Improvement of Throughput Using Partially Node-disjoint Forward and Backward Paths for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

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1 Ipv Thghp Uig illy d-diji Fwd d Bwd h Mil d H w Mi TEUCHI Ei OHO Tyi OHT d Yhii UD Gd Shl Ii Si, Hihi Ciy Uiviy Oz Highi, ii-, Hihi, Jp, Eil: h@, d@}hihi-..jp I gl, y pl wih gi l iliz wldg p h iii w. I h h ii w d d dii d, d p d wldg p h h ph. Thi p llii. ODV i h ppl ig pl hi yp Mil d h w. I hi pp, w pp w ig hd, whih llvi p llii ig dii ph d p d wldg p. I hi hd, w id g d (SM) h ph w h d d h dii d. W pp w ig hd h h w diji ph lihd w h w dj SM. D p d wldg p vl lg di ph h h. Thi l i llvii p llii. Thgh ili xpi, w hw h h p llii llvii i pi wih ODV h dlivd d p d wldg p. ywd-d h w; ODV; illy d-diji wd d wd ph; I. ITRODUCTIO d h w [1], whih i d wih ig i, diid w wih y i. Uig idi d, d i wih h d, v i i i dily. My pplii d H w ig idd. py w di h hq i xpl. ODV [2][3] i ppl ig pl. Th y p pl whih d d wldg p. TC [4] i h ppl p pl, ii RT [5] d RTC [5] i h xpl. Th [6] i ppl ipv TC p y diii TC. I h, p ly pl d w lw ly ii. Thi pph y pl h ly vili d h iy p ly pl h dli ly. Th, w p dvlp w hd wih diyig p pl. Wh d d p dii d lg ph whih w ll wd ph, h dii d d h p wldg h d lg wih h v ph whih w ll wd ph. I ODV, h wd ph d wd ph w d d dii d hd. Th, d p d hi p llid. Th [7] ppd hd whih d h d d h wldg p lg dii ph ig lly d-diji ph. Hwv, w gw, w d dii lg. I hi, h pid h ODV vhd, d hy ppd [8] [9] h vhd. I hi pp, w pp w ig hd, whih iliz gil lp llvi llii. gil lp i w ph w h pi dj SM. Th w ph i d dijid h. Wh h ig hd gil lp, h l p i h hp h lp i. I h ppd hd, w p d h l p ig h pliig d lp ig. Th ppd hd i d R- Spli Rig (RSR) [9], whih i hd pliig h d iiig i. hl, RSR i h hd igl ph ig. W d xd RSR ig gil lp. Fig 1 hw xpl pliig y RSR. I RSR, h S Mg d (SM) pld gl ivl h ph w h d h dii d. I Fig 1, d idi h d, d d J i h dii d. d D d G SM. O ppd hd h ipld h il, d w pd h hghp, h d d wldg p, d h l p wih ODV. Th h pp i gizd llw: i Si II, w xpli ppd hd. I Si III, w i h ili xpi d h l. W ld i Si IV. II. ROOSED METHOD. Ovviw ppd hd Fig 2 hw xpl ph (lp), whih lihd y ppd hd. d d J h

2 B C D E F G H I J D G R S d J Dii d SM LIFO Fig 1. xpl w plid y RSR LIFO LIFO-C i L M O LIFO-C B C D E F G H I J Fig 2. Fwd ph Bwd ph S d J Dii d SM Elihd y h ppd hd Fwd ph Bwd ph Fig 3. Th q h divy d d h dii d, pivly. d D d G SM. Th ph -B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J i wd ph d h ph J--O-G--M-D-L-- i wd ph. F vi, h igh h dii d SM i did h x SM, d h igh h d SM i did h pvi SM. I Fig 2, d G i h x SM d D, d d i h pvi SM d D. O ppd hd p i h wy h iv ig hd. O ppl div wh ii q d. B. R lih I ppl, h pd lih dividd llw: 1) Fwd lih, 2) Cigig SM, 3) Bwd lih. W di h pd i dil. 1) Fwd lih: Th wd lih pd i dividd i wd ph divy d wd ph divy p. T lih wd, l g RREQ, RRE, d RRE- idd. Fwd ph divy: Wh h ii q d (h d), h d h i w ig l. Wh h i vlid h dii d, i will pd wd divy. i, i d RREQ dj d. dj d, whih iv h RREQ, h i i w ig l i h dii dd h RREQ. I hi i lid, h d dd y h d i i w ig l d -d h RREQ. Thi pd i pd il h RREQ p h h dii d. Fwd ph divy p: Wh h RREQ h h dii d, h dii d d RRE h d ply ii. Th RRE i d y iig h d lg h ph, whih i divd y h RREQ. idi d, whih vivd h RRE, dd y h d i i w ig l. I ODV, wh vlid h dii d ldy xi i idi d, whih ivd RREQ, h idi d RRE h dii d d. Hwv, ppd hd d p h i. 2) Cigig SM: SM igd wh RRE p i d. Wh wd divy p pd h pd, d, whih ivd h RRE, h h hp h RRE p. Wh h d id h h hp i ql lipl h p-did ivl, h d SM. Wh h d SM, i d RRE- h x SM y iig lg h, whih i d y h RRE. Th SM, whih ivd h RRE-, d h dd h g d h dd h pvi SM. h i pd, h SM dd i igd w h d d h dii d. 3) Bwd lih: F h wd lih pd, h llwig h g idd: (Lp REQ), LIFO (Lp IFOi), LIFO- (Lp IFOi wldg). W xpli h wd ph lih w d D d G d i Fig 2. Fig 3 dpi q h wd ph lih pd. Bwd ph divy: d G, whih ivd RRE-, d wd h d D. d, whih ivd h, h i w ig l. Wh i w d dd i ildd i h wd ph, h d did h ivd. Thi p h h d, xp SM, will ih h wd ph wd ph. Wh h dd h d i ildd i h wd ph, h d dd i w dd i h d -d h pdd. Bwd ph divy p: Wh h h d D, d D g LIFO. h

3 M B C D E F G H I J Q R S D E F G dliv y ig l h d dliv y ig RpiREQ RpiRE SM SM () Th w Fig 4. Th lw LIFO D E F G h d h dii d i, i ppd dd id h (h i, dd d M) h LIFO. Fig 4 ill h lw h LIFO. d D d h LIFO y iig d G lg h wd ph. d G, whih ivd h LIFO, dd wihi h LIFO, d i d h LIFO y ig h d lg h wd ph. d d M, whih ivd h LIFO, ppd h wd h d d h pvi SM, d D, hi w ig l. Wh h LIFO h d D, i gi p h wd ph villiliy p pd. Bwd ph vililiy p: d D d LIFO- d G ig i. d G pd h x hp wd h d d d D d i i w ig l. Thi i h ig h wd ph. h i, d G d h LIFO- d D lg h wd ph. Wh d D iv h LIFO-, h pd iih wih h lih h wd ph. C. R i Wh lihd ph d v h d, h d i pd. w id, h pd i pd w h w dj SM. I ppd hd, h lp i wd d wd ph, h pd di dpdig whih ph i. Th i p h llwig pd: Fwd i, 1) R g p, 2) R divy, 3) R divy p, Bwd i, 1) R g di, 2) R g p, 3) R vy. Th llwig l g d i: (R ERR), RpiREQ (Rpi REQ), RpiRRE (Rpi REly), pliv. Fig 5. RpiREQ RpiRE Q R S RpiREQ RpiRE RpiREQ RpiRE () Th q RpiREQ RpiRE i xpl wd vy g h,, RpiREQ, d RpiRE d vy. W xpli h pd vy ig h xpl i Fig 5. I Fig 5, h d, D, G, d J SM d h li w d E d F i. 1) Fwd i: R g p: Wh d E d li g h x hp, d F, i d h pvi SM, d D, iii h li g. Wh d D iv h, i pd dig d p h dii d. Th d p will d i h d D whih will dig h i pd i pld. R divy: d D, whih iv h, d RpiREQ h divy. h i, h d ll TTL (Ti T Liv) h vl h hp d G pl. Thi TTL pv xpil li h RpiREQ. Eh d, whih ivd h RpiREQ, i whh i w dd i ildd i h wd. Wh i dd i ildd i h wd, h d did h RpiREQ. Ohwi, h d ppd h ph d D i w ig l, d -d h RpiREQ. R divy p: Wh d G iv h RpiREQ, i d RpiRE d D y i. Th RpiRE i d lg h ph, whih i divd y h RpiREQ. Wh h RpiRE h d D, h pd i i pld. Th, d p i d. 2) Bwd ph vy: W will xpli h pd wd ph vy ig h xpl i Fig 6. I Fig 6, h d D d G SM

4 M pliv L M D E F G B C D E F G Q R l d SM Fig 7. pliv l d Th lw pliv SM h d giv pid i D Fig 6. () Th w E M Q F () Th q R xpl wd vy G h dii d d h li w d d M i. R g di: SM D jdg h h wd ph i wh i d iv y p h x SM G dig giv pid i. R g p: SM D, whih d g h wd ph, g. Th, i i h h x SM, d G, d p h g h wd ph. R vy: Th x SM, d G, whih iv h, pd ig wldg p d, d h i i w. Th, d G d h pvi SM, d D, d i v h wd ph. Wh i pd pld, i ig wldg p d. 3) pliv: Fig 7 hw h lw pliv d idi h g h wd ph w d D d G. d, D, d G SM. Whil d G v h wd ph, i pd ig p. Si hi ipi y p h wd ph w d D d. Wh d d ipi p dig giv i, i h h wd i did d h y wd vy p. pliv g d h pvi hi id. SM D, whih h y p pvi SM dig giv i, d pliv SM. 4) R -lih: Wh SM il v ph w w dj SM, i h i Tl I RMETERS FOR SIMULTIOS Sil Ql v.4.5 [12] Fild iz [ 2 ] d 5 d dii d pi 1 p d 1 Miliy dl Rd Wypi Mdl [1] i [] Mxi d pd [/] 1, 5, 1 D p iz [y] 512 p iz [y] 16 Ivl i p [].25 Tii Rg [] 25 Rdi pgi h L Mdl Tw-Ry Mdl Bdwidh [Mp] 11 Di i ili [] 13 pd -lihig h. Th SM whih il v h h SM, g, d d i h d. Th d, whih iv h, d RREQ, d -lih h h dii d. III. SIMULTIO EXERIMET W vld ppd hd h viwpi h hghp, h dlivd d p d h l p i pi wih ODV.. Sili vi Tl I hw h p ili xpi. W h p i z h Rd Wypi Mdl [1]. l, w IEEE [11] h MC ly pl. B. Sili hd W pd ili wih vyig d pd i h ppd hd d ODV. Th ii ili i i h d pd. Th llwig ili i pd; 1,3 d h h ili, h d d d p h dii d.25 d ivl. Wh h dii d iv d p, i wldg p h d. Th, h d d wldg p ql wih y p l. Hwv, h iz h p d d

5 Tl II THE COMMO RMETERS FOR THE ROOSED METHOD D ODV TTL-STRT 1 TTL-ICREMET 2 TTL-THRESHOLD 7 ET-DIMETER 35 RREQ-RETRIES 7 CTIVE-ROUTE-TIMEOUT [] 3 BUFFER-MX-CET ] / 12 i 1 [ p h g h T wldg i di i l I; i h wd h d d wldg p di. I h xpi ppd hd, h hp ivl w h w dj SM i 2, 5, d 3. I ODV, w vill i i. Tl II hw h izi h p ppd hd d ODV. C. Rl Fig 8 hw h hghp ppd hd d ODV. Th hizl xi idi xi d pd d h vil xi hw h hghp. O ppl vy ivl w SM h high hghp h h ODV. vy ivl ppl, lhgh ll vii hd d hghp, h h ivl hd g d. ivl 3, ppl ii high hghp. Fig 9() d 9() hw h d d wldg p, pivly. Th hizl xi idi xi d pd d h vil xi hw h d wldg p. O ppl h h high d/wldg p h ODV. l, vy ivl ppl, h lg ivl hv g d/wldg p. Th hw h h gi h ivd d p h ipv ppl i Fig 8. x, Fig 1 hw h vg hp. Fig 1() d 1() h vg wd d wd ph hp, pivly. O ppl h lg hp h h ODV. I ddii, ppl whih w h SM ivl h dy h lg hp. I ppl, SM divid h ph w h d h dii.th, h ph w h d h dii h h. l, i ppl, h w ph dii h h. Th, h w ph h h ph. Filly, ppl hw h h vg hp lg h ODV. Fig 11 idi h h l p. Fig 11(), 11(), d 11() hw h l h xi d pd 1, 5, d 1 [/], pivly. O ppl h g p h ODV. Fig 11() d 11() hw h h ll l Mx d Spd [/] pd SM hp ivl 2 pd SM hp ivl 5 pd SM hp ivl 3 Fig 8. ODV Thghp ODV v pl p d ivl 1 d 5, d i i g 8 22% l p h ODV. I h SM ivl 2 d 3, h i 41 94% g h ODV. F Fig 11(), wh h d pd i 1 [/], SM ivl 2 d 5 hv h l h l p, d h i 42 46% g h h ODV. l, ivl 3, h l p i 127% g h h ODV. D. Expi MC vhd T i h llvii p llii, w hv vd h hvi h MC ly pl p. Rgdig h piii IEEE82.11 [13] [11], wh h d iv wldg dig d, i - i d i h. W pd h w ppl d ODV. Fig 12 hw h y h - ll d. Fig 12(), 12(), d 12() h l wh h d pd i 1, 5, d 1 [/], pivly. Th - l h ppl SM ivl 5 d ODV. l, h - l h ppl SM ivl 2 wh h d pd i 1 [/] d ODV. I h SM ivl 3 ppl h g - h h ODV. I ddii, w ivig h diii h d v h l - IEEE Rgdig IEEE82.11, wh h d iv wldg, i i -i p v i. Wh h d iv wldg iig h vh, i did h. I d h w, wh d did h vh ii, i i highly piil h h w h d

6 D d iv R h p d w F C p H g v Mx d Spd [/] Mx d Spd [/] pd SM hp ivl 2 pd SM hp ivl 5 pd SM hp ivl 3 ODV pd SM hp ivl 2 pd SM hp ivl 5 pd SM hp ivl 3 ODV () d p () vg hp wd ph g d l w d iv R Mx d Spd [/] 12 h p d1 w 8 B 6 C p 4 H g 2 v Mx d Spd [/] pd SM hp ivl 2 pd SM hp ivl 5 pd SM hp ivl 3 ODV pd SM hp ivl 2 pd SM hp ivl 5 pd SM hp ivl 3 ODV () wldg p () vg hp wd ph Fig 9. Th dlivd p Fig 1. vg hp h wd d h wd ph h dii i. Th w lii h - h vh ii. Fig 13 hw h diii h d v h l -. Fig 13(), 13(), d 13() h l xi d pd 1, 5, d 1 [/], pivly. Wh h SM ivl 2 d 5, h p vl ppl i hid wd h lw -. Cvly, h l hw h wh h SM ivl i 3, h p hi wd h high -. E. Dii O ppd hd di ODV i h llwig wy: I ii wihi gil. I id lp whih i wd d wd ph. 1) Rgil i ig pliig: I il d h w, i i h l p ig pl vill dwidh. My p pl li TC, xpl, p ggiv gi l. Wh h p pl d, h y gd i y ld dgdi i h p h w. I hw h h lidig-widw i idd ipv h liliy h pl high-dwidh w. dig [14], wh TC i d, h lidig-widw hghp dgdi i d h wil w. l, h lidig-widw y dgd p i dwidh-id d h wil w wh h MC ly pl y xhii h- d lg- i. Cqly, i i ip d h l p. Rgil i ig pliig pv h li l p whih i d y g. Fig 11(), 11() hw h SM ivl 5 h h ll l p. Thi i h pliig. I h SM ivl 2, h l p i 44 88% g h h ODV. Wh hp di w SM h, i i diil lih w d-diji ph. Thi h li h l p. I h SM ivl 3, i l v pliig y SM. l, ppl d h l p ivly. Th, ivl 3 h h g l p. Fig 11() hw h h l p SM ivl 2 d 5 l h

7 ] y [ l C ] y [ l C ] 3 y [ 25 2 l 15 C ODV SM hp ivl F Fwd h F Bwd h () Mxi d Spd 1 (/) ODV SM hp ivl F Fwd h F Bwd h () Mxi d Spd 5 (/) ODV SM hp ivl F Fwd h F Bwd h () Mxi d Spd 1 (/) - B - B Fig B SM Oh ODV SM hp Ivl () Mxi d Spd 1 (/) ODV SM hp Ivl () Mxi d Spd 5 (/) SM Oh ODV SM hp Ivl () Mxi d Spd 1 (/) SM Oh Th - ii d p Fig 11. Th l p. I i wh h xi d pd i high, i i y lih w d-diji ph. I h SM ivl 3, h l p i 127% g h h ODV. I i wh h xi d pd 1 d 5 [/]. 2) Lp, whih i wd d wd ph: Th ivd d p d wih i i h llii p. I ppl, w idd h pilly d-diji wd d wd ph d pd llvi hi ph. Fig 12 hw h - y g ppl. Hwv, Fig 13 hw h p vl ppl hid wd h lw -, wh h SM ivl 2 d 5. Th, i wld pp h h - whih d dj d, i ll h h ODV. l, i h h SM ivl 3, h p vl i hid wd h high -. I i hi h h ivd d p, h l p d h p p d i g h ODV d ppl SM ivl 2 d 5. IV. COCLUSIO I hi pp, w ppd w ig hd whih llvi h llii p ig pilly d-diji wd d v ph. T i h iv ppd hd, w pd ili xpi. W pd ppd hd wih ODV h hghp, h ivd d/wldg p, h l p, d h - IEEE l, -

8 5 d d d pd SM hp ivl 2 pd SM hp ivl 5 pd SM hp ivl 3 ODV B- () Mxi d Spd 1 (/) B- () Mxi d Spd 5 (/) B- () Mxi d Spd 1 (/) Fig 13. Th diii d l - ii IEEE82.11 l hw ppl h high ivd d/wldg p, d high hghp. l, d h pl SM, ppd hd pp h l p y djig h ivl w SM. I ddii, w i h llvii w h d d h wldg p y vlig h - d IEEE I h, w pl lyz di y pi w ppl d h liph pl i dil. ddiilly, w hld ivig il ili p. COWLEDGEMET Thi w w ppd i p y h Miiy Edi, Si, Sp d Cl Jp d G-i-id Siii Rh (B) (.21328). REFERECES [1] C.-. Th, d H Mil Wil w l d Sy. i Hll I., D. 22. [2] C. E. i d E. M. Ry, d-h -dd di v ig, i dig h 2d IEEE Whp Mil Cpig Sy d pplii, F. 1999, pp [3] C. i, E. Bldig-Ry, d S. D, d h -dd di v (ODV) ig, RFC 3561 (Expil), I Egiig T F, Jl. 23. [Oli]. vill: hp:// [4] J. l, Tii l pl, RFC 793 (Sdd), I Egiig T F, Sp [Oli]. vill: hp:// [5] H. Shlzi, S. C, R. Fdi, d V. J, RT: p pl l-i pplii, RFC 355 (Sdd), I Egiig T F, Jl. 23. [Oli]. vill: hp:// [6]. Rjvihi, T. Og, d H. id, Dly i-d d ii q liph ii l pl (M/TC), Cii, Cp d igl ig, IEEE, vl. 2, pp , 23. [7] C. Li, S. G, T. Ig, d T. B, Ipvig h TC p pp il lidi pplii, Th 2d Iil C dv i Mil Mlidi (MMM24), Sp. 24. [8] R. Bi d M. Sighl, DO: DSR v ODV ig il d h w, IEEE Ti Mil Cpig, vl. 5,. 1, pp , O. 26. [9] T. Miz, T. Oh, d Y. d, R-pli ig ili ili il il d h w, IEICE Ti Fdl, vl. E91-,. 7, pp , Jl. 28. [1] J. Bh, D.. Mlz, D. B. Jh, Y.-C. H, d J. Jhv, p pi li-hp wil d h w ig pl, i MiC 98: dig h 4h l CM/IEEE iil Mil pig d wig. w Y, Y, US: CM, O. 1998, pp [11] Sppl IEEE Sdd Ii hlgy - Tlii d ii xhg w y - Ll d pli w - Spii qi 11:Wil L Mdi Cl (MC) d hyil Ly (HY) piii: High-Spd hyil Ly Exi i h 2.4GHz Bd, IEEE Sd (R23), Sp. 2. [12] Sll w Thlgi I., Ql w il y ll w hlgi. [Oli]. vill: hp:// [13] S. X d T. Sdwi, D h IEEE MC pl w wll i lihp wil d h w? IEEE Cii Mgzi, vl. 39,. 6, pp , J. 21. [14] C. S. R. Mhy d B. S. Mj, d H Wil w: hi d l. i Hll I., J. 24.