THE ESSENTIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS AND ENERGY

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1 Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, no., 7, pp IIGSS Aademi Publisher TH SSNTIAL RLATIONSHIP BTWN MASS AND NRGY LI ZIFNG Petroleum ngineering Institute, Yanshan Uniersity, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 664, China -mail: zfli@ysu.edu.n (Reeied September 18, 6; In final form MM DD, YYYY) This paper introdues the essenes of mass, time, length and energy, as well as their standard measurement units, analyzes mass-eloity relationships in different theories, and omments on these relationships. Also the paper negates the mass-eloity equation and the mass-energy equation in the speial relatiity; analyzes the soure and generating mehanism of atomi energy. The author deems that mass is mass, energy is energy; mass annot be transformed into energy and energy annot be transformed into mass. These two onepts an t be onerted into eah other. There are mass onseration and energy onseration, indiidually. Keywords: speial relatiity, mass, energy, eloity of light, mass-eloity equation, mass-energy equation In Newtonian mehanis, the mass, time, length and energy are respetiely independent onepts; but in the speial relatiity, these four quantities all hae something to do with speed, and mass and energy an be onerted into eah other, whih makes the physis aademia in a great mess. Therefore, there is a need to lean up the mess from the angle of philosophy, to disuss the original relationship between mass and energy, and eliminate the negatie and onfusing influene of the speial relatiity. 1. MASS, TIM, LNGTH AND NRGY The definition of mass: mass is one of the material s essential attributes. Mass is referred to the amount of matter that an objet ontains. There is nothing in the world whose mass is zero. As long as it is matter, its mass is greater than zero. The standard unit of mass is kilogram. In the international unit system, "kilogram" is set by the mass of platinum- iridium etalon in BIPM, whih loates near Paris. Some people beliee that the mass standard of "kilogram" in different ountries grows at a.5 gamma rate annually and this kind of hange has already exeeded "kilogram s" auray of the international omparison. Now, people are looking for a better way 1. The definition of time: time is one of the forms of matter s existene. Time is the persistene and sequentiality of matter s moing proession, the objetie existene that dose not depend on people s onsiousness, and eternal. Time is unidiretional, eenly passing and haing no start point and no end point. The standard unit of time is seond. The 13th International Calulating Conferene (1967) made the definition for TA seond: the time unit seond is the lasting time of 9,19,631,77 periods whih are radiated by the transition aused by Cs -133 atomi basi state s two hyperfine energy leels". Before 196, time unit seond referred to UT seond. Adding whole year s true solar days together and then diided by 365, people an get the true solar day, whih is usually alled mean solar day, and fairly partitioning it into 86,4 parts proides seond, where one of the parts is one Sientifi Inquiry: A Journal of International Institute for General Systems Studies, In. ISSN IIGSS

2 RLATIONSHIP BTWN MASS AND NRGY 57 seond. Afterwards, people disoered that there are slim differenes between earth s reolution and rotation speed, whih would ause deiations in the measurement of seonds. Later researh disoered that Cs -133-transition speed was muh steadier, so sholars adopted this new definition. The purpose is to minimize the ariation of the length of a seond -3. Aording to the iew of materialisti philosophy, the transition between the atomi basi state s two hyperfine energy leels must be affeted by temperature, pressure and other field fators. As the releant researh being deepened, the definition of a seond will be more preise and more sientifi. The definition of length: Spae is one of the forms for matter s existene. The physial spae is infinite and boundless. Spae is three dimensional and isotropi. The oordinates of the threedimensional spae an be expressed in length. The length is the extensie property in some diretion. Its standard unit is meter. The 17th International Calulating Conferene, held in 1983, deide that the unit meter for length adopts the definition of the eloity of light in the auum. In partiular, "meter is the distane light traels in a auum in 1/99,79,458 seond interal ". The eloity of light beomes a onentional alue in this definition, and as an exat alue, the unertainty is zero. Meter was initially worked out by Frenh Aademy of Sienes during the Frenh Reolution. At that time a meter was referred to the distane that is 1/1,, of that from the equator to Paris and then to North Pole of the arth meridian. Then it later eoled into the distane between the two sales on the meter standard loated in BIPM near Paris. Afterwards, people disoered that this distane would suffer from small ariations along with the hanging enironment. So they adopted the more stable length that is the aboe-mentioned definition. Some researhers point out that eah auum is not empty, there are fields in the auum, and the eloity of light in the auum hanges along with some fators. Some people an een stop photons from moing. Therefore, the definition of length should be more strit and sientifi. The definition of energy: nergy is used to show an objet s working ability, is a state attribute of the objet. nergy has arious forms of existene, suh as the kineti energy, potential energy, heat energy, hemial energy, eletromagneti energy, atomi energy, et. In nature, energy always keeps on spreading from an objet to another, or transforms from one form to another. In the transformation proess, an objet loses energy, while other objets aquire the lost energy. Potential energy redues and kineti energy inreases; hemial energy redues and heat energy inreases; atomi energy redues then kineti energy and potential energy inrease. When one objet loses energy, others must aquire the lost energy, and the total amount of energy stays onstant. These are the theorem of onseration and transformation of energy. The unit of energy is joule, a deried unit. One joule equals to the work that one Newton fore makes the objet to moe along its diretion in one meter s distane.. TH RLATIONSHIP BTWN MASS AND SPD.1. The Newtonian Theory The Newtonian theory holds that mass is a build-in attribute of an objet, and it doesn t hange with objet s eloity... The Speial Relatiity 4 Albert instein supposed that mass is a funtion of an objet s speed defined as follows: m = ( 1 ) m where m is the objet s stati mass; m its moing mass, the eloity of motion. This is a result of the speial relatiity, whose premise is absurd. Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, No., Deember 7

3 58 LI ZIFNG.3. The Open System with Inputting Momentum Supposes that there is an objet whose rest mass is m, if the outside world injets into the objet with a mass of momentum density Q along a ertain diretion, then the inrement in the system s momentum is gien by d P= Q d m ( ) where P is the total momentum of the system. By using P= m and m = m, we hae = Q m= m ( 3 ) Q That is, the momentum injeted into the system equals the total momentum of the system. qu. (3) an be used to explain the phenomenon that the mass of harged partiles inreases, while the eloities of the partiles are always smaller than that of light, when an eletromagneti filed speeds up the harged partiles. In fat, sine the eloity of motion of the eletromagneti waes in relation to the generation deie is that of light, we hae Q=. So, m= m. The reason why the mass of the harged partiles inreases is beause the partiles absorb the photons that apply fores on the partiles. No matter how long time it takes, beause the pushing speed is that of light, the eloity of the objets being pushed is always smaller than that of light..4. The Open System with Inputting Kineti nergy Referene [5] introdues a kind of open systems with their own masses and entering kineti energy. Suppose that there is a system whose rest mass is m. If the outside world injets into this system with kineti energy of density K along ertain diretion, then the inrement in energy of that system is gien by d k = K d m (4) where k stands for the kineti energy of the system and m the mass of the system. Aording to the Newtonian mehanis, we hae d = F d x= Fdt= ( F dt) = d( m) = dm md (5) k + Combining with equ. (4) leads to d m m d K = (6) Integrating equ. (6) and inserting m = m into the resultant expression produe: = Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, No., Deember 7

4 RLATIONSHIP BTWN MASS AND NRGY 59 K m= m ( 7 ) K Its form is similar to that of equ. (1). It an be erified that the alue K m m ) of the inputting kineti energy is greater than the system s total kineti energy ( 1 m. The premise for the dedution is the onseration of kineti energy. Howeer, the onsequene is not onseratie. A ontradition. The reason for the appearane of the ontradition is that the perfetly inelasti ollision means the formation of one ombined entity right after the ollision and the ombined entity moes at a unified speed. And, this end does not satisfy the onseration law of kineti energy. So, this formula annot be employed. The Newtonian theory shows the essene that mass has nothing to do with the eloity. The theory of open systems with inputting momentum an be applied to plausibly explain the phenomenon of the mass inrease of harged partiles and why these partiles eloity is always smaller than that of light in a partile aelerator. Though instein's theory and that of the open systems with inputting kineti energy are of similar forms, both of these theories disagree with the objetie reality. 3. TH TRANSLATION KINTIC NRGY OF OBJCTS ah moing objet possesses kineti energy, where energy is a salar. When obsered from different oordinate systems, the same objet might possess different amounts of kineti energy. In a ertain oordinate system, an objet of rest mass m starts to moe from its initial resting state under the influene of external fore. When the speed of motion is, the translation kineti energy of the objet is. k 3.1. The Newtonian Theory The Newtonian theory holds that when the external fore makes the objet speed up, the mass of the objet stays inariant and the translation kineti energy of the objet equals the fore s work on the objet: = kn x x x d = = F d x= d m x d t d x 1 m d = m d = m d t ( 8 ) where kn is the translation kineti energy of the Newtonian theory, the total energy, F the fore ating on the objet, and x the distane oer whih the fore ats on the objet. 3.. The instein's Theory 4 Albert instein supposed that the mass of the objet is a funtion of its eloity of moement: m m= ( 9 ) Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, No., Deember 7

5 6 LI ZIFNG So, we hae = = x x = F d x= d x= d( m) = d( ) ka m m = m d( m) dt m m (1) Suppose that = m is the energy of the objet when it is moing and = m the rest energy. xpanding equ. (1) further produes: ka = m + m +... (11) 8 Beause of this equation, the instein's theory thinks that the translation kineti energy Newtonian theory is a first-order approximation of the translation kineti energy theory at low speed ( << ). ka kn of the of the instein s 3.3. Some Comments (1) The Newtonian theory is orret, sine up to now no paradox has been found. m () There are following problems in the instein's theory: (i) the formula: m=, whih is originated from the speial relatiity, disobeys the law of indestrutibility of matter, and its dedution premise is absurd. (ii) en if equ. (9) is orret, it still annot be substituted into equ. (1), beause in the dedution proess of equ. (9), instein supposed that the objet moes uniformly along a straight line without any external fore. When alulating the kineti energy, the objet is under the influene of an external fore and aelerating. So, the onditions applied are inonsistent and annot be mixed up. (iii) As for the fat that the first term in equ. (11) agrees with equ. (8), it might either be so purely by hane or be so by purposeful pieed together. 4. TH SOURC AND RLAS PRINCIPL OF ATOMIC NRGY The disoery and appliation of atomi energy are one of the greatest ahieements of siene and tehnology. Some sholars redited instein and his speial relatiity for this ahieement. As a matter of fat, the disoery of atomi energy has nothing to do with the speial relatiity. instein used the inorret speial relatiity, and sored a luky hit on pushing the appliation of atomi energy F. Hasenohrl s Theory Before 195 when the speial relatiity was initially published, Thomson, Kaufman, and others made a great ontribution to the experimental researh and theory of the relationship between mass and energy. The famous Austrian physiist F. Hasenohrl onfirmed in 194 through experiments that mass inrease is diretly proportional to the inrease in the radiation energy, and dedued the well-known relationship: m. Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, No., Deember 7

6 RLATIONSHIP BTWN MASS AND NRGY The instein's Theories (1) The Speial relatiity 4 When explaining atomi energy, instein belieed that = m was the rest energy of materials. After disappearane, energy an be onerted into mass. After disappearane, mass an be onerted into energy. And, energy and mass an be onerted into eah other. Suppose that after a nulear reation ours, the loss of mass is m, and the onerted energy, then = m. There are two major problems in this theory. One is that the assumptions and the dedution proess are wrong. The other is that it disobeys the onseration law of matter and the onseration law of energy. () Radiation pressure theory 6 In January 1956, instein published his paper, entitled Primary exploration on mass and energy, in Tehnion Journal of New York. The paper supposes that there is an objet B, whose two sides are subjeted to the radiation pressure of momentum /, then aording to the law of onseration of momentum, the radiation pressure formula, and the aberration expression of light, then the formula = m is dedued. Let us quote some of the releant materials below: I. Before absorption, suppose that M is the mass of B (the objet), then M stands for the total momentum of B (aording to the lassial mehanis). The radiation energy on eah side is /. Therefore, from a famous onlusion of Maxwell theories, it has the momentum /. So, before absorption, the total momentum of this system is M+. II. After absorption, suppose that M is the mass of B (the objet). The supposed possibility is that: the mass inreases along with the absorption of energy (it is neessary for making the obsered result onsistent). The system s momentum after absorption, as a result, is M. Now suppose that the law of onseration of momentum holds true, and let us use it in the diretion of Z (Z oordinate axis), then the equation follows: M + = M or M M = This is the law of mass and energy, where the amount of energy inrease is onneted with the amount / of mass inrease. then, = m. The falsehood of this theory lies in that when the two sides of the objet B are subjeted to the same radiation pressure, the pressures from the opposite diretions anel out eah other, and the total momentum before absorption is M instead of M+. From this disussion, it an be seen that instein s explanations on the two relationships between mass and energy are inalid and inorret The Newtonian Theory Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, No., Deember 7

7 6 LI ZIFNG The atomi energy omes from the energy from within the atom. The release of atomi energy is that the photon transfers together with its mass and energy. The mass of the objet that releases energy redues, so does its leel of energy. The energy of the objet that reeies energy inreases, so does its mass. The proess an objet gies off its atomi energy is just as to use a gun to shoot a bullet, and the bullet is shot and leaes the gun along with its mass and energy together. The relationship between the energy and mass transferred is 1 = m. 5. VRIFICATION OF TH MASS-NRGY RLATIONSHIP 5.1. The Newtonian Mehanis The relationship between mass and energy of the Newtonian mehanis has already been applied to a wide range of areas. And, no problem has been found as of this writing. 5.. The instein's Theories There are obious mistakes in the mass-energy relation of instein s speial relatiity and radiation pressure theory in their ourse of dedutions. They disobey both the law of onseration of mass and the law of onseration of energy. Although many sholars delare that experiments hae already proed the speial relatiity and mass-energy transformation formula, if one obseres arefully, it is easy to find that these experiments are all inalid or forged CONCLUSIONS Mass is mass, energy is energy. The two annot be onerted into eah other. There indiidually exist mass onseration and energy onseration. Referenes 1. Yang Jianping. Basi Physial Constant and Basi Measurement Unit [J]. HuBei Institute for Nationalities Journal (Natural Siene dition), 3,1(): Ni Guangren, He kangyuan and Yang Tinggao. Time Unit- the Origin and olution of Seond Definition (first olume) [J]. Chinese Measurement, 3, (9): Ni Guangtrn, He kangyuan and Yang Tinggao. Time Unit- the Origin and olution of Seond Definition (last olume) [J]. Chinese Measurement, 3, (1): Cheng Shouzhu, Jiang Zhiyong. General Physis [M]. Beijing: People s duation Publishing House, 1978: Lei Yuanxing. Comment on mass-energy formula [A], Afterthought on Theory of Relatiity [M]. Beijing: arthquake Publishing House, :1 7. Huang Zhixun. Study on Theoretial Deelopment and xperiment Verifiation of the Theory of Speial Relatiity [J]. Chinese ngineering Siene, 3, 5(5): Simon Rainille, James K. Thompson et al. A diret test of =m [J]. Nature, 5, 438(771): Sientifi Inquiry, ol. 8, No., Deember 7