Particle Physics: a practical primer
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1 Particle Physics: a practical primer Having fun with common manifestations of fundamental particles and interactions Andrea Pocar, University Of Massachusetts, Amherst - Saturday February 2, 2013
2 Particle Physics: a practical primer Having fun with common manifestations of fundamental particles and interactions Andrea Pocar, University Of Massachusetts, Amherst - Saturday February 2, 2013
3 Outline and goals Highlight particle physics phenomena encountered in everyday life Interplay with quantum physics and relativity Introductory remarks and examples Three/Four hands-on demonstrations, a couple of calculations List of fun examples Laundry list of much more!
4 Fundamental Forces gravity electromagnetic nuclear forces: strong, weak examples of each, discussion
5 Elementary Particles mass charge spin H Higgs
6 Quantum mechanics and relativity very high velocities/energies -----> special relativity particles > quanta of fields (very small scale) particles are also waves -----> optical phenomena (diffraction, interference, scattering)
7 Radioactive decays alpha, beta, gamma mean life (or half life): exponential probability table of isotopes:
8 Demo 1: Geiger counter a few available sources mystery substance!
9 Muons muon production in cosmic rays ~200 per square meter every second hit the surface of Eart ~100 GeV average energy
10 the Muon: the electron s cousin
11 Muons and relativity mean life (!) = 2.2 microseconds produced in the upper atmosphere, up to tens km up time dilation: t = q t 0 1 v 2 c 2 = t 0 relativistic energy E = q mc2 = mc 2 1 v 2 c 2
12 Calculate muon survival at the Earth s surface 1 GeV muons, produced at 10 km altitude:
13 Particle detectors general properties ionizing radiation
14 Discovery of the positron
15 Discovery of the positron
16 Demo 2: build a cloud chamber follow handout use supercooled region to form droplets along the trail of ionization what do you see? how could you improve it?
17 Quarks 6 quarks, 3 pairs strong interactions, 3 colors (i.e. charges) never seen bare, i.e. isolated; they always hadronize always form color-neutral particles: baryons and mesons how many combinations are there? how many possible protons are there?
18 Demo 3: build baryons and mesons cut out shapes and make the baryon of your choice!
19 Demo 3: Calculate the top quark mass! real data from the D0 experiment at Fermilab pencil and paper top_quark_intro.html
20 Demo 4: Calculate the top quark mass!
21 Demo 4: D0 detector at Fermilab
22 Demo 4: Calculate the top quark mass!
23 Examples How the sun burns Heavy elements: we are stardust! Carbon dating Radio-isotope batteries (betacells) X-rays: inspection of welds Smoke detectors Muon tomography Analytics with neutrons Neutron doping of silicon Much more (list)
24 How the Sun burns p-p Solar Fusion Chain CNO Solar Fusion Cycle p + p 2 H + e + + ν e p + e + p 2 H + ν e 12 C + p 13 N + γ 2H + p 3 He + γ 13 N 13 C + e + + ν e 3He + 3 He 4 He + 2 p 3He + p 4 He + e + + ν e 13 C + p 14 N + γ 14 N + p 15 O + γ 3He + 4 He 7 Be + γ 15 O 15 N + e + + ν e 7Be + e 7 Li + γ + ν e 7Be + p 8 B + γ 15 N + p 12 C + 4 He 7Li + p α + α 8B 2 α + e + + ν e 4p He 4 +2e + +2 e MeV Image: bbc.co.uk
25 Heavy elements: we are stardust! large stars, supernovae
26 Carbon dating C-14 dating (half life = 5730 years)
27 Radioactive space propulsion Pu-238 ("-decay of 5.6 MeV, rare spontaneous fission; 90 year half life) heat up fluid that is then exhausted through a nozzle
28 Radio-isotope batteries (betacells) relatively old idea (pacemakers), back in fashion based on beta decays on silicon devices: low power, long-lasting
29 X-rays: inspections of welds
30 Smoke detectors air ionization between electrodes ----> current Am-241 source (430 years)
31 Muon tomography hidden chambers in Egyptian and Mayan temples fight contraband
32 Analytics with neutrons neutron activation analysis to measure trace elements use in non-invasive sampling of works of art
33 Neutron doping of silicon
34 Much more dark matter gravitational waves the Higgs boson dark energy inflation and cosmological evolution...
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![L 37 Modern Physics [3] The atom and the nucleus. Structure of the nucleus. Terminology of nuclear physics SYMBOL FOR A NUCLEUS FOR A CHEMICAL X](/thumbs/83/87876806.jpg "L 37 Modern Physics [3] The atom and the nucleus. Structure of the nucleus. Terminology of nuclear physics SYMBOL FOR A NUCLEUS FOR A CHEMICAL X")
L 37 Modern Physics [3] [L37] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity carbon dating [L38] Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors