Proof of two divisibility properties of binomial coefficients conjectured by Z.-W. Sun
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1 Proof of two ivisibility properties of bioial coefficiets cojecture by Z.-W. Su Victor J. W. Guo Departet of Matheatics Shaghai Key Laboratory of PMMP East Chia Noral Uiversity 500 Dogchua Roa Shaghai People s Republic of Chia jwguo@ath.ecu.eu.c Subitte: May ; Accepte: Ju ; Publishe: Ju Matheatics Subject Classificatios: 11B65 05A10 05A30 Abstract For all positive itegers we prove the followig ivisibility properties: ( ( ( ( ( ( (2 3 3 a ( This cofirs two recet cojectures of Z.-W. Su. Soe siilar ivisibility properties are give. Moreover we show that for all positive itegers a the prouct a ( ( ab 1 ab a a is ivisible by. I fact the latter result ca be further geeralize to the -bioial coefficiets a -itegers case which geeralizes the positivity of -Catala ubers. We also propose several relate cojectures. Keywors: cogrueces bioial coefficiets p-aic orer -Catala ubers reciprocal a uioal polyoials 1 Itrouctio I [18 19] Z.-W. Su prove soe ivisibility properties of bioial coefficiets such as ( ( ( (2 1 3 (1.1 ( ( ( ( (1.2 the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 1
2 Soe siilar ivisibility results were later obtaie by Guo [10] a Guo a Krattethaler [11]. A geeralizatio of (1.1 was recetly give by Sepaski [15]. It is worth etioig that Bober [6] has copletely escribe whe ratios of factorial proucts of the for (a 1! (a k! (b 1! (b k1! with a 1 a k b 1 b k1 are always itegers. Let ( 6 3 ( 15 ( 5 1 S 3( 2(2 1 ( a t (10 1 ( 3. I this paper we first prove the followig two results cojecture by Z.-W. Su [18 19]. Theore 1.1 (see [18 Cojecture 3(i] Let be a positive iteger. The 3S 0 (o 2 3. (1.3 Theore 1.2 [19 Cojecture 1.3] Let be a positive iteger. The 21t 0 (o We shall also give ore cogrueces for S a t as follows. Theore 1.3 Let be a positive iteger. The 105S 0 (o 2 5 ( S 0 (o 2 7 ( S 0 (o 2 9 ( t 0 (o 2 1 ( t 0 (o 10 7 ( t 0 (o (1.9 Let Z eote the set of itegers. Aother result i this paper is the followig. Theore 1.4 Let a b be positive itegers. The ( ( ab a b a b a ( ( a b 1 a b Z. (a b( a a a a (1.10 Lettig a b 1 i (1.10 we get the followig result of which a cobiatorial iterpretatio was give by Gessel [9 Sectio 7]. Corollary 1.5 Let be positive itegers. The ( ( 2 2 Z. (1.11 2( I the ext sectio we give soe leas. The proofs of Theores will be give i Sectios 3 5 respectively. A proof of the -aalogue of Theore 1.4 will be give i Sectio 6. We close our paper with soe further rearks a ope probles i Sectio 7. the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 2
3 2 Soe leas For the p-aic orer of! there is a kow forula or p! (2.1 where x eotes the greatest iteger ot exceeig x. I this sectio we give soe results o the floor fuctio x. Lea 2.1 For ay real uber x we have i1 6x x 3x 2 2x (2.2 15x 2x 10x 4x 3x. (2.3 Proof. See [6 Theore 1.1] a oe of the 52 sporaic step fuctios give i [6 Table 2 lie# 32]. Lea 2.2 Let a be two positive itegers such that 2 3 a 5. The (2.4 Proof. Let {x} x x be the fractioal part of x. The (2.4 is euivalet to { } 6 { { } { } (2.5 } Now suppose that 2 3 a 5. We have { } 2 3 > a 2 3 It follows that { } 6 { } 3 2 { } if if if if 9. 2 Therefore the ietity (2.5 is true for ay positive iteger (o 2. the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 3
4 Lea 2.3 Let a be two positive itegers such that 10 3 a 9. The (2.6 Proof. It is easy to see that (2.6 is euivalet to { } { } { } { } 4 Now suppose that 10 3 a 9. We have { } a A : It is easy to check that { } ( ( 6 6 ({ } { } { } ( ( { } 3 1. ( (o 10. if A 0 (o 10 if A 2 (o 10 if A 6 (o 10 if A 8 (o 10 a so the ietity (2.7 hols. 3 Proofs of Theore 1.1 First Proof. Let gc(a b eote the greatest coo ivisor of two itegers a a b. For ay positive iteger sice gc( to prove Theore 1.1 it is eough to show that 3 ( 6 3 (2 3 3( ( 2. (3.1 By (2.1 for ay o prie p the p-aic orer of ( 6 3 3( (2 3 ( (2 2!(6!(! 2 (2 3!(3!(2! 2 the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 4
5 is give by ( (3.2 i1 Note that { if otherwise. By Leas 2.1 a 2.2 for p 5 the suatio (3.2 is clearly greater tha or eual to 0. For p 3 we have (3.2 1 because if the positive iteger i satisfies 3 i 2 3 a 3 i < 5 the we ust have i 1. This proves that 3 ( 6 3 3( (2 3 ( 2 is always a iteger. Hece (3.1 hols. Seco Proof (provie by T. Aeberha a V.H. Moll. Replacig by 1 i (1.1 we see that (after soe rearrageet ( ( (2 3 ( (6 5(6 1S Z. ( 1(2 3 Hece (2 3 6(6 5(6 1S. Sice gc(2 3 2 gc( gc( we ust have (2 3 3S. Reark. Z.-W. Su [18 Cojecture 3(i] also cojecture that S is o if a oly if is a power of 2. After reaig a previous versio of this paper Qua-Hui Yag tol e that it is easy to show that or 2 ((6!!/(3!(2! 2 euals the uber of 1 s i the biary expasio of by oticig or 2 (6! 3 or 2 (3! or 2 (2! or 2! a usig Legere s theore. T. Aeberha a V.H. Moll also poite out this. 4 Proof of Theore 1.2 For ay positive iteger sice gc( to prove Theore 1.2 it is eough to show that 21 ( ( (10 3 ( 3. (4.1 the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 5
6 Furtherore sice gc( a ( ( oe sees that (4.1 is euivalet to 21 ( ( (10 3 ( 3. (4.2 By (2.1 for ay o prie p the p-aic orer of ( 15 ( 5 5 is give by i1 (10 3 ( 3 (10 2!(15!(2! (10 3!(10!(4!(3! ( (4.3 Note that { if otherwise. By Leas 2.1 a 2.3 for p 11 or p 5 the suatio (4.3 is clearly greater tha or eual to 0. For p 3 7 we have (4.3 1 because there is at ost oe iex i 1 satisfyig 10 3 a < 9 i this case. This proves that 21 ( ( (10 3 ( 3 is always a iteger. Naely (4.2 is true. 5 Proof of Theore 1.3 Lea 5.1 Let a be two positive itegers. The (5.1 if 2 5 a 9 or 2 7 a 11 or 2 9 a 15. Proof. The proof is siilar to that of Lea 2.2. We oly cosier the case whe 25 a 9. I this case we have { } 2 5 > a (o 2. the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 6
7 It follows that a so This proves (5.1. { } 6 { } 5 2 { } 3 { } 6 { } 2 15 if if if if 15 2 { } 3 2 { } 2 1. Lea 5.2 Let a be two positive itegers. The (5.2 if 2 1 a 15 or 10 7 a 21 or 10 9 a 27. Proof. The proof is siilar to that of Lea 2.3. We oly cosier the case whe 10 9 a 27. I this case we have { } a A : (o It follows that ({ } 2 { } 4 { } { } 3 ( ( ( ( if A 0 (o 10 if A 2 (o 10 if A 6 (o 10 if A 8 (o 10. the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 7
8 Hece { } 15 { } 2 { } 10 { } 4 { } 3 1 which eas that (5.2 hols. Proof of Theore 1.3. Sice the proofs of the cogrueces (1.4 (1.9 are siilar i view of Leas 5.1 a 5.2 we oly give proofs of (1.5 a (1.9. Noticig that gc( or 3 to prove (1.5 it suffices to show that 105 ( 6 3 (2 7 3( ( 2. (5.3 Let X : ( 6 3 3( (2 7 ( 2 By (2.1 for ay o prie p we have or p X i1 (2 6!(6!(! (2 7!(3!(2! 2. ( Note that (5.1 is also true for 3 a 1 (o 3 a By Leas 2.1 a 5.1 we obtai { if otherwise. { orp X 0 if p 11 or p X 1 if p This proves (5.3. Siilarly sice gc( gc( the cogruece (1.9 is euivalet to ( ( (10 9 ( 3. (5.4 Let Y : ( 15 ( 5 5 (10 9 ( 3 (10 8!(15!(2! (10 9!(10!(4!(3!. the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 8
9 The for ay o prie p or p Y is give by ( i1 Note that (5.2 also hols for a ay positive iteger such that 109. Siilarly as before we have or p Y 0 if p or p 29 or p Y 1 if p or p Y 2 if p 3. Observig that we coplete the proof of ( A -aalogue of Theore 1.4 Recall that the -bioial coefficiets are efie by [ ] (1 (1 1 (1 k1 if 0 k (1 (1 k 2 (1 k 0 otherwise. We begi with the aouce stregtheig of Theore 1.4. Theore 6.1 Let a b 1. The [ ] [ ] 1 gc(a a b 1 a b 1 a a (6.1 is a polyoial i with o-egative iteger coefficiets. Corollary 6.2 Let a b 1. The [ ] [ ] 1 a a b 1 a b 1 a a (6.2 is a polyoial i with o-egative iteger coefficiets. It is easily see that Theore 1.4 ca be obtaie upo lettig 1 i Corollary 6.2. Moreover whe a b 1 the ubers (6.2 reuce to the -Catala ubers C ( 1 [ ] the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P2.54 9
10 It is well kow that the -Catala ubers C ( are polyoials with o-egative iteger coefficiets (see [ ]. There are ay ifferet -aalogues of the Catala ubers (see Fürliger a Hofbauer [7]. For the so-calle t-catala ubers see [ ]. Recall that a polyoial P ( i0 i i of egree is calle reciprocal if p i for all i a that it is calle uioal if there is a iteger r with 0 r a 0 p 0 p r p 0. A eleetary but crucial property of reciprocal a uioal polyoials is the followig. Lea 6.3 If A( a B( are reciprocal a uioal polyoials the so is their prouct A(B(. Lea 6.3 is well kow a its proof ca be fou e.g. i [1] or [16 Propositio 1]. Siilarly to the proof of [11 Theore 3.1] the followig lea plays a iportat role i the proof of Theore 6.1. It is a slight geeralizatio of [14 Propositio 10.1.(iii] which extracts the essetials out of Arews [4 Proof of Theore 2]. Lea 6.4 Let P ( be a reciprocal a uioal polyoial a a positive itegers with. Furtherore assue that A( 1 P ( is a polyoial i. 1 The A( has o-egative coefficiets. Proof. See [11 Lea 5.1]. Proof of Theore 6.1. It is well kow that the -bioial coefficiets are reciprocal a uioal polyoials i (cf. [17 Ex ] a by Lea 6.3 so is the prouct of two -bioial coefficiets. I view of Lea 6.4 for provig Theore 6.1 it is eough to show that the expressio (6.1 is a polyoial i. We shall accoplish this by a cout of cyclotoic polyoials. Recall the well-kow fact that 1 Φ ( where Φ ( eotes the -th cyclotoic polyoial i. Coseuetly [ ] [ ] 1 gc(a a b 1 a b 1 a a i{ab 1 ab} 2 Φ ( e with a b 1 a b e χ( gc(a χ( a b 1 a b (6.3 the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P
11 where χ(s 1 if S is true a χ(s 0 otherwise. This is clearly o-egative uless a gc(a. So let us assue that a gc(a which eas that a a therefore a b 1 a b (a b( 1 a( a a b 1 b 1 b( 1 a so e 0 is also o-egative i this case. This copletes the proof of polyoiality of (6.1. Proof of Corollary 6.2. This follows ieiately fro Theore 6.1 a the fact that gc(a a. 7 Cocluig rearks a ope probles O Jauary T. Aeberha a V.H. Moll (persoal couicatio fou the followig geeralizatio of Theore 1.1 which was soo prove by Q.-H. Yag [21] a C. Krattethaler. Cojecture 7.1 Let a b a be positive itegers with a > b. The ( ( ( 2b 2a a (2b 1(2b 3 3(a b(3a b. b a b Let []! (1 (1. By a result of Waraar a Zuili [20 Propositio 3] oe sees that for ay positive iteger the polyoial [6]![]! [3]![2]! 2 has o-egative iteger coefficiets. Siilarly as before we ca prove the followig geeralizatio of cogrueces (1.3 (1.5. Theore 7.2 Let be a positive iteger. The all of (1 [6]![]! (1 21 [3]![2]! (1 3 [6]![]! 2 (1 23 [3]![2]! (1 (1 3 [6]![]! 2 (1 21 (1 23 [3]![2]! 2 (1 3 (1 5 (1 7 [6]![]! (1 23 (1 25 (1 27 [3]![2]! 2 ( 2 (1 3 2 (1 5 (1 7 [6]![]! (1 21 (1 23 (1 25 (1 27 [3]![2]! 2 ( 2 are polyoials i. the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P
12 We have the followig two relate cojectures. Cojecture 7.3 All the polyoials i Theore 7.2 have o-egative iteger coefficiets. Cojecture 7.4 Let 2. The the polyoial [6]![]! [6]![]! [3]![2]! 2 is uioal. It is obvious that the polyoial is reciprocal. If Cojecture 7.4 is true the [3]![2]! 2 applyig Lea 6.3 we coclue that the first two polyoials i Theore 7.2 have o-egative iteger coefficiets. It was cojecture by Waraar a Zuili (see [20 Cojecture 1] that [15]![2]! [10]![4]![3]! has o-egative iteger coefficiets. Siilarly we have the followig geeralizatio of Theore 1.2. Theore 7.5 Let be a positive iteger. The both (1 [15]![2]! (1 101 [10]![4]![3]! a (1 3 (1 7 [15]![2]! (1 (1 103 [10]![4]![3]! are polyoials i. We e the paper with the followig cojecture stregtheig the above theore. Cojecture 7.6 The two polyoials i Theore 7.5 have o-egative iteger coefficiets. Ackowlegets. The author thaks Qua-Hui Yag T. Aeberha a V.H. Moll for helpful coets o a previous versio of this paper. This work was partially supporte by the Fuaetal Research Fus for the Cetral Uiversities a the Natioal Natural Sciece Fouatio of Chia (grat Refereces [1] G.E. Arews A theore o reciprocal polyoials with applicatios to perutatios a copositios Aer. Math. Mothly 82 ( [2] G.E. Arews Catala ubers -Catala ubers a hypergeoetric series J. Cobi. Theory Ser. A 44 ( [3] G.E. Arews O the ifferece of successive Gaussia polyoials J. Statist. Pla. Iferece 34 ( the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P
13 [4] G.E. Arews The Friea Joichi Stato ootoicity cojecture at pries Uusual Applicatios of Nuber Theory (M. Nathaso e. DIMACS Ser. Discrete Math. Theor. Cop. Sci. vol. 64 Aer. Math. Soc. Proviece R.I pp [5] G.E. Arews -Catala ietities i: The Legacy of Allai Raakrisha i the Matheatical Scieces Spriger New York 2010 pp [6] J.W. Bober Factorial ratios hypergeoetric series a a faily of step fuctios J. Lo. Math. Soc. 79 ( [7] J. Fürliger a J. Hofbauer -Catala ubers J. Cobi. Theory Ser. A 40 ( [8] A.M. Garsia a J. Haglu A proof of the t-catala positivity cojecture Discrete Math. 256 ( [9] I.M. Gessel Super ballot ubers J. Sybolic Coput. 14 ( [10] V.J.W. Guo Proof of Su s cojecture o the ivisibility of certai bioial sus Electro. J. Cobi. 20(4 (2013 #P20. [11] V.J.W. Guo a C. Krattethaler Soe ivisibility properties of bioial a - bioial coefficiets J. Nuber Theory 135 ( [12] J. Haglu Cojecture statistics for the t-catala ubers Av. Math. 175 ( [13] M. Haia t -Catala ubers a the Hilbert schee Discrete Math. 193 ( [14] V. Reier D. Stato a D. White The cyclic sievig pheoeo J. Cobi. Theory Ser. A 108 ( [15] M.R. Sepaski O ivisibility of covolutios of cetral bioial coefficiets Electro. J. Cobi. 21(1 (2014 #P1.32. [16] R.P. Staley Log-cocave a uioal seueces i algebra cobiatorics a geoetry i: Graph Theory a Its Applicatios: East a West (Jia 1986 A. New York Aca. Sci. 576 New York Aca. Sci. New York 1989 pp [17] R.P. Staley Euerative Cobiatorics vol. 2 Cabrige Uiversity Press Cabrige [18] Z.-W. Su O ivisibility of bioial coefficiets J. Austral. Math. Soc. 93 ( [19] Z.-W. Su Proucts a sus ivisible by cetral bioial coefficiets Electro. J. Cobi. 20(1 (2013 #P9. [20] S. O. Waraar a W. Zuili A -rious positivity Aeuat. Math. 81 ( [21] Q.-H. Yag Proof of a cojecture relate to ivisibility properties of bioial coefficiets preprit 2014 arxiv: the electroic joural of cobiatorics 21(2 (2014 #P
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