Decidability. Linz 6 th, Chapter 12: Limits of Algorithmic Computation, page 309ff

Transcription

1 Decidability Linz 6 th, Chapter 12: Limits of Algorithmic Computation, page 309ff 1

2 A property P of strings is said to be decidable if the set of all strings having property P is a recursive set; that is, if there is a total Turing machine that accepts input strings that have property P and rejects those that do not. Kozen 2

3 Consider problems with answer YES or NO Examples: Does Machine M have three states? Is string w a binary number? Does DFA M accept any input? 3

4 A problem is decidable if some Turing machine Solves (decides) the problem Decidable problems: Does Machine M have three states? Is string w a binary number? Does DFA M accept any input? 4

5 The Turing machine that solves a problem answers YES or NO for each instance Input problem instance Turing Machine YES NO 5

6 The machine that decides a problem: If the answer is YES then halts in a yes state If the answer is NO then halts in a no state These states may not be final states 6

7 Turing Machine that decides a problem YES states NO states YES and NO states are halting states 7

8 Difference between Recursive Languages and Decidable problems For decidable problems: The YES states may not be final states 8

9 [What does the author mean?] No harm in assuming YES states are final. Decidable = Recursive 9

10 Some problems are undecidable: which means: there is no Turing Machine that solves all instances of the problem 10

11 A simple undecidable problem: The membership problem 11

12 The Membership Problem Input: Turing Machine M, and String w Question: Does M accept w? w L(M )? 12

13 Theorem: The membership problem is undecidable M w (there are and for which we cannot decide whether ) w L(M ) Proof: Assume for contradiction that the membership problem is decidable 13

14 Assume there exists a Turing Machine that decides/solves the membership problem H M YES M accepts w H w NO M rejects w 14

15 Let L be a recursively enumerable language Let M be the Turing Machine that accepts L We will prove that L is also recursive: we will describe a Turing machine that accepts L and halts on any input 15

16 Turing Machine that accepts and halts on any input L M H YES accept w w M accepts w? NO reject w 16

17 Therefore, L is recursive Since L is chosen arbitrarily, we have proven that every recursively enumerable language is also recursive But there are recursively enumerable languages which are not recursive Contradiction!!!! 17

18 Therefore, the membership problem is undecidable END OF PROOF 18

19 Another famous undecidable problem: The halting problem 19

20 20

21 The Halting Problem Input: Turing Machine M, and String w Question: Does M halt on input w? 21

22 Theorem: The halting problem is undecidable M (there are and for which we cannot decide whether halts on input ) M w w Proof: Assume for contradiction that the halting problem is decidable 22

23 Thus, there exists Turing Machine that solves the halting problem H M YES M halts on w H w NO M doesn t halt on w 23

24 Construction of H Input: initial tape contents w M w q0 H q y q n YES NO Encoding of M String w 24

25 Construct machine H : If H returns YES then loop forever If H returns NO then halt 25

26 H H Loop forever q y YES qa qb w M w q0 qn NO 26

27 Construct machine Ĥ : Input: w M (machine M ) If M halts on input w M Then loop forever Else halt 27

28 Ĥ wm copy w M w M w M H 28

29 Run machine Ĥ with input itself: Input: wh ˆ (machine Ĥ ) If Ĥ halts on input wh ˆ Then loop forever Else halt 29

30 Ĥ on input wh ˆ : If If Ĥ Ĥ halts then loops forever doesn t halt then it halts NONSENSE!!!!! 30

31 Therefore, we have contradiction The halting problem is undecidable END OF PROOF 31

32 Another proof of the same theorem: If the halting problem were decidable then every recursively enumerable language would be recursive. If L={M_w#w M_w halts on w} were recursive, then every r.e. set is recursive. 32

33 Theorem: The halting problem is undecidable Proof: Assume for contradiction that the halting problem is decidable 33

34 Thus, there exists Turing Machine that solves the halting problem H M YES M halts on w H w NO M doesn t halt on w 34

35 Let L be a recursively enumerable language Let M be the Turing Machine that accepts L we will describe a Turing machine that accepts L and halts on any input, proving that L is also recursive. 35

36 Turing Machine that accepts and halts on any input L M H NO reject w w M halts on w? YES Run M with input w accept w Halts on final state reject w Halts on non-final state 36

37 Therefore L is recursive Since L is chosen arbitrarily, we have proven that every recursively enumerable language is also recursive But there are recursively enumerable languages which are not recursive Contradiction!!!! 37

38 Therefore, the halting problem is undecidable END OF PROOF 38