All Excuses must be taken to 233 Loomis before 4:15, Monday, April 30.
|
|
- Luke Anthony
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Miscellaeous Notes The ed is ear do t get behid. All Excuses must be take to 233 Loomis before 4:15, Moday, April 30. The PYS 213 fial exam times are * 8-10 AM, Moday, May 7 * 8-10 AM, Tuesday, May 8 ad * 1:30-3:30 PM, Friday, May 11. The deadlie for chagig your fial exam time is 10pm, Moday, April 30. omework 6 is due Tuesday, May 1 at 8 am. (NO late tur-i). Course Survey = 2 bous poits (ow o SmartPhysics due Wed. May 2) Lecture 18, p 1
2 Lecture 19: Chemical Equilibria, Surfaces, ad Phase Trasitios Chemical equilibria - Law of mass actio Surface chemistry Phase equilibria ad chemical potetials Vapor pressure of a solid Readig for this Lecture: Elemets Ch 13 Lecture 19, p 2
3 Chemical Equilibrium Chemical is a bit of a misomer. We re describig ay process i which thigs combie (or rearrage) to form ew thigs. These problems ivolve reactios like: aa + bb cc, where A, B, ad C are the particle types ad a, b, ad c are itegers. I equilibrium the total free eergy, F, is a miimum. We must have DF = 0 whe the reactio is i equilibrium, for ay reactio that takes us away from equilibrium: df F F dnb F dn dn N N dn N dn A A B A C A F b F c F dna dnb dn usig N a N a N a b c 0 A Therefore: am A + bm B = cm C B C C C Lecture 19, p 3
4 Chemical Equilibrium (2) Treatig the compoets as ideal gases or solutes: m i kt l i Q i D Plug these chemical potetials ito the equilibrium coditio, am A + bm B = cm C, ad solve for the desity ratios: c c D C QC K( T ), where K( T ) e kt D cd ad bd a b a b A B Q Q i Iteral eergy per molecule A B C A B K(T) is called the equilibrium costat. It depeds o D s ad T, but ot o desities. This equilibrium coditio is a more geeral versio of the law of mass actio that you saw before for electros ad holes. The exact form of the equilibrium coditio (how may thigs i the umerator ad deomiator, ad the expoets) depeds o the reactio formula: aa + bb cc RS umerator LS deomiator Lecture 19, p 4
5 Examples of Chemical Equilibrium Process Reactio Equilibrium coditio Dissociatio of 2 molecules 2 2 m 2 = 2m Ioizatio of atoms e + p m = m e + m p Sythesize ammoia N N 3 m N2 + 3m 2 = m N3 Geeral reactio aa + bb cc + dd am A + bm B = cm C + dm D For the moatomic gases (circled) you ca use T = Q. The others are more complicated, ad we wo t deal with it here. owever, remember that T ofte cacels, so it wo t be a problem. Ideal solutios follow the same geeral form, but m is t close to the ideal moatomic gas value, because iteractios i a liquid ca be strog, modifyig both U ad S. Uits ad otatio: Chemists measure desity usig uits of moles per liter, ad write the law of mass actio like this: c [ C] ( ) a b [ A] [ B] KT Lecture 19, p 5
6 Chemical Equilibrium (3) Iteractios betwee the particles (e.g., molecules): I additio to simple PE terms from exteral fields, there are usually PE terms from iteractios betwee particles (which are ot usually ideal gases). Iteractios betwee the molecules ca ofte be eglected. That is, we ll treat the molecules as ideal gases. Iteral eergy of each particle (e.g., molecule): Atoms ca combie i ay of several molecular forms, each of which has a differet bidig eergy. The U term i F icludes all those bidig eergies (which we ll call D s), so they must be icluded i the m s. (df/dn) The reactio will NOT proceed to completio i either directio, because m depeds o for each type of molecule. As ay oe type becomes rare, its m drops util equilibrium is reached, with some of each type preset. (Just as ot all air molecules settle ito the lower atmosphere.) Lecture 19, p 6
7 ACT 1: Equilibrium i the Ammoia Reactio Cosider a reactio that is essetial to agriculture: the sythesis of ammoia from itroge ad hydroge: N N 3 1) Isert the correct superscripts ad subscripts i the equilibrium equatio: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) KT ( ) 2) Suppose the reactio is i equilibrium. Now double the umber of N 2 molecules. What will happe? A) Make more N 3. B) Dissociate more N 3. C) Nothig. Lecture 19, p 7
8 Solutio Cosider a reactio that is essetial to agriculture: the sythesis of ammoia from itroge ad hydroge: N N 3 1) Isert the correct superscripts ad subscripts i the equilibrium equatio: X ( 2 ) ( ) ( N 3 ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( ) N 2 ( 2 ) KT ( ) Of course, you could write the whole thig upside dow, with K (T) = 1/K(T). 2) Suppose the reactio is i equilibrium. Now double the umber of N 2 molecules. What will happe? A) Make more N 3. B) Dissociate more N 3. C) Nothig. Lecture 19, p 8
9 Solutio Cosider a reactio that is essetial to agriculture: the sythesis of ammoia from itroge ad hydroge: N N 3 1) Isert the correct superscripts ad subscripts i the equilibrium equatio: X ( 2 ) ( ) ( N 3 ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( ) N 2 ( 2 ) KT ( ) Of course, you could write the whole thig upside dow, with K (T) = 1/K(T). 2) Suppose the reactio is i equilibrium. Now double the umber of N 2 molecules. What will happe? A) Make more N 3. B) Dissociate more N 3. C) Nothig. You ve decreased the desity ratio. To restore it, N3 must icrease ad/or 2 must decrease. Some of the ew N 2 reacts with some of the 2, (decreasig 2 ), producig more N 3 (icreasig N3 ). There s still some of the ew N 2, i.e., N2 still icreases somewhat. Lecture 19, p 9
10 No-moatomic Gases Formatio of 2 from hydroge atoms: 2 2, so m 2 = 2m. Equilibrium coditio: D Q K( T ), where K( T ) e kt Q We ca use Q, because it s moatomic. D = 2 bidig eergy = 4 ev T = 1000 K We do t kow how to calculate Q, because it is diatomic ad has extra 2 U ad S. owever, we saw last time the effect that 2 beig diatomic has o m 2, amely, it reduces the chemical potetial. Lecture 19, p 10
11 Act 3: Formatio of 2 We have: 2 KT ( ) 2 We ca also write it like this: 2 K( T ) 2 1) What happes to if we decrease 2? A) Decrease B) Icrease C) Icrease, the decrease 2) What happes to / 2 if we decrease 2? A) Decrease B) Icrease C) Icrease, the decrease Lecture 19, p 11
12 Solutio We have: 2 KT ( ) 2 2 K( T ) 2 1) What happes to if we decrease 2? A) Decrease B) Icrease C) Icrease, the decrease Sice 2, decreasig 2 decreases. Makes sese: The overall desity is reduced. 2) What happes to / 2 if we decrease 2? A) Decrease B) Icrease C) Icrease, the decrease Lecture 19, p 12
13 Solutio We have: 2 KT ( ) 2 2 K( T ) 2 1) What happes to if we decrease 2? A) Decrease B) Icrease C) Icrease, the decrease Sice 2, decreasig 2 decreases. Makes sese: The overall desity is reduced. 2) What happes to / 2 if we decrease 2? A) Decrease B) Icrease C) Icrease, the decrease / 2 1/ 2, so decreasig 2 icreases the fractio of free atoms. 2 2 requires that two atoms meet, while 2 2 oly requires a sigle molecule. At low desity, the rate of the secod process is higher, shiftig equilibrium to more. At a give T, the fractio of atoms icreases at lower molecule desity! There are more atoms i outer space tha 2 molecules. Why? Two particles ( + ) have more etropy tha oe particle ( 2 ). Etropy maximizatio domiates the tedecy of atoms to bid!!! Lecture 19, p 13
14 Phase Trasitios Roadmap: We ll start by lookig at a simple model of atoms o surfaces, ad discover that, depedig o the temperature, the atoms prefer to be boud or to be flyig free. This is related to the commo observatio that materials ca be foud i distict phases: E.g., solid, liquid, gas. We ll lear how equilibria betwee these phases work. The we ll go back ad try to uderstad why distict phases exist i the first place. Lecture 19, p 14
15 Adsorptio of Atoms o a Surface M = # (sigle occupacy) bidig sites o the surface F U TS N D kt l s s s s M! ( M N )! N! m m s g s s Calculate the chemical potetials: Boud atoms: l l! d M Ns d N l, usig ln dns Ns dn df s M N s ms D kt l dns Ns Equilibrium: M N N s s p Q p e D/ kt D = bidig eergy of a atom o site N s = umber of boud atoms F s = Free eergy of boud atoms Atoms i the gas: p mg kt l, where pq QkT p Q We could solve this equatio for N s, but Lecture 19, p 15
16 Adsorptio of Atoms (2) usually we wat to kow what fractio of the surface sites are occupied, for a give gas pressure p ad temperature T: Usig our result: M N p s Q p e, where p p e N p p s D / kt 0 D / kt 0 Q We obtai a simple relatio for the fractio of occupied sites: f Ns p M p p o More atoms go oto the surface at high pressure, because m gas icreases with pressure. p o (T) is the characteristic pressure at which half the surface sites are occupied. It icreases with temperature due to the Boltzma factor. f T 1 p 0 (T 2 ) T 2 T 3 T 3 > T 2 > T 1 p Lecture 19, p 16
17 Act 4: Adsorptio 1) At 10 atm, half the sites are occupied. What fractio are occupied at 0.1 atm? A) 1% B) 11% C) 90% 2) Keep the pressure costat, but icrease T. What happes to f? A) Decrease B) No effect C) Icrease Lecture 19, p 17
18 Solutio 1) At 10 atm, half the sites are occupied. What fractio are occupied at 0.1 atm? A) 1% B) 11% C) 90% p p p 3 f % At lower pressure, gas atoms hit the surface less ofte. 2) Keep the pressure costat, but icrease T. What happes to f? A) Decrease B) No effect C) Icrease Lecture 19, p 18
19 Solutio 1) At 10 atm, half the sites are occupied. What fractio are occupied at 0.1 atm? A) 1% B) 11% C) 90% p p p 3 f % At lower pressure, gas atoms hit the surface less ofte. 2) Keep the pressure costat, but icrease T. What happes to f? A) Decrease B) No effect C) Icrease igher T: higher p Q ad e -D/kT / kt p 0 icreases p0 pqe D f decreases Makes sese? More atoms have eough thermal eergy to leave. Lecture 19, p 19
20 Solids, Liquids ad Gases Solid Liquid Gas Solids have fixed relatioships amog the atoms (or molecules) Liquids have looser relatioships amog atoms. The liquid has more etropy, because there are more ways to arrage atoms i the liquid. I liquids there are still some correlatios betwee atoms, but i gases there are essetially oe. I most situatios the etropy of the gas is vastly larger tha that of the liquid or solid. Lecture 19, p 20
21 Phase Trasitios ad Etropy If S gas > S liguid > S solid, why are differet phases stable at differet temperatures? The aswer is that we must also cosider the etropy of the eviromet. That s what free eergy ad chemical potetial do for us. For example: At low eough temperatures a substace like water is a solid. Its etropy is lower tha that of the liquid so it must give up eough eergy to its eviromet to make the total etropy icrease whe ice forms: ice Liquid 2 O Solid: DS tot = DS L +DS S + DS ev 0 < 0 > 0 I order for this to work, eough heat must be give to the eviromet to make DS tot 0. OK. So, why is liquid 2O favored at higher temperatures? The relative sizes of the DS terms must be differet. water Let s look at the problem more quatitatively. Lecture 19, p 21
22 Solid-gas equilibrium: vapor pressure Cosider solid-gas equilibrium at costat volume ad temperature. Some substaces (e.g., CO 2 ) do t exist as liquids at atmospheric pressure. The solid has egligible etropy (compared to the gas), so we ll igore it. I that case: F s = U s -TS s = -ND m s = -D The gas: m g = kt l(/ Q ) Bidig eergy of a atom i the solid Set them equal ad solve for the equilibrium gas pressure: p kt l = kt l = D p pvapor pqe Q p Q The equilibrium pressure is called the vapor pressure of the solid at temperature T. If p < p vapor, atoms will leave the solid util p gas = p vapor. This is called sublimatio. For liquids, it s called evaporatio. - D/kT V,T Examples: Si (28 g/mol): p vapor = ( atm)(28) 3/2 e -3eV/.026eV = atm CO 2 (44 g/mol): p vapor = ( atm)(44) 3/2 e -0.26eV/.026eV = 535 atm Some solids do t sublimate. Some do. Questio: Does water ice sublimate? Note the differet D s Lecture 19, p 22
23 Next time Phase diagrams Latet heats Phase-trasitio fu Freezig poit depressio/boilig poit elevatio Superheated/cooled water Lecture 19, p 23
Miscellaneous Notes. Lecture 19, p 1
Miscellaeous Notes The ed is ear do t get behid. All Excuses must be take to 233 Loomis before oo, Thur, Apr. 25. The PHYS 213 fial exam times are * 8-10 AM, Moday, May 6 * 1:30-3:30 PM, Wed, May 8 The
More informationAll Excuses must be taken to 233 Loomis before 4:15, Monday, April 30.
Miscellaeous Notes The ed is ear do t get behid. All Excuses must be take to 233 Loomis before 4:15, Moday, April 30. The PHYS 213 fial exam times are * 8-10 AM, Moday, May 7 * 8-10 AM, Tuesday, May 8
More informationChapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium
hapter 14: hemical Equilibrium 46 hapter 14: hemical Equilibrium Sectio 14.1: Itroductio to hemical Equilibrium hemical equilibrium is the state where the cocetratios of all reactats ad products remai
More information6.3 Testing Series With Positive Terms
6.3. TESTING SERIES WITH POSITIVE TERMS 307 6.3 Testig Series With Positive Terms 6.3. Review of what is kow up to ow I theory, testig a series a i for covergece amouts to fidig the i= sequece of partial
More informationAME 513. " Lecture 3 Chemical thermodynamics I 2 nd Law
AME 513 Priciples of Combustio " Lecture 3 Chemical thermodyamics I 2 d Law Outlie" Why do we eed to ivoke chemical equilibrium? Degrees Of Reactio Freedom (DORFs) Coservatio of atoms Secod Law of Thermodyamics
More informationUnit 5. Gases (Answers)
Uit 5. Gases (Aswers) Upo successful completio of this uit, the studets should be able to: 5. Describe what is meat by gas pressure.. The ca had a small amout of water o the bottom to begi with. Upo heatig
More informationPhysics Oct Reading
Physics 301 21-Oct-2002 17-1 Readig Fiish K&K chapter 7 ad start o chapter 8. Also, I m passig out several Physics Today articles. The first is by Graham P. Collis, August, 1995, vol. 48, o. 8, p. 17,
More informationAnnouncements, Nov. 19 th
Aoucemets, Nov. 9 th Lecture PRS Quiz topic: results Chemical through Kietics July 9 are posted o the course website. Chec agaist Kietics LabChec agaist Kietics Lab O Fial Exam, NOT 3 Review Exam 3 ad
More informationSolutions to Equilibrium Practice Problems
Solutios to Equilibrium Practice Problems Chem09 Fial Booklet Problem 1. Solutio: PO 4 10 eq The expressio for K 3 5 P O 4 eq eq PO 4 10 iit 1 M I (a) Q 1 3, the reactio proceeds to the right. 5 5 P O
More informationSeptember 2012 C1 Note. C1 Notes (Edexcel) Copyright - For AS, A2 notes and IGCSE / GCSE worksheets 1
September 0 s (Edecel) Copyright www.pgmaths.co.uk - For AS, A otes ad IGCSE / GCSE worksheets September 0 Copyright www.pgmaths.co.uk - For AS, A otes ad IGCSE / GCSE worksheets September 0 Copyright
More informationCHAPTER 11. Practice Questions (a) OH (b) I. (h) NH 3 CH 3 CO 2 (j) C 6 H 5 O - (k) (CH 3 ) 3 N conjugate pair
CAPTER 11 Practice Questios 11.1 (a) O (b) I (c) NO 2 (d) 2 PO 4 (e) 2 PO 4 (f) 3 PO 4 (g) SO 4 (h) N 3 (i) C 3 CO 2 (j) C 6 5 O - (k) (C 3 ) 3 N 11.3 cojugate pair PO 3 4 (aq) C 3 COO(aq) PO 2 4 (aq)
More information1 Generating functions for balls in boxes
Math 566 Fall 05 Some otes o geeratig fuctios Give a sequece a 0, a, a,..., a,..., a geeratig fuctio some way of represetig the sequece as a fuctio. There are may ways to do this, with the most commo ways
More information4.3 Growth Rates of Solutions to Recurrences
4.3. GROWTH RATES OF SOLUTIONS TO RECURRENCES 81 4.3 Growth Rates of Solutios to Recurreces 4.3.1 Divide ad Coquer Algorithms Oe of the most basic ad powerful algorithmic techiques is divide ad coquer.
More informationKinetics of Complex Reactions
Kietics of Complex Reactios by Flick Colema Departmet of Chemistry Wellesley College Wellesley MA 28 wcolema@wellesley.edu Copyright Flick Colema 996. All rights reserved. You are welcome to use this documet
More informationCastiel, Supernatural, Season 6, Episode 18
13 Differetial Equatios the aswer to your questio ca best be epressed as a series of partial differetial equatios... Castiel, Superatural, Seaso 6, Episode 18 A differetial equatio is a mathematical equatio
More informationSequences A sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet
More informationThe Binomial Theorem
The Biomial Theorem Robert Marti Itroductio The Biomial Theorem is used to expad biomials, that is, brackets cosistig of two distict terms The formula for the Biomial Theorem is as follows: (a + b ( k
More information3. Z Transform. Recall that the Fourier transform (FT) of a DT signal xn [ ] is ( ) [ ] = In order for the FT to exist in the finite magnitude sense,
3. Z Trasform Referece: Etire Chapter 3 of text. Recall that the Fourier trasform (FT) of a DT sigal x [ ] is ω ( ) [ ] X e = j jω k = xe I order for the FT to exist i the fiite magitude sese, S = x [
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series
Chapter 6 Ifiite Sequeces ad Series 6.1 Ifiite Sequeces 6.1.1 Elemetary Cocepts Simply speakig, a sequece is a ordered list of umbers writte: {a 1, a 2, a 3,...a, a +1,...} where the elemets a i represet
More informationMath 113 Exam 3 Practice
Math Exam Practice Exam will cover.-.9. This sheet has three sectios. The first sectio will remid you about techiques ad formulas that you should kow. The secod gives a umber of practice questios for you
More informationSeries: Infinite Sums
Series: Ifiite Sums Series are a way to mae sese of certai types of ifiitely log sums. We will eed to be able to do this if we are to attai our goal of approximatig trascedetal fuctios by usig ifiite degree
More informationMath 475, Problem Set #12: Answers
Math 475, Problem Set #12: Aswers A. Chapter 8, problem 12, parts (b) ad (d). (b) S # (, 2) = 2 2, sice, from amog the 2 ways of puttig elemets ito 2 distiguishable boxes, exactly 2 of them result i oe
More informationRecursive Algorithms. Recurrences. Recursive Algorithms Analysis
Recursive Algorithms Recurreces Computer Sciece & Egieerig 35: Discrete Mathematics Christopher M Bourke cbourke@cseuledu A recursive algorithm is oe i which objects are defied i terms of other objects
More informationTopic 1 2: Sequences and Series. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or
Topic : Sequeces ad Series A sequece is a ordered list of umbers, e.g.,,, 8, 6, or,,,.... A series is a sum of the terms of a sequece, e.g. + + + 8 + 6 + or... Sigma Notatio b The otatio f ( k) is shorthad
More informationMath 116 Second Midterm November 13, 2017
Math 6 Secod Midterm November 3, 7 EXAM SOLUTIONS. Do ot ope this exam util you are told to do so.. Do ot write your ame aywhere o this exam. 3. This exam has pages icludig this cover. There are problems.
More informationChemical Kinetics CHAPTER 14. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6 th edition By Jesperson, Brady, & Hyslop. CHAPTER 14 Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kietics CHAPTER 14 Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6 th editio By Jesperso, Brady, & Hyslop CHAPTER 14 Chemical Kietics Learig Objectives: Factors Affectig Reactio Rate: o Cocetratio
More informationA sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece,, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet as
More informationRiemann Sums y = f (x)
Riema Sums Recall that we have previously discussed the area problem I its simplest form we ca state it this way: The Area Problem Let f be a cotiuous, o-egative fuctio o the closed iterval [a, b] Fid
More informationPROPERTIES OF AN EULER SQUARE
PROPERTIES OF N EULER SQURE bout 0 the mathematicia Leoard Euler discussed the properties a x array of letters or itegers ow kow as a Euler or Graeco-Lati Square Such squares have the property that every
More informationSummary: Congruences. j=1. 1 Here we use the Mathematica syntax for the function. In Maple worksheets, the function
Summary: Cogrueces j whe divided by, ad determiig the additive order of a iteger mod. As described i the Prelab sectio, cogrueces ca be thought of i terms of coutig with rows, ad for some questios this
More informationMaterial Balances on Reactive Processes F&R
Material Balaces o Reactive Processes F&R 4.6-4.8 What does a reactio do to the geeral balace equatio? Accumulatio = I Out + Geeratio Cosumptio For a reactive process at steady-state, the geeral balace
More information10.6 ALTERNATING SERIES
0.6 Alteratig Series Cotemporary Calculus 0.6 ALTERNATING SERIES I the last two sectios we cosidered tests for the covergece of series whose terms were all positive. I this sectio we examie series whose
More informationINTEGRATION BY PARTS (TABLE METHOD)
INTEGRATION BY PARTS (TABLE METHOD) Suppose you wat to evaluate cos d usig itegratio by parts. Usig the u dv otatio, we get So, u dv d cos du d v si cos d si si d or si si d We see that it is ecessary
More informationRADICAL EXPRESSION. If a and x are real numbers and n is a positive integer, then x is an. n th root theorems: Example 1 Simplify
Example 1 Simplify 1.2A Radical Operatios a) 4 2 b) 16 1 2 c) 16 d) 2 e) 8 1 f) 8 What is the relatioship betwee a, b, c? What is the relatioship betwee d, e, f? If x = a, the x = = th root theorems: RADICAL
More informationCHEE 221: Chemical Processes and Systems
CHEE 221: Chemical Processes ad Systems Module 3. Material Balaces with Reactio Part a: Stoichiometry ad Methodologies (Felder & Rousseau Ch 4.6 4.8 ot 4.6c ) Material Balaces o Reactive Processes What
More informationMath 155 (Lecture 3)
Math 55 (Lecture 3) September 8, I this lecture, we ll cosider the aswer to oe of the most basic coutig problems i combiatorics Questio How may ways are there to choose a -elemet subset of the set {,,,
More informationChapter 6 Overview: Sequences and Numerical Series. For the purposes of AP, this topic is broken into four basic subtopics:
Chapter 6 Overview: Sequeces ad Numerical Series I most texts, the topic of sequeces ad series appears, at first, to be a side topic. There are almost o derivatives or itegrals (which is what most studets
More informationCALCULUS BASIC SUMMER REVIEW
CALCULUS BASIC SUMMER REVIEW NAME rise y y y Slope of a o vertical lie: m ru Poit Slope Equatio: y y m( ) The slope is m ad a poit o your lie is, ). ( y Slope-Itercept Equatio: y m b slope= m y-itercept=
More informationSEQUENCES AND SERIES
Sequeces ad 6 Sequeces Ad SEQUENCES AND SERIES Successio of umbers of which oe umber is desigated as the first, other as the secod, aother as the third ad so o gives rise to what is called a sequece. Sequeces
More informationChapter 7: Numerical Series
Chapter 7: Numerical Series Chapter 7 Overview: Sequeces ad Numerical Series I most texts, the topic of sequeces ad series appears, at first, to be a side topic. There are almost o derivatives or itegrals
More informationSNAP Centre Workshop. Basic Algebraic Manipulation
SNAP Cetre Workshop Basic Algebraic Maipulatio 8 Simplifyig Algebraic Expressios Whe a expressio is writte i the most compact maer possible, it is cosidered to be simplified. Not Simplified: x(x + 4x)
More informationLesson 10: Limits and Continuity
www.scimsacademy.com Lesso 10: Limits ad Cotiuity SCIMS Academy 1 Limit of a fuctio The cocept of limit of a fuctio is cetral to all other cocepts i calculus (like cotiuity, derivative, defiite itegrals
More informationUnderstanding Samples
1 Will Moroe CS 109 Samplig ad Bootstrappig Lecture Notes #17 August 2, 2017 Based o a hadout by Chris Piech I this chapter we are goig to talk about statistics calculated o samples from a populatio. We
More informationCHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 10.1 Sequeces 10.2 Ifiite Series 10.3 The Itegral Tests 10.4 Compariso Tests 10.5 The Ratio ad Root Tests 10.6 Alteratig Series: Absolute ad Coditioal Covergece
More informationTest One (Answer Key)
CS395/Ma395 (Sprig 2005) Test Oe Name: Page 1 Test Oe (Aswer Key) CS395/Ma395: Aalysis of Algorithms This is a closed book, closed otes, 70 miute examiatio. It is worth 100 poits. There are twelve (12)
More informationMA131 - Analysis 1. Workbook 2 Sequences I
MA3 - Aalysis Workbook 2 Sequeces I Autum 203 Cotets 2 Sequeces I 2. Itroductio.............................. 2.2 Icreasig ad Decreasig Sequeces................ 2 2.3 Bouded Sequeces..........................
More information9.4.3 Fundamental Parameters. Concentration Factor. Not recommended. See Extraction factor. Decontamination Factor
9.4.3 Fudametal Parameters Cocetratio Factor Not recommeded. See Extractio factor. Decotamiatio Factor The ratio of the proportio of cotamiat to product before treatmet to the proportio after treatmet.
More informationPolynomials with Rational Roots that Differ by a Non-zero Constant. Generalities
Polyomials with Ratioal Roots that Differ by a No-zero Costat Philip Gibbs The problem of fidig two polyomials P(x) ad Q(x) of a give degree i a sigle variable x that have all ratioal roots ad differ by
More informationGoodness-of-Fit Tests and Categorical Data Analysis (Devore Chapter Fourteen)
Goodess-of-Fit Tests ad Categorical Data Aalysis (Devore Chapter Fourtee) MATH-252-01: Probability ad Statistics II Sprig 2019 Cotets 1 Chi-Squared Tests with Kow Probabilities 1 1.1 Chi-Squared Testig................
More informationPart I: Covers Sequence through Series Comparison Tests
Part I: Covers Sequece through Series Compariso Tests. Give a example of each of the followig: (a) A geometric sequece: (b) A alteratig sequece: (c) A sequece that is bouded, but ot coverget: (d) A sequece
More informationSignals & Systems Chapter3
Sigals & Systems Chapter3 1.2 Discrete-Time (D-T) Sigals Electroic systems do most of the processig of a sigal usig a computer. A computer ca t directly process a C-T sigal but istead eeds a stream of
More informationNICK DUFRESNE. 1 1 p(x). To determine some formulas for the generating function of the Schröder numbers, r(x) = a(x) =
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCHRÖDER AND UNKNOWN NUMBERS NICK DUFRESNE Abstract. I this article we will itroduce two types of lattice paths, Schröder paths ad Ukow paths. We will examie differet properties of each,
More informationChapter 10: Power Series
Chapter : Power Series 57 Chapter Overview: Power Series The reaso series are part of a Calculus course is that there are fuctios which caot be itegrated. All power series, though, ca be itegrated because
More informationSequences I. Chapter Introduction
Chapter 2 Sequeces I 2. Itroductio A sequece is a list of umbers i a defiite order so that we kow which umber is i the first place, which umber is i the secod place ad, for ay atural umber, we kow which
More informationMATH1035: Workbook Four M. Daws, 2009
MATH1035: Workbook Four M. Daws, 2009 Roots of uity A importat result which ca be proved by iductio is: De Moivre s theorem atural umber case: Let θ R ad N. The cosθ + i siθ = cosθ + i siθ. Proof: The
More informationSeunghee Ye Ma 8: Week 5 Oct 28
Week 5 Summary I Sectio, we go over the Mea Value Theorem ad its applicatios. I Sectio 2, we will recap what we have covered so far this term. Topics Page Mea Value Theorem. Applicatios of the Mea Value
More informationHE ATOM & APPROXIMATION METHODS MORE GENERAL VARIATIONAL TREATMENT. Examples:
5.6 4 Lecture #3-4 page HE ATOM & APPROXIMATION METHODS MORE GENERAL VARIATIONAL TREATMENT Do t restrict the wavefuctio to a sigle term! Could be a liear combiatio of several wavefuctios e.g. two terms:
More informationINFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 11.4 The Compariso Tests I this sectio, we will lear: How to fid the value of a series by comparig it with a kow series. COMPARISON TESTS
More informationRecurrence Relations
Recurrece Relatios Aalysis of recursive algorithms, such as: it factorial (it ) { if (==0) retur ; else retur ( * factorial(-)); } Let t be the umber of multiplicatios eeded to calculate factorial(). The
More information6 Integers Modulo n. integer k can be written as k = qn + r, with q,r, 0 r b. So any integer.
6 Itegers Modulo I Example 2.3(e), we have defied the cogruece of two itegers a,b with respect to a modulus. Let us recall that a b (mod ) meas a b. We have proved that cogruece is a equivalece relatio
More informationNernst Equation. Nernst Equation. Electric Work and Gibb's Free Energy. Skills to develop. Electric Work. Gibb's Free Energy
Nerst Equatio Skills to develop Eplai ad distiguish the cell potetial ad stadard cell potetial. Calculate cell potetials from kow coditios (Nerst Equatio). Calculate the equilibrium costat from cell potetials.
More informationZeros of Polynomials
Math 160 www.timetodare.com 4.5 4.6 Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered with fidig the solutios of polyomial equatios of ay degree
More informationIntroduction to Astrophysics Tutorial 2: Polytropic Models
Itroductio to Astrophysics Tutorial : Polytropic Models Iair Arcavi 1 Summary of the Equatios of Stellar Structure We have arrived at a set of dieretial equatios which ca be used to describe the structure
More informationActivity 3: Length Measurements with the Four-Sided Meter Stick
Activity 3: Legth Measuremets with the Four-Sided Meter Stick OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this experimet is to study errors ad the propagatio of errors whe experimetal data derived usig a four-sided meter
More informationBuilding Sequences and Series with a Spreadsheet (Create)
Overview I this activity, studets will lear how to costruct a.ts file to ivestigate sequeces ad series ad to discover some iterestig patters while avoidig tedious calculatios. They will explore both arithmetic
More informationLecture 1 Probability and Statistics
Wikipedia: Lecture 1 Probability ad Statistics Bejami Disraeli, British statesma ad literary figure (1804 1881): There are three kids of lies: lies, damed lies, ad statistics. popularized i US by Mark
More informationMulticomponent-Liquid-Fuel Vaporization with Complex Configuration
Multicompoet-Liquid-Fuel Vaporizatio with Complex Cofiguratio William A. Sirigao Guag Wu Uiversity of Califoria, Irvie Major Goals: for multicompoet-liquid-fuel vaporizatio i a geeral geometrical situatio,
More informationBig Picture. 5. Data, Estimates, and Models: quantifying the accuracy of estimates.
5. Data, Estimates, ad Models: quatifyig the accuracy of estimates. 5. Estimatig a Normal Mea 5.2 The Distributio of the Normal Sample Mea 5.3 Normal data, cofidece iterval for, kow 5.4 Normal data, cofidece
More informationChapter 6: Numerical Series
Chapter 6: Numerical Series 327 Chapter 6 Overview: Sequeces ad Numerical Series I most texts, the topic of sequeces ad series appears, at first, to be a side topic. There are almost o derivatives or itegrals
More informationACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER / Statistics
ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER 1 018/019 DR. ANTHONY BROWN 8. Statistics 8.1. Measures of Cetre: Mea, Media ad Mode. If we have a series of umbers the
More information62. Power series Definition 16. (Power series) Given a sequence {c n }, the series. c n x n = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 +
62. Power series Defiitio 16. (Power series) Give a sequece {c }, the series c x = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + is called a power series i the variable x. The umbers c are called the coefficiets of
More informationII. Descriptive Statistics D. Linear Correlation and Regression. 1. Linear Correlation
II. Descriptive Statistics D. Liear Correlatio ad Regressio I this sectio Liear Correlatio Cause ad Effect Liear Regressio 1. Liear Correlatio Quatifyig Liear Correlatio The Pearso product-momet correlatio
More informationSECTION 2 Electrostatics
SECTION Electrostatics This sectio, based o Chapter of Griffiths, covers effects of electric fields ad forces i static (timeidepedet) situatios. The topics are: Electric field Gauss s Law Electric potetial
More informationPhysics Supplement to my class. Kinetic Theory
Physics Supplemet to my class Leaers should ote that I have used symbols for geometrical figures ad abbreviatios through out the documet. Kietic Theory 1 Most Probable, Mea ad RMS Speed of Gas Molecules
More informationFeedback in Iterative Algorithms
Feedback i Iterative Algorithms Charles Byre (Charles Byre@uml.edu), Departmet of Mathematical Scieces, Uiversity of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 October 17, 2005 Abstract Whe the oegative system
More informationChapter 9 - CD companion 1. A Generic Implementation; The Common-Merge Amplifier. 1 τ is. ω ch. τ io
Chapter 9 - CD compaio CHAPTER NINE CD-9.2 CD-9.2. Stages With Voltage ad Curret Gai A Geeric Implemetatio; The Commo-Merge Amplifier The advaced method preseted i the text for approximatig cutoff frequecies
More informationx a x a Lecture 2 Series (See Chapter 1 in Boas)
Lecture Series (See Chapter i Boas) A basic ad very powerful (if pedestria, recall we are lazy AD smart) way to solve ay differetial (or itegral) equatio is via a series expasio of the correspodig solutio
More informationBertrand s Postulate
Bertrad s Postulate Lola Thompso Ross Program July 3, 2009 Lola Thompso (Ross Program Bertrad s Postulate July 3, 2009 1 / 33 Bertrad s Postulate I ve said it oce ad I ll say it agai: There s always a
More informationAnalysis of Experimental Data
Aalysis of Experimetal Data 6544597.0479 ± 0.000005 g Quatitative Ucertaity Accuracy vs. Precisio Whe we make a measuremet i the laboratory, we eed to kow how good it is. We wat our measuremets to be both
More informationTrue Nature of Potential Energy of a Hydrogen Atom
True Nature of Potetial Eergy of a Hydroge Atom Koshu Suto Key words: Bohr Radius, Potetial Eergy, Rest Mass Eergy, Classical Electro Radius PACS codes: 365Sq, 365-w, 33+p Abstract I cosiderig the potetial
More information(A sequence also can be thought of as the list of function values attained for a function f :ℵ X, where f (n) = x n for n 1.) x 1 x N +k x N +4 x 3
MATH 337 Sequeces Dr. Neal, WKU Let X be a metric space with distace fuctio d. We shall defie the geeral cocept of sequece ad limit i a metric space, the apply the results i particular to some special
More informationWhat is Physical Chemistry. Physical Chemistry for Chemical Engineers CHEM251. Basic Characteristics of a Gas
7/6/0 hysical Chemistry for Chemical Egieers CHEM5 What is hysical Chemistry hysical Chemistry is the study of the uderlyig physical priciples that gover the properties ad behaviour of chemical systems
More informationSequences. Notation. Convergence of a Sequence
Sequeces A sequece is essetially just a list. Defiitio (Sequece of Real Numbers). A sequece of real umbers is a fuctio Z (, ) R for some real umber. Do t let the descriptio of the domai cofuse you; it
More informationMath 10A final exam, December 16, 2016
Please put away all books, calculators, cell phoes ad other devices. You may cosult a sigle two-sided sheet of otes. Please write carefully ad clearly, USING WORDS (ot just symbols). Remember that the
More informationTEACHER CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE
COMPETENCY 1. ALGEBRA SKILL 1.1 1.1a. ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES Kow why the real ad complex umbers are each a field, ad that particular rigs are ot fields (e.g., itegers, polyomial rigs, matrix rigs) Algebra
More informationLecture 9: Diffusion, Electrostatics review, and Capacitors. Context
EECS 5 Sprig 4, Lecture 9 Lecture 9: Diffusio, Electrostatics review, ad Capacitors EECS 5 Sprig 4, Lecture 9 Cotext I the last lecture, we looked at the carriers i a eutral semicoductor, ad drift currets
More informationThe Growth of Functions. Theoretical Supplement
The Growth of Fuctios Theoretical Supplemet The Triagle Iequality The triagle iequality is a algebraic tool that is ofte useful i maipulatig absolute values of fuctios. The triagle iequality says that
More informationf(x) dx as we do. 2x dx x also diverges. Solution: We compute 2x dx lim
Math 3, Sectio 2. (25 poits) Why we defie f(x) dx as we do. (a) Show that the improper itegral diverges. Hece the improper itegral x 2 + x 2 + b also diverges. Solutio: We compute x 2 + = lim b x 2 + =
More informationMath 113, Calculus II Winter 2007 Final Exam Solutions
Math, Calculus II Witer 7 Fial Exam Solutios (5 poits) Use the limit defiitio of the defiite itegral ad the sum formulas to compute x x + dx The check your aswer usig the Evaluatio Theorem Solutio: I this
More informationMath 2784 (or 2794W) University of Connecticut
ORDERS OF GROWTH PAT SMITH Math 2784 (or 2794W) Uiversity of Coecticut Date: Mar. 2, 22. ORDERS OF GROWTH. Itroductio Gaiig a ituitive feel for the relative growth of fuctios is importat if you really
More informationSECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES
SECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES Read Sectio 1.5 (pages 5 9) Overview I Sectio 1.5 we lear to work with summatio otatio ad formulas. We will also itroduce a brief overview of sequeces,
More informationLet us give one more example of MLE. Example 3. The uniform distribution U[0, θ] on the interval [0, θ] has p.d.f.
Lecture 5 Let us give oe more example of MLE. Example 3. The uiform distributio U[0, ] o the iterval [0, ] has p.d.f. { 1 f(x =, 0 x, 0, otherwise The likelihood fuctio ϕ( = f(x i = 1 I(X 1,..., X [0,
More informationMath 216A Notes, Week 5
Math 6A Notes, Week 5 Scribe: Ayastassia Sebolt Disclaimer: These otes are ot early as polished (ad quite possibly ot early as correct) as a published paper. Please use them at your ow risk.. Thresholds
More information7 Sequences of real numbers
40 7 Sequeces of real umbers 7. Defiitios ad examples Defiitio 7... A sequece of real umbers is a real fuctio whose domai is the set N of atural umbers. Let s : N R be a sequece. The the values of s are
More informationINEQUALITIES BJORN POONEN
INEQUALITIES BJORN POONEN 1 The AM-GM iequality The most basic arithmetic mea-geometric mea (AM-GM) iequality states simply that if x ad y are oegative real umbers, the (x + y)/2 xy, with equality if ad
More informationThe Born-Oppenheimer approximation
The Bor-Oppeheimer approximatio 1 Re-writig the Schrödiger equatio We will begi from the full time-idepedet Schrödiger equatio for the eigestates of a molecular system: [ P 2 + ( Pm 2 + e2 1 1 2m 2m m
More informationNUMERICAL METHODS FOR SOLVING EQUATIONS
Mathematics Revisio Guides Numerical Methods for Solvig Equatios Page 1 of 11 M.K. HOME TUITION Mathematics Revisio Guides Level: GCSE Higher Tier NUMERICAL METHODS FOR SOLVING EQUATIONS Versio:. Date:
More information3.2 Properties of Division 3.3 Zeros of Polynomials 3.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials
Math 60 www.timetodare.com 3. Properties of Divisio 3.3 Zeros of Polyomials 3.4 Complex ad Ratioal Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered
More informationDisjoint set (Union-Find)
CS124 Lecture 7 Fall 2018 Disjoit set (Uio-Fid) For Kruskal s algorithm for the miimum spaig tree problem, we foud that we eeded a data structure for maitaiig a collectio of disjoit sets. That is, we eed
More informationCALCULUS AB SECTION I, Part A Time 60 minutes Number of questions 30 A CALCULATOR MAY NOT BE USED ON THIS PART OF THE EXAM.
AP Calculus AB Portfolio Project Multiple Choice Practice Name: CALCULUS AB SECTION I, Part A Time 60 miutes Number of questios 30 A CALCULATOR MAY NOT BE USED ON THIS PART OF THE EXAM. Directios: Solve
More information