Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
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1 Solar Photovoltaic Technologies Lecture-2 Prof. C.S. Solanki Energy Systems Engineering IIT Bombay
2 Contents Brief summery of the previous lecture Solar PV as renewable energy source Topics covered in this course References on the topics Quantum mechanics Wave/particle duality Atom model: H 2 discharge spectrum 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 2
3 PV as Renewable energy source Absorption of light, photon, creates an electric current thus converts light directly into the electric power, which is the most valuable form of energy There are no moving parts, unlike the conventional energy sources, reduces the need of maintenance No fuel is necessary, this eliminate any environmental impact Long lifetime Modularity, size of the plant can be increased depending on the requirements Decentralized power generation Minimized visual intrusion, can be integrated with the structures such as building 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-3
4 Solar PV in India Solar Potential India, being a tropical country, plenty of sunshine. The average daily solar radiation between 4 to 7 kwh/ m 2 There are on an average 250 to 300 clear sunny days a year. Solar PV production There are 8 industrial units involved in solar cell and solar PV module manufacturing In 2004 the production of PV modules was about 42 MW (worldwide ~ >1100MW 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-4
5 Solar PV applications SPV Systems Solar PV installation in India Installed during (till Solar Home System ,24,293 Solar Street Light ,125 Standalone Power Plant and grid connected - Cumulative number of system installed ( MW p Total installation In total about 820,000 systems have been installed Aggregating to about in total about 122 MW of PV panel, include 46 MW of export (source: MNES) 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-5
6 Solar PV Technologies Si solar cells - Monocrystalline Si solar cell - Multicrystalline Si solar cells Thin film solar cells - Amorphous Si solar cells - Microcrystalline, polycrystalline solar cells - CdTe, CdS, GaAs solar cell - CIGS (Cu-In-Ga-Diselenide) solar cells - Organic solar cells Dye-sensitized solar cells Single junction & Multi-junction solar cells 1-Sun and X-Sun solar cells Terrestrial and Space solar cells 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-6
7 Basic ideas of quantum physics, Fermi Energy, band diagram, Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction Photovoltaic conversion Optical effects of p-n junction, Design and analysis of PV cells, Solar cell parameters, efficiency limits PV cell fabrication Thin film solar cell technologies Solar spectrum, solar radiation Applications of PV PV system components PV system design Topics covered for SPT 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-7
8 References-1 1.Solar cells: Operating principles, technology and system applications, by Martin A. Green, Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, Seminconductors for solar cells, H. J. Moller, Artech House Inc, MA, USA, Solid State electronic devices, Ben G. Streetman,, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New delhi /1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-8
9 References-2 5.Thin-film crystalline silicon solar cells: Physics and technology, R. Brendel, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Clean electricity from photovoltaics, M. D. Archer, R. Hill, Imperial college press, Organic photovoltaics: Concepts and realization, C. Barbec, V. Dyakonov, J. Parisi, N. S. Saricifttci, Springer-Verlag Battery technology handbook, edited by H.A. Kiehne, Marcel Dekker, New York, /1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-9
10 Quantum mechanics Quantum physics is a branch of science that deals with discrete, indivisible units of energy called quanta as described by the Quantum Theory. - It deals with the objects of very very small sizes and very very small mass -If you are not shocked by the concepts of quantum mechanics, then you do not understand it 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-10
11 Photoelectric effect: Particle nature of photon Photon Metal Electron Photon is a particle with energy ε = hv Maximum kinetic energy of electron K max h e 1. Increasing the intensity of the light increased the number of photoelectrons, but not their maximum kinetic energy! 2. Red light will not cause the ejection of electrons, no matter what the intensity! 3. A weak violet light will eject only a few electrons, but their maximum kinetic energies are greater than those for intense light of longer wavelengths 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-11
12 Wave nature of electrons Phenomenon like diffraction and interference pattern that are found for electron can not be explained its particle natture, But it can be well explained with the wave nature of electron 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-12 p h h c h h p mv
13 Quantum mechanics-1 Quantum physics is a branch of science that deals with discrete, indivisible units of energy called quanta as described by the Quantum Theory. - It deals with very small distance and very small mass There are four main ideas represented in Quantum Theory: 1. The elementary particles behave both like particles and like waves. 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-13
14 Quantum mechanics-1 2. Energy is not continuous, but comes in small but discrete units. (Electrons are restricted to certain energy levels) 3. Pauli s exclusion principle: No more than two electron can occupy the same energy level 4. The movement of these particles is inherently random It is physically impossible to know both the position and the momentum of a particle at the same time. The more precisely one is known, the less precise the measurement of the other is (The uncertainty principal) 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-14
15 Bohr model: H 2 spectrum Bohr Model Electron exist in certain, stable, circular orbit about the nucleus (while changing the orbit there angular momentum should change) The electrons in free atoms can will be found in only certain discrete energy states, electron may shift from one orbit to other orbit Angular momentum of electron (L) in the orbit is also quantized h mv L nh 2 Bohr orbits 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-15
16 H 2 spectrum Hydrogen spectrum 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-16
17 Schrödinger Eq Schordinger equation or Wave equation (encompasses all principles of quantum physics) its solution is called wave function Its solution if often tedious and usually obtained for simple cases Dependent variable in the equation is an parameter, ψ we do not have feeling for 2 2 h [ ] P m x 2 h i t 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L2-17
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Energy and the Quantum Theory Light electrons are understood by comparing them to light 1. radiant energy 2. travels through space 3. makes you feel warm Light has properties of waves and particles Amplitude: