 Magnitude Distribution 92 5 Mass Constraints 93 6 Orbital Distribution of TNOs 94 7 Conclusions 96 References 97 Dust Measurements in the Outer Solar System 99 Eberhard Gru'n, Harald Kru'ger, Markus Landgraf 1 Introduction 99 2 Spacecraft Observations Interstellar Dust Characteristics Dust Dynamics in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt Future Measurements 107 References 107 Simulations of Bias Effects in Kuiper Belt Surveys 109 Chadwick Trujillo 1 Introduction Maximum Likelihood Method The Primordial Kuiper Belt Scattered Kuiper Belt Objects Ill 5 Truncated Kuiper Belt Summary 114 References 115

4 X A Pencil-Beam Search for Distant TNOs at the ESO NTT 117 Hermann Boehnhardt, Olivier Hainaut, Catherine Delahodde, Richard West, Karen Meech, Brian Marsden 1 A Search-Included TNO Programme The Observation Strategy The Data Reduction The Results with a Short Discussion Our Plans for Doing Better 122 References 123 Does Pluto Affect the Trans-Neptunian Region? 125 Brett Gladman, Jean-Marc Petit, Martin Duncan 1 Introduction The Back-of-the-Envelope Calculation Numerical Calculation 126 References 127 Kiso EKBO &c Centaur Survey and the Design and Implementation of the Moving Object Detection Engine. 129 Daisuke Kinoshita, Naotaka Yamamoto, Tomohiko 'Sekiguchi, Shinsuke Abe, Junichi Watanabe 1 Introduction Kiso EKBO & Centaur Survey Automated Detection Software 130 References 130 Limitations of Numerical Modelling of Kuiper Belt Object Dynamics 131 Ryszard Gabryszewski \ 1 Introduction Calculations Results Conclusions 133 References 133 Future Investigations with New Facilities 135 Hermann Boehnhardt 1 MBOSS 2000 and Beyond: The Main Questions Wavelength Regions for Remote Detection: Visible, Near-IR and Sub-mm Windows The Classical Approach: Observations in the Visible and Near-IR from Earth MBOSS Observations with Special Means Far Infrared and Sub-mm Observations Space Mission: Pluto Express ALMA, NGST and OWL: An Outlook 148

5 References 149 A SUBARU Survey Project with Suprime-Cam 151 Jun-ichi Watanabe 1 Introduction Why the SUBARU Telescope? Expected Discovery Rate of the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt Objects References 153 The PICOCAM Project at Pic du Midi 155 Francois Colas, Jean Eudes Arlot, Jerome Berthier, Agnes Fienga, Michael Gastineau, Daniel Hestroffer, Laurent Jorda, Jean Lecacheux 1 Description of PICOCAM Centaurs and KBO Research Comet Survey Conclusions 157 References 158 The Power of Pencil-Beam Searches for Trans-Neptunian Science 159 Brett Gladman 1 Introduction Going Deep Future Prospects 161 References 163 Astrometry of Outer Solar System Bodies - Experience with a Small Telescope and Future Plans 165 Jana Tichd, Milos Tichy, Zdenek Moravec 1 Follow-Up Astrometry at Klet' Recovery of Centaur 1997 CU Astrometry of 1996 TL The New Project KLENOT Acknowledgements 166 References 167 TNO Follow-Up Observations at the Saji Observatory 169 Atsushi Miyamoto, Hiroki Kosai, Takaaki Oribe 1 Saji Observatory and Its Instruments TNO Observations 169 Detection of the Small EKB Objects by Occupation with Corot 171 Frangoise Roques 1 Introduction Stellar Occultations to Explore the Solar System 171 XI

6 XII 3 The Kuiper Belt Exploration by Occultation Corot Conclusions 175 References, 175 Possible Mechanism of Cometary Outbursts 177 Subhon Ibadov References 177 The Uppsala-DLR Trojan Survey of the Preceding Lagrangian Cloud 179 Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist, Stefano Mottola, Uri Carsenty, Gerhard Hahn, Andreas Doppler, Arno Gna'dig 1 Introduction Observations Astrometry Orbit Determination and Linkage Results Acknowledgements 184 References The Distant Satellites of Uranus and the Other Giant Planets 187 Brian G. Marsden, Gareth V. Williams, KaareAksnes 1 Introduction Initial Orbit Computations Multiple-Opposition Orbit Computations Discussion 190 References 191