Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Engineers
|
|
- Britney Floyd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Engineers How do we find the otimal rocess unit? Signe Kjelstru, Chair of Engineering Thermodynamics Deartment of Process and Energy TU Delft ecture no. 7
2 Why is the entroy roduction imortant? The work outut from the maximum available w = w max wlost Guy-Stodola s theorem (889, 9): w lost = T ( dsirr / dt) > dsirr / dt = σdv ecture no. 7
3 Mathematical methods for constrained otimisation Euler agrange otimisation: Constraint examles: P= P T = T a ds irr = + λi dt i Conservation equations are included in the objective function Cf. Course on Engeering Fundamentals ectured by rof. J. Gross P i Control theory H =σ (,) z t + λ (,) z t f i dt Energy balance ft = =... d Momentum balance f = =... dξ Mass balance fξ = =... Extra conditions, i.e. = const. ocal control of conservation equations Defined control variables give a ractical handle Mathematically robust An autonomous Hamiltonian is constant along the ath i ext i ecture no. 7 3
4 Otimal isothermal exansion () Find the external ressure in a one ste rocess that gives N moles of ideal gas in a iston mininmum lost work, when the ressure of the system changes from V to V wmax = NRT ln V w= extdv = NRT V ( ) wlost = w wmax = NRT ext ( ) + ln The iston moves with time: dv () t dt f = [ ] ( () () ) ext t t t () ecture no. 7 4
5 Otimal isothermal exansion () Which ext gives minimum entroy roduction, given the values of and? Min N moles of ideal gas in a iston w = NRT max ln ds irr = NR ext ( ) + ln dt Given, Solution: ext ( / ) f ex( ) NRT V w= extdv NRT ( ) ecture no. 7 = 5 V
6 Otimal isothermal exansion (3) The ressure variation giving minimum lost work (stiled line) can be obtained from control theory General objective function: 5 Max. work θ dsirr dv ( t) = ( ext ( t) ( t)) dt T dt Constraint: dv () t dt ext t () f = Solution: [ ] ( () () ) ext t t t () NRT = + ln fθ = t / θ t / θ Presssure / bar Volume / 3 m 3 The driving force is constant along the otimal ath, and so is σ! ecture no. 7 6
7 Otimal exansion (4): Continuous Exansion of Gases in a Turbine Multistage gas turbine a realization of the results derived for the K-ste exansion case? ecture no. 7 7
8 Otimal heat exchange () Find the temerature rofile T(z) that gives minimum entroy roduction, when a given amount of heat is transferred from the hot fluid Constraints By fixing T and T we fix the heat transferred h, in h, out Fixed heat transferred means fixed: T and T h, in h, out The energy balance must be obeyed: FC dt z = J z Δy h( ) q( ) ecture no. 7 8
9 Otimal heat exchange (3): Is work is obtainable by heat exchange? dq dq T dq = dq = Jq ( z) Δy T ( z) c Carnot machine dw η dw = Cdq =Δy Jq Tc ( z) T T (z) c T (z) h dq Cold fluid Hot fluid T J q w=δy Jq = FoutHout FinHin ΔyT T ( ) ( ) c z T c z Entroy roduction from transfer to cold side ecture no. 7 9
10 Otimal heat exchange (): The entroy roduction (,) q(,) q d xz J xz dx T (,) x z J x z J z (,) q() z y x z dx yj z () (,) q() T () z T () z h c By fixing T and T we fix the heat transferred h, in h, out J q ds dt = lqqδ T irr =Δ σ ( ) =Δ ( qq ) q y z y l J ecture no. 7
11 Otimal heat exchange (5): Solution Carnot machine T (z) c T (z) h dq dq dw Cold fluid Hot fluid Exact solution: Constant entroy roduction (EoEP) Aroximate solution: Constant thermal force (EoF) ds dt irr The entroy balance for the hot fluid Jq = FoutSout FinSin Δy T ( ) c z The entroy roduction for heat exchange ds dt irr δ =Δ y σ( xzdx, ) =Δy σ( z ) =Δy lqq ( Th ( z)) Δ T Temerature / K T h, EoEP T c, EoEP T h, EoF T c, EoF Position / m ecture no. 7
12 Reasons to minimize the entroy roduction We obtain a realistic target for the efficiency: The most energy efficient oeration for the real system We find a zero on a yardstick that measures lost work We can find rules for rocess design: Rules of thumb, energy efficient design A turbine with equiartition of forces Heat exchange with equiartition of forces ecture no. 7
13 Energy efficient design means that:. The ath of minimum entroy roduction has been used, given the boundary conditions. This oerating ath has constant entroy roduction if the system has sufficient degrees of freedom 3. Constant driving forces seems to be a good aroximation to a state with constant entroy roduction ecture no. 7 3
Chapter 20: Exercises: 3, 7, 11, 22, 28, 34 EOC: 40, 43, 46, 58
Chater 0: Exercises:, 7,,, 8, 4 EOC: 40, 4, 46, 8 E: A gasoline engine takes in.80 0 4 and delivers 800 of work er cycle. The heat is obtained by burning gasoline with a heat of combustion of 4.60 0 4.
More informationLecture 13 Heat Engines
Lecture 3 Heat Engines hermodynamic rocesses and entroy hermodynamic cycles Extracting work from heat - How do we define engine efficiency? - Carnot cycle: the best ossible efficiency Reading for this
More informationChemistry 420/523 Chemical Thermodynamics (Spring ) Examination 1
Chemistry 420/523 Chemical hermodynamics (Sring 2001-02) Examination 1 1 Boyle temerature is defined as the temerature at which the comression factor Z m /(R ) of a gas is exactly equal to 1 For a gas
More informationLecture 13. Heat Engines. Thermodynamic processes and entropy Thermodynamic cycles Extracting work from heat
Lecture 3 Heat Engines hermodynamic rocesses and entroy hermodynamic cycles Extracting work from heat - How do we define engine efficiency? - Carnot cycle: the best ossible efficiency Reading for this
More informationActual exergy intake to perform the same task
CHAPER : PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY CONSERVAION INRODUCION Energy conservation rinciles are based on thermodynamics If we look into the simle and most direct statement of the first law of thermodynamics, we
More informationPHYS1001 PHYSICS 1 REGULAR Module 2 Thermal Physics Chapter 17 First Law of Thermodynamics
PHYS1001 PHYSICS 1 REGULAR Module Thermal Physics Chater 17 First Law of Thermodynamics References: 17.1 to 17.9 Examles: 17.1 to 17.7 Checklist Thermodynamic system collection of objects and fields. If
More informationFINITE TIME THERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR AN IRREVERSIBLE ATKINSON CYCLE. By Yanlin GE, Lingen CHEN, and Fengrui SUN
FINIE IME HERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR AN IRREVERSIBLE AKINSON CYCLE By Yanlin GE, Lingen CHEN, and Fengrui SUN Performance of an air-standard Atkinson cycle is analyzed by using finite-time
More informationChapter-6: Entropy. 1 Clausius Inequality. 2 Entropy - A Property
hater-6: Entroy When the first law of thermodynamics was stated, the existence of roerty, the internal energy, was found. imilarly, econd law also leads to definition of another roerty, known as entroy.
More information02. Equilibrium Thermodynamics II: Engines
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Equilibrium Statistical Physics Physics Course Materials 205 02. Equilibrium Thermodynamics II: Engines Gerhard Müller University of Rhode Island, gmuller@uri.edu
More informationδq T = nr ln(v B/V A )
hysical Chemistry 007 Homework assignment, solutions roblem 1: An ideal gas undergoes the following reversible, cyclic rocess It first exands isothermally from state A to state B It is then comressed adiabatically
More informationI have not proofread these notes; so please watch out for typos, anything misleading or just plain wrong.
hermodynamics I have not roofread these notes; so lease watch out for tyos, anything misleading or just lain wrong. Please read ages 227 246 in Chater 8 of Kittel and Kroemer and ay attention to the first
More information/ p) TA,. Returning to the
Toic2610 Proerties; Equilibrium and Frozen A given closed system having Gibbs energy G at temerature T, ressure, molecular comosition (organisation ) and affinity for sontaneous change A is described by
More informationChapter 3 - First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 3 - dynamics The ideal gas law is a combination of three intuitive relationships between pressure, volume, temp and moles. David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton Fall 2013 When a gas expands, it
More informationHEAT, WORK, AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
HET, ORK, ND THE FIRST L OF THERMODYNMIS 8 EXERISES Section 8. The First Law of Thermodynamics 5. INTERPRET e identify the system as the water in the insulated container. The roblem involves calculating
More informationChapter 9 Practical cycles
Prof.. undararajan Chater 9 Practical cycles 9. Introduction In Chaters 7 and 8, it was shown that a reversible engine based on the Carnot cycle (two reversible isothermal heat transfers and two reversible
More informationChapter 1 Fundamentals
Chater Fundamentals. Overview of Thermodynamics Industrial Revolution brought in large scale automation of many tedious tasks which were earlier being erformed through manual or animal labour. Inventors
More information4. Energy balances Partly based on Chapter 4 of the De Nevers textbook.
Lecture Notes CHE 31 Fluid Mechanics (Fall 010) 4 Energy balances Partly based on Chater 4 of the De Nevers textbook Energy fluid mechanics As for any quantity, we can set u an energy balance for a secific
More informationCHAPTER 3 LECTURE NOTES 3.1. The Carnot Cycle Consider the following reversible cyclic process involving one mole of an ideal gas:
CHATER 3 LECTURE NOTES 3.1. The Carnot Cycle Consider the following reversible cyclic process involving one mole of an ideal gas: Fig. 3. (a) Isothermal expansion from ( 1, 1,T h ) to (,,T h ), (b) Adiabatic
More informationThermodynamics in combustion
Thermodynamics in combustion 2nd ste in toolbox Thermodynamics deals with a equilibrium state and how chemical comosition can be calculated for a system with known atomic or molecular comosition if 2 indeendent
More informationThe Second Law of Thermodynamics. (Second Law of Thermodynamics)
he Second aw of hermodynamics For the free exansion, we have >. It is an irreversible rocess in a closed system. For the reversible isothermal rocess, for the gas > for exansion and < for comression. owever,
More informationWeek 8 lectures. ρ t +u ρ+ρ u = 0. where µ and λ are viscosity and second viscosity coefficients, respectively and S is the strain tensor:
Week 8 lectures. Equations for motion of fluid without incomressible assumtions Recall from week notes, the equations for conservation of mass and momentum, derived generally without any incomressibility
More informationPressure Volume Temperature Relationship of Pure Fluids
Pressure Volume Temperature Relationship of Pure Fluids Volumetric data of substances are needed to calculate the thermodynamic properties such as internal energy and work, from which the heat requirements
More informationTheory of turbomachinery. Chapter 1
Theory of turbomachinery Chater Introduction: Basic Princiles Take your choice of those that can best aid your action. (Shakeseare, Coriolanus) Introduction Definition Turbomachinery describes machines
More informationI affirm that I have never given nor received aid on this examination. I understand that cheating in the exam will result in a grade F for the class.
Chem340 Physical Chemistry for Biochemists Exam Mar 16, 011 Your Name _ I affirm that I have never given nor received aid on this examination. I understand that cheating in the exam will result in a grade
More informationChapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the principle of conservation of energy. It includes the transfer of both mechanical and thermal energy. First
More informationFirst Law CML 100, IIT Delhi SS. The total energy of the system. Contribution from translation + rotation + vibrations.
Internal Energy he total energy of the system. Contribution from translation + rotation + vibrations. Equipartition theorem for the translation and rotational degrees of freedom. 1/ k B Work Path function,
More informationOPTIMAL PATHS OF PISTON MOTION OF IRREVERSIBLE DIESEL CYCLE FOR MINIMUM ENTROPY GENERATION. By Yanlin GE, Lingen CHEN *, and Fengrui SUN
OPTIMAL PATHS OF PISTON MOTION OF IRREVERSIBLE DIESEL CYCLE FOR MINIMUM ENTROPY GENERATION By Yanlin GE, Lingen CHEN *, and Fengrui SUN A Diesel cycle heat engine with internal and external irreversibilities
More informationLecture Thermodynamics 9. Entropy form of the 1 st law. Let us start with the differential form of the 1 st law: du = d Q + d W
Lecture hermodnamics 9 Entro form of the st law Let us start with the differential form of the st law: du = d Q + d W Consider a hdrostatic sstem. o know the required d Q and d W between two nearb states,
More informationMinimum Bias Events at ATLAS
Camille Bélanger-Champagne McGill University Lehman College City University of New York Thermodynamics Charged Particle and Statistical Correlations Mechanics in Minimum Bias Events at ATLAS Thermodynamics
More informationIntroduction. Statistical physics: microscopic foundation of thermodynamics degrees of freedom 2 3 state variables!
Introduction Thermodynamics: phenomenological description of equilibrium bulk properties of matter in terms of only a few state variables and thermodynamical laws. Statistical physics: microscopic foundation
More informationA short note on Reitlinger thermodynamic cycles
short note on Reitlinger thermodynamic cycles melia arolina Saravigna eartment of lied Science and echnology, Politecnico di orino, orino, Italy bstract: It is well known that arnot cycle is the thermodynamic
More informationATMOS Lecture 7. The First Law and Its Consequences Pressure-Volume Work Internal Energy Heat Capacity Special Cases of the First Law
TMOS 5130 Lecture 7 The First Law and Its Consequences Pressure-Volume Work Internal Energy Heat Caacity Secial Cases of the First Law Pressure-Volume Work Exanding Volume Pressure δw = f & dx δw = F ds
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS. Prepared by Sibaprasad Maity Asst. Prof. in Chemistry For any queries contact at
HERMODYNAMIS reared by Sibarasad Maity Asst. rof. in hemistry For any queries contact at 943445393 he word thermo-dynamic, used first by illiam homson (later Lord Kelvin), has Greek origin, and is translated
More informationVersion 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore (21301jtsizemore) 1
Version 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore 21301jtsizemore 1 This print-out should have 38 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page find all choices before answering.
More informationThe Second Law: The Machinery
The Second Law: The Machinery Chater 5 of Atkins: The Second Law: The Concets Sections 3.7-3.9 8th Ed, 3.3 9th Ed; 3.4 10 Ed.; 3E 11th Ed. Combining First and Second Laws Proerties of the Internal Energy
More informationWhat is thermodynamics? and what can it do for us?
What is thermodynamics? and what can it do for us? The overall goal of thermodynamics is to describe what happens to a system (anything of interest) when we change the variables that characterized the
More informationHeat What is heat? Work = 2. PdV 1
eat What is heat? eat (Q) is the flow or transfer of energy from one system to another Often referred to as heat flow or heat transfer Requires that one system must be at a higher temperature than the
More informationTHE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE FIRST LA OF THERMODYNAMIS 9 9 (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: The ressure is constant and the volume increases (b) = d Figure 9 Since is constant, = d = ( ) The -diagram is sketched in Figure 9 The roblem
More informationThe Laws of Thermodynamics
MME 231: Lecture 06 he Laws of hermodynamics he Second Law of hermodynamics. A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUE, Dhaka oday s opics Relation between entropy transfer and heat Entropy change
More informationMODULE 2: DIFFUSION LECTURE NO. 2
PTEL Chemical Mass Transfer Oeration MODULE : DIFFUSIO LECTURE O.. STEDY STTE MOLECULR DIFFUSIO I FLUIDS UDER STGT D LMIR FLOW CODITIOS.. Steady state diffusion through a constant area Steady state diffusion
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
THERMODYNAMICS Important Points:. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: a) This law gives the concept of temperature. b) If the temperatures of two bodies are equal then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
More informationSpeed of sound measurements in liquid Methane at cryogenic temperature and for pressure up to 10 MPa
LNGII - raining Day Delft, August 07 Seed of sound measurements in liquid Methane at cryogenic temerature and for ressure u to 0 MPa Simona Lago*, P. Alberto Giuliano Albo INRiM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca
More informationName: Discussion Section:
CBE 141: Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Spring 2018, UC Berkeley Midterm 1 February 13, 2018 Time: 80 minutes, closed-book and closed-notes, one-sided 8 ½ x 11 equation sheet allowed Please show
More information1. Read the section on stability in Wallace and Hobbs. W&H 3.53
Assignment 2 Due Set 5. Questions marked? are otential candidates for resentation 1. Read the section on stability in Wallace and Hobbs. W&H 3.53 2.? Within the context of the Figure, and the 1st law of
More informationCY1001 BASIC CONCEPTS
CY1001 BASIC CONCES Lecture 1. radeep 22574208 pradeep@iitm.ac.in Atomists and ionists 9/6/2010 1 1. Chemical thermodynamics 2. Statistical thermodynamics 3. Kinetics 4. Surface science Books: 1. G. W.
More informationPhysical Biochemistry. Kwan Hee Lee, Ph.D. Handong Global University
Physical Biochemistry Kwan Hee Lee, Ph.D. Handong Global University Week 3 CHAPTER 2 The Second Law: Entropy of the Universe increases What is entropy Definition: measure of disorder The greater the disorder,
More information8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 8.21 Lecture 9 Heat Engines
More informationReversible Processes. Furthermore, there must be no friction (i.e. mechanical energy loss) or turbulence i.e. it must be infinitely slow.
Reversible Processes A reversible thermodynamic process is one in which the universe (i.e. the system and its surroundings) can be returned to their initial conditions. Because heat only flows spontaneously
More informationMore Thermodynamics. Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes
More Thermodynamics Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes Carnot Cycle Efficiency of Engines Entropy More Thermodynamics 1 Specific Heat of Gases
More informationSection 2: Lecture 1 Integral Form of the Conservation Equations for Compressible Flow
Section 2: Lecture 1 Integral Form of the Conservation Equations for Compressible Flow Anderson: Chapter 2 pp. 41-54 1 Equation of State: Section 1 Review p = R g T " > R g = R u M w - R u = 8314.4126
More informationEfficiencies. Damian Vogt Course MJ2429. Nomenclature. Symbol Denotation Unit c Flow speed m/s c p. pressure c v. Specific heat at constant J/kgK
Turbomachinery Lecture Notes 1 7-9-1 Efficiencies Damian Vogt Course MJ49 Nomenclature Subscrits Symbol Denotation Unit c Flow seed m/s c Secific heat at constant J/kgK ressure c v Secific heat at constant
More informationNOTE: Only CHANGE in internal energy matters
The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics is a special case of the Law of Conservation of Energy It takes into account changes in internal energy and energy transfers by heat and
More informationCHEM Thermodynamics. Work. There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system:
There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system: Thermodynamics Work 1. By flow of heat, q Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between and the surroundings 2. By doing work, w Work can
More informationwhether a process will be spontaneous, it is necessary to know the entropy change in both the
93 Lecture 16 he entroy is a lovely function because it is all we need to know in order to redict whether a rocess will be sontaneous. However, it is often inconvenient to use, because to redict whether
More informationEntropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Reading Problems 7-1 7-3 7-88, 7-131, 7-135 7-6 7-10 8-24, 8-44, 8-46, 8-60, 8-73, 8-99, 8-128, 8-132, 8-1 8-10, 8-13 8-135, 8-148, 8-152, 8-166, 8-168, 8-189
More informationJJMIE Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
JJMIE Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Volume, Number, Jun. 8 ISSN 995-6665 Pages 7-75 Efficiency of Atkinson Engine at Maximum Power Density using emerature Deendent Secific Heats
More informationPY2005: Thermodynamics
ome Multivariate Calculus Y2005: hermodynamics Notes by Chris Blair hese notes cover the enior Freshman course given by Dr. Graham Cross in Michaelmas erm 2007, except for lecture 12 on phase changes.
More informationPhysics 2A (Fall 2012) Chapters 11:Using Energy and 12: Thermal Properties of Matter
Physics 2A (Fall 2012) Chaters 11:Using Energy and 12: Thermal Proerties of Matter "Kee in mind that neither success nor failure is ever final." Roger Ward Babson Our greatest glory is not in never failing,
More informationS = S(f) S(i) dq rev /T. ds = dq rev /T
In 1855, Clausius proved the following (it is actually a corollary to Clausius Theorem ): If a system changes between two equilibrium states, i and f, the integral dq rev /T is the same for any reversible
More informationCY1001 BASIC CONCEPTS
CY1001 BASIC CONCES Lecture 1. radeep 22574208 pradeep@iitm.ac.in Atomists and ionists 9/19/2013 1 1. Chemical thermodynamics 2. Statistical thermodynamics 3. Kinetics 4. Surface science Books: 1. Kuhn
More informationPHYsics 1150 Homework, Chapter 14, Thermodynamics Ch 14: 1, 17, 26, 27, 37, 44, 46, 52, 58
PHYsics 1150 Homework, Chapter 14, Thermodynamics Ch 14: 1, 17, 6, 7, 37, 44, 46, 5, 58 14.1 An ideal gas is sealed in a rigid container at 5 C and. What will its temperature be when the pressure is incresed
More informationGEF2200 vår 2017 Løsningsforslag sett 1
GEF2200 vår 2017 Løsningsforslag sett 1 A.1.T R is the universal gas constant, with value 8.3143JK 1 mol 1. R is the gas constant for a secic gas, given by R R M (1) where M is the molecular weight of
More informationSPH 302 THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS Nyongesa F. W., PhD. e-mail: fnyongesa@uonbi.ac.ke 1 Course Outline Lecture 1: Thermodynamic concepts & Zeroth Law Lecture 2: 1 ST Law Lecture 3: 2 ND Law Lecture 4: Entropy and 2 ND Law
More informationThermodynamics 2013/2014, lecturer: Martin Zápotocký
Thermodynamics 2013/2014, lecturer: Martin Zápotocký 2 lectures: 1. Thermodynamic processes, heat and work, calorimetry, 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics 2. Entropy, thermodynamic potentials, nonequilibrium
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS CONTENTS
1. Introduction HERMODYNAMICS CONENS. Maxwell s thermodynamic equations.1 Derivation of Maxwell s equations 3. Function and derivative 3.1 Differentiation 4. Cyclic Rule artial Differentiation 5. State
More informationChemistry 163B Winter 2013 Clausius Inequality and ΔS ideal gas
Chemistry 163B q rev, Clausius Inequality and calculating ΔS for ideal gas,, changes (HW#5) Challenged enmanship Notes 1 statements of the Second Law of hermodynamics 1. Macroscopic properties of an isolated
More informationChapter 2 Carnot Principle
Chapter 2 Carnot Principle 2.1 Temperature 2.1.1 Isothermal Process When two bodies are placed in thermal contact, the hotter body gives off heat to the colder body. As long as the temperatures are different,
More informationProblem: Calculate the entropy change that results from mixing 54.0 g of water at 280 K with 27.0 g of water at 360 K in a vessel whose walls are
Problem: Calculate the entropy change that results from mixing 54.0 g of water at 280 K with 27.0 g of water at 360 K in a vessel whose walls are perfectly insulated from the surroundings. Is this a spontaneous
More informationPhase Changes and Latent Heat
Review Questions Why can a person remove a piece of dry aluminum foil from a hot oven with bare fingers without getting burned, yet will be burned doing so if the foil is wet. Equal quantities of alcohol
More informationMidTerm. Phys224 Spring 2008 Dr. P. Hanlet
MidTerm Name: Show your work!!! If I can read it, I will give you partial credit!!! Correct answers without work will NOT get full credit. Concept 5 points) 1. In terms of the First Law of Thermodynamics
More informationLecture 4 Clausius Inequality
Lecture 4 Clausius Inequality Entropy distinguishes between irreversible and reversible processes. irrev S > 0 rev In a spontaneous process, there should be a net increase in the entropy of the system
More informationCOMPENDIUM OF EQUATIONS Unified Engineering Thermodynamics
COMPENDIUM OF EQUAIONS Unified Engineering hermodynamics Note: It is with some reseration that I suly this comendium of equations. One of the common itfalls for engineering students is that they sole roblems
More informationPhysics 207 Lecture 27
hyscs 07 Lecture 7 hyscs 07, Lecture 7, Dec. 6 Agenda: h. 0, st Law o Thermodynamcs, h. st Law o thermodynamcs ( U Q + W du dq + dw ) Work done by an deal gas n a ston Introducton to thermodynamc cycles
More informationChapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics When we previously studied the first law of thermodynamics, we observed how conservation of energy provided us with a relationship between U, Q, and W, namely
More informationClass 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
Class 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy The second law of thermodynamics The first law relates heat energy, work and the internal thermal energy of a system, and is essentially a statement
More informationIdeal Gas Law. September 2, 2014
Ideal Gas Law Setember 2, 2014 Thermodynamics deals with internal transformations of the energy of a system and exchanges of energy between that system and its environment. A thermodynamic system refers
More informationLiquid water static energy page 1/8
Liquid water static energy age 1/8 1) Thermodynamics It s a good idea to work with thermodynamic variables that are conserved under a known set of conditions, since they can act as assive tracers and rovide
More informationInternal Energy (example)
Internal Energy (example) A bucket of water KEs: translational: rotational: vibrational: PEs: within molecules: between molecules: @ rest on the table molecular bonds dipole-dipole interactions Internal
More informationChapter 16 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 16 The Second Law of Thermodynamics To examine the directions of thermodynamic processes. To study heat engines. To understand internal combustion engines and refrigerators. To learn and apply
More informationEnthalpy and Adiabatic Changes
Enthalpy and Adiabatic Changes Chapter 2 of Atkins: The First Law: Concepts Sections 2.5-2.6 of Atkins (7th & 8th editions) Enthalpy Definition of Enthalpy Measurement of Enthalpy Variation of Enthalpy
More information2.6 Primitive equations and vertical coordinates
Chater 2. The continuous equations 2.6 Primitive equations and vertical coordinates As Charney (1951) foresaw, most NWP modelers went back to using the rimitive equations, with the hydrostatic aroximation,
More information4.1 LAWS OF MECHANICS - Review
4.1 LAWS OF MECHANICS - Review Ch4 9 SYSTEM System: Moving Fluid Definitions: System is defined as an arbitrary quantity of mass of fixed identity. Surrounding is everything external to this system. Boundary
More informationTHE ZEROTH AND FISRT LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Saeda Al-Mhyawi secend Tearm 1435H
H ZROH AND FISR LAW OF HRMODYNAMIS Saeda Al-Mhyawi secend earm 435H HAR II H ZROH AND FISR LAW OF HRMODYNAMIS Lecture () Outline Introduction he Zeroth Law of hermodynamics he First Law of hermodynamics
More informationLecture 4 Clausius Inequality
Lecture 4 Clausius Inequality We know: Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature. T A V A U A + U B = constant V A, V B constant S = S A + S B T B V B Diathermic The wall insulating, impermeable
More informationGrain elevator. You need to convince your boss that this is a very inefficient system.
Grain elevator You are working for a grain storage comany over the summer, and they have a roblem with the grain elevator, that kees breaking down. This morning, your boss woke u feeling like a genius
More informationPhase transition. Asaf Pe er Background
Phase transition Asaf Pe er 1 November 18, 2013 1. Background A hase is a region of sace, throughout which all hysical roerties (density, magnetization, etc.) of a material (or thermodynamic system) are
More informationHonors Physics. Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat. Persans 1
Honors Physics Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat Persans 1 Properties of solids Persans 2 Persans 3 Vibrations of atoms in crystalline solids Assuming only nearest neighbor interactions (+Hooke's law) F = C( u! u
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS1013W1 SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2014-2015 ENERGY AND MATTER Duration: 120 MINS (2 hours) This paper contains 8 questions. Answers to Section A and Section B must be in separate
More informationUniversity of Washington Department of Chemistry Chemistry 452/456 Summer Quarter 2010
Lecture 6/5/0 University of Washington Department of Chemistry Chemistry 45/456 Summer Quarter 00 A. Reversible and Irersible Work Reversible Process: A process that occurs through a series of equilibrium
More informationU = 4.18 J if we heat 1.0 g of water through 1 C. U = 4.18 J if we cool 1.0 g of water through 1 C.
CHAPER LECURE NOES he First Law of hermodynamics: he simplest statement of the First Law is as follows: U = q + w. Here U is the internal energy of the system, q is the heat and w is the work. CONVENIONS
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Physics Department Statistical Physics I Spring Term 2013 Notes on the Microcanonical Ensemble
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Physics Department 8.044 Statistical Physics I Spring Term 2013 Notes on the Microcanonical Ensemble The object of this endeavor is to impose a simple probability
More informationThermodynamics General
Thermodynamics General Lecture 5 Second Law and Entropy (Read pages 587-6; 68-63 Physics for Scientists and Engineers (Third Edition) by Serway) Review: The first law of thermodynamics tells us the energy
More informationLecture 2 Entropy and Second Law
Lecture 2 Entropy and Second Law Etymology: Entropy, entropie in German. En from energy and trope turning toward Turning to energy Motivation for a Second Law!! First law allows us to calculate the energy
More informationHandout 12: Thermodynamics. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
1 Handout 12: Thermodynamics Zeroth law of thermodynamics When two objects with different temperature are brought into contact, heat flows from the hotter body to a cooler one Heat flows until the temperatures
More informationThermodynamics of phase transitions
Thermodynamics of phase transitions Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron Department of Theoretical of Physics Wroc law University of Science and Technology, Poland March 12, 2017 Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron (WUST) Thermodynamics
More informationDistinguish between. and non-thermal energy sources.
Distinguish between System & Surroundings We also distinguish between thermal We also distinguish between thermal and non-thermal energy sources. P Work The gas in the cylinder is the system How much work
More informationChemistry 531 Spring 2009 Problem Set 6 Solutions
Chemistry 531 Sring 2009 Problem Set 6 Solutions 1. In a thermochemical study of N 2, the following heat caacity data were found: t 0 C,m d 27.2Jmol 1 K 1 f t b f C,m d 23.4Jmol 1 K 1 C,m d 11.4Jmol 1
More informationClassical thermodynamics
Classical thermodynamics More about irreversibility chap. 6 Isentropic expansion of an ideal gas Sudden expansion of a gas into vacuum cf Kittel and Kroemer end of Cyclic engines cf Kittel and Kroemer
More informationPractice Examinations Chem 393 Fall 2005 Time 1 hr 15 min for each set.
Practice Examinations Chem 393 Fall 2005 Time 1 hr 15 min for each set. The symbols used here are as discussed in the class. Use scratch paper as needed. Do not give more than one answer for any question.
More information