Main Menu. SEG Houston 2009 International Exposition and Annual Meeting. Summary

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1 CO elcity Measurements and Mdels r Temperatures dwn t -10 C and up t 00 C and Pressures up t 100 MPa Min Sun* and De-hua Han, Rck Physics Lab, University Hustn Micheal Batzle, Clrad Schl Mines Summary Studies cncerning hw CO velcity is aected by a wide range temperatures and essures are imtant in understanding CO behavir in luid and rck systems. Three labratry experiments were carried ut t investigate the eect temperature and essure n CO velcity r the range 10 C T 00 C and 7 MPa P 100 MPa. The results shw that CO velcity increases as essure increases and as temperature decreases in the temperature ranges 10 C T 0 C and 5 C T 00 C. Near the critical pint (31 C and 7.4 MPa), CO velcity is very sensitive t temperature and essure change. CO velcity mdels were develped t better match the experimental data. Intrductin Recently, carbn dixide has been cnsidered as an imtant agent in glbal warming that has ccurred due t rising temperature the earth. The increased cncentratins CO in the atmsphere have been assciated with human activity. Extensive studies n the perties CO have been undertaken bth experimentally and theretically in rder t ind ways t minimize its impact n the envirnment. Cnsequently, CO sequestratin, injectin and strage are increasingly becming the climate change and industrial strategies il cmpanies. In il and reservir cnditins, temperature and essure are higher up t 00 C and 100 MPa. At lwer temperature, ne way t cmbat climate change is t stre CO in t the deep cean arund 3000 meters where temperature and essure are abut 6.9 C and 40 MPa. Pipeline cnditins are usually in the ranges temperature -0 t 50 C and essure 5 t 5 MPa (Flas et al., 007). T understand the perties CO at a wide range temperature and essure is crucial r CO peratins. Theretically, many equatins state are unable t edict the thermdynamic perties CO accurately ver the entire range temperature and essure required r CO peratins (Batzle,1998). Labratry measurements acustic perties CO are rarely available beynd 40 MPa. range temperature rm 10 C t 00 C and essure rm 7 MPa up t 100 MPa. Mdels were built t it the measured data. Experiments Cnsidering dierent behavirs CO velcity in the wide range temperature and essure, we separated the interested regin t the three parts: a. the lw temperature and high essure range: 10 C T 0 C and 0 MPa P 100 MPa. b. the high temperature and high essure range: 5 C T 00 C and 0 MPa P 100 MPa. c. the lw essure range: 7 MPa < P < 0 MPa. Crrespndently, three experiments were perrmed. Measurement results and discussins Since the CO is a luid in the measured range, we can use the llwing deinitin the cmessinal velcity t understand its perties (McCain, 1990), K p =, ρ where K is bulk mduli and ρ is density. elcity perties in the lw temperature and high essure range The measured velcities within the lw temperature and high essure range 10 C T 0 C and 0 MPa P 100 MPa are pltted in Fig.1. The cmessinal velcity increases as essure increases at a given temperature, but it decreases as temperature increases at a given essure. Because CO is liquid belw the critical temperature 31 C and abve the critical essure 7.4 MPa, the bulk mdulus increases aster than density with increasing essure. At a given essure, increasing temperature will increase essure. But in rder t keep the cnstant essure, releasing the essure will decrease the bulk mdulus aster than the density, and then the velcity decreases. The eects the temperature and essure becme mre nunced as the essure decreases t belw 40 MPa, since the CO liquid is apaching t the critical pint and the phase bundary liquid and gas. In the Rck Physics Labratry (RPL), University Hustn, the CO velcity has been measured ver a wide SEG Hustn 009 Internatinal Expsitin and Annual Meeting 090

2 CO elcity Measurements and Mdels ith the temperature increases ver the critical temperature (31 C), CO is supercritical luid. Because the perties the supercritical luid are mre like gas at the lw essure range, the eects becme greater as the essure decreases t belw 40 MPa. Generally, the cmessinal velcity in the CO gas phase decreases as essure increases because density increases aster than the bulk mdulus. But in the supercritical luid phase, the velcity als increases as essure increases because the bulk mdulus als increases ast with a given temperature. hen the essure increases ver 0 MPa, the bulk mdulus increase aster than the density, therere, the velcity cntinues t increase with essure increases. Fig.1 Measured velcities CO as a unctin essure P r dierent temperatures rm 0 C dwn t -10 C. elcity perties in the high temperature and high essure range Like in the lw temperature range, the CO velcity increases as essure increases at a given temperature, and it decreases as temperature increases at a given essure (Fig.). But the temperature eect becmes cmplicated. A small increase in temperature causes a large decrease in the velcity when temperature is lwer. Higher temperature has less eect t decrease velcity than that lwer temperature. Fr example, when the essure is arund 40MPa, the temperature increases 5 C rm 5 C t 50 C, the velcity decreases several times cmparing t the temperature increases rm 150 C t 00 C, where the velcity desn t lwer much by the temperature increases. elcity perties arund the CO critical pint The velcity perties arund the CO critical pint (31 C and 7.4 MPa) are very sensitive t temperature and essure change. There are liquid phase, gas phase, liquid/gas phase bundary and supercritical luid in the regin. Even within the range essure up t 40 MPa, the temperature and essure eects are still cmplicated. Fig. 3 shws the measured data arund the critical pint, the temperature rm 5 C t 45 C and essure rm 7 MPa t 13 MPa. Fig.3 Measured velcities CO as a unctin essure P r the range near the CO critical pint. Fig. Measured velcities CO as a unctin essure P r dierent temperatures rm 5 C up t 00 C. ith the essure abve the critical pint rm 7.4 t 13 MPa and the temperature bellws the critical pint, the CO is in the liquid phase. The velcity increases with essure increases. Abve the supercritical temperature (31 C), the CO is the supercritical luid. The velcity decreases t a certain pint irst, and then increases as the essure increases. The turn pint the velcity shws the perty the supercritical luid changed rm like gas when the essure is lwer, t like liquid with essure increases. SEG Hustn 009 Internatinal Expsitin and Annual Meeting 091

3 CO elcity Measurements and Mdels Empirical Mdels Empirical mdels have been develped t it the experimental data and t describe the eects temperature and essure n CO velcity. Mdel r the lw temperature and high essure range Based n the experimental result, the llwing plynmial mdel is suitable t describe CO velcity as a unctin temperature and essure r this range, p = a + bt + ct + dp + ep + TP, where a = b = c = d = e = = The result cmparing the calculated CO velcities with the measured data shwn in Fig. 4, indicates that the mdel is crrect t evaluate the CO velcity at the range temperature and essure, 10 C T 0 C and 0 MPa P 100 MPa where + = ( ) T [ (1.5 T ) P ( a T ) + 46 P S lp = ] = 9 = ( P bt ) 1.43 P T P = ( c T )( P ) 1 T = [ T abs d (304.1 T abs )] T abs = T The parameters r the high temperature and high essure range are a = 1.71 b = c = 31 d = 0. In Fig.5, cmparing the cmputed CO velcity with the measured data shws that the mdel can be used t edicate CO velcity at a wide range temperatures (rm 5 C t 00 C ) and essures (rm 0 MPa t 100 MPa). -10 C -5 C 0 C 5 C 10 C 15.6 C 0 C Fig.4 Calculated (slid lines) and measured velcities CO as a unctin essure P r dierent lw temperatures rm 0 C dwn t -10 C. Mdel r the high temperature and high essure range The measured data shw that the CO velcities the high temperature range are mre likely extended rm thse the lw essure area. e can use the llwing mdel t better match the measured data within the tw regins, the high temperature and high essure range, and the lw essure range, = (1 ) + p lp, Fig.5 Calculated (slid lines) and measured velcities CO as a unctin essure P r dierent temperatures rm 5 C up t 00 C. Mdel r the lw essure range Since the lw essure range rm 7 t 0 MPa includes the CO critical pint, the velcity is very sensitive t temperature and essure change. The mdel r the high temperature and high essure range can be used t edict the its behavir with the parameters, a = 1.66 b= c = d = 40. SEG Hustn 009 Internatinal Expsitin and Annual Meeting 09

4 CO elcity Measurements and Mdels The result shwn in the Fig.6 indicates they are matched, but the mre libratry data are needed t crrect the mdel, especially near the critical pint. Cmparing the measured CO velcities with calculated by the mdel and by Span & agner s equatin state (EOS) MPa. The equatin is accurate but cntains many terms. Sme the terms are cmplex expnential which becme diicult r cmputatin. Our mdel with less terms and simple expnentials is simpler and easer t use. Fig.8 shws that the mdel is less accurate than Span and agner s in the lwer essure regins but mre a match t the measured data as essure increases. Cnclusins Fig.6 Calculated (slid lines) and Measured (dashed lines) velcities CO as a unctin essure P r the range near the CO critical pint. (Span and agner, 1996) is shwn in Fig.7 and Fig.8. The EOS equatin r carbn dixide is able t describe almst all reliable measured data within their experimental uncertainty, and is valid in the wider luid regin rm the triple-pint temperature t 1100K at essures up t 800 Labratry experiments were carried ut t study the eects temperature and essure n CO velcity r a wide range temperatures and essures, 10 C T 00 C and 7 MPa P 100 MPa. Clearly, CO velcity increased as essure increased and temperature decreased at the ranges 10 C T 0 C, 0 MPa P 100 MPa and 5 C T 00 C, 0MPa P 100MPa. hen essure bellws t 0 MPa, CO velcity is vary sensitive t temperature and essure change. The CO velcity mdels have been develped t match the experimental data and describe the relatinships CO velcity with temperature and essure. Hwever, mre labratry data are needed t limit the bias the experimental data and t crrect the mdels. Acknwledgments This research has been supted by the Fluids/DHI cnsrtium, which is spnsred by industry and cllabrated between University Hustn and Clrad Schl Mines C 0 C 10 C 0 C 1.85 C C -8.5 C ( Dashed lines, agner, 1996 ) Fig.7 Cmparing the calculated (slid lines) and measured velcities with the calculated velcities (dashed lines) by Span and agner r the lw temperature and high essure range C 50 C 100 C 150 C 00 C ( Dashed lines, agner, 1996 ) T=1.85, 46.85, 96.85, , C Fig.8 Cmparing the calculated (slid lines) and measured velcities with the calculated velcities (dashed lines) by Span and agner r the high temperature and high essure range. SEG Hustn 009 Internatinal Expsitin and Annual Meeting 093

5 EDITED REFERENCES Nte: This reerence list is a cpy-edited versin the reerence list submitted by the authr. Reerence lists r the 009 SEG Technical Prgram Expanded Abstracts have been cpy edited s that reerences vided with the nline metadata r each paper will achieve a high degree linking t cited surces that appear n the eb. REFERENCES Batzle, M., R. Christiansen, and D. Han, 1998, Reservir recvery cesses and gephysics: The Leading Edge, 10, Flas, G. K., E.. Fryna, J. Lvland, G. M. Kntgergis, and E. Slbraa, 007, Data and editin water cntent high essure nitrgen, methane and natural gas: Fluid Phase Equilibria, 5, McCain, Jr.,. D., 1990, The perties petrleum luids, nd ed.: Pennell Publishing Cmpany. Span, R., and. agner, 1996, A new equatin state r carbn dixide cvering the luid regin rm the triple temperature t 1100 K at essures up t 800 MPa: Jurnal Physical and Chemical Reerence Data, 5, SEG Hustn 009 Internatinal Expsitin and Annual Meeting 094

ACOUSTIC LOGGING GUIDED WAVES IN TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC FORMATIONS

ACOUSTIC LOGGING GUIDED WAVES IN TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC FORMATIONS by K. J. Ellefsen, C. H. Cheng, and D.P. Schmitt" Earth Resurces Labratry Department f Earth, Atmspheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts