2, from which K = # " 2 % 4 3 $ ) ( )
|
|
- Pauline Cameron
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introducción a la Geofísica TAREA 6 1) FoG. Calculate the bulk modulus (K), the shear modulus (µ) and Poisson s ratio (ν) for the lower crust, upper mantle and lower mantle, respectively, using Eqs. (3.153) and (3.156) and the values for the P-wave (α) and S-wave (β) velocities, and density (ρ) in the following table. The seismic velocities α and β are related to the elastic parameters as follows: " = µ # µ = #" 2 K + 4 " 2 = 3 µ # = K # $ & 2, from which K = # " 2 % 4 3 $ ) ( 2 + ' * In terms of the Lamé constants: K = " µ " = K # 2 3 µ = $ ( % 2 # 2& 2 ) and the Poisson ratio is " = # 2 # + µ # $ 2 % 2& 2 " = 2# (( $ 2 % 2& 2 ) + & 2 ) = $ 2 % 2& 2 2 $ 2 % 2& 2 Inserting the values given in the table, we obtain the following values for the elastic constants in different depth regions:
2 2) FoG The table below gives the densities and seismic P- and S-wave velocities at various depths in the Earth. (a) From these quantities calculate the rigidity modulus (µ), bulk modulus (K), and Poisson s ratio (ν) at each depth. The equations for computing the elastic parameters are the same as in the previous exercise. The values given in the table for various depths in the Earth are converted to depth-profiles of K, µ and ν, as in the following table:
3 (b) Discuss in your own words the information that these data give about the deep interior of the Earth. The Earth s shell-like internal structure of mantle, fluid outer core, and solid inner core are evident from the velocities and elastic parameters ratios. The inner core is solid, but the high values of α/β, K/µ and Poisson s ratio show that it is less rigid than the mantle. 3) FoG A strong earthquake off the coast of Japan sets off a tsunami that propagates across the Pacific Ocean (average depth d = 5 km). (a) Calculate the velocity of the wave in km hr -1 and the corresponding wavelength, when the wave has a dominant period of 30 min. The phase velocity and group velocity of a tsunami are equal when the water depth is much less than the wavelength. In this case, the velocity V of the tsunami is related to the ocean depth d by the equation. V = gd The wavelength λ and period T of the wave are related to the velocity by " = VT For an ocean depth of 5 km, the velocity of the tsunami over the open ocean is V = ( 9.81) ( 5000) = 221 ms -1 = 797 km hr -1 The wavelength corresponding to a period of 30 min (1800 s) is: λ = (221)(1800) = m = 398 km (b) How long does the wave take to reach Hawaii, which is at an angular distance of 54 from the epicenter? The time taken for the tsunami to reach Hawaii is the great circle distance divided by the velocity of the wave. The great circle distance is s = R θ where R = 6371 km is the Earth s radius and θ is the angular distance in radians, in this case (54/180)π = 0.3 π. s = 6371(0.3) π = 6005km The time for the tsunami to reach Hawaii is therefore t = 6005 / 797 = 7.5 hr
4 4) FOG In a two-layer Earth the mantle and core are each homogeneous and the radius of the core is one-half the radius of the Earth. Derive a formula for the travel-time curve for the arrival time t of the phase PcP at epicentral distance Δ. Verify the formula for the maximum possible value of Δ in this model. The geometry of the problem is shown in the diagram above. The distance traveled by the PcP phase is (2s), where " s 2 = R 2 + R % $ ' # 2 & s = R 2 5 ( 4cos " ) % $ ' # 2 & 2 " ( 2R R % $ # 2 & ' cos " ) % $ # 2 ' & The travel-time for the arrival at epicentral distance Δ is t = 2s V = R V 5 " 4cos $ # ' & ) % 2 ( The maximum travel-time t m occurs when the PcP path is a straight line tangential to the core at the point P. Triangle OPS 0 has sides R and R/2 enclosing angle (Δ/2), which is then equal to 60, because # cos " & % ( = OP = R 2 $ 2 ' OS 0 R = 1 2 The maximum travel-time is then equal to t m = S 0 P + PG 0 V ( 3R 2) = 2 = R V V 3 This is the same value as obtained from the travel-time equation with Δ equal to 120, the maximum possible epicentral angle for a PcP phase in this problem.
5 The travel-time equation can be written in terms of tm as 5 t = t m 3 " 4 3 cos $ # ' & ) % 2 ( The travel-time curve looks like the following diagram: There are no PcP arrivals at epicentral distances greater than ) FoG The following table gives arrival times of P-waves (tp) and S-waves (ts) from a nearby earthquake: (a) Plot the arrival-time differences (ts tp) against the arrival times of the P- wave to produce a Wadati-diagram. %# The equation of the Wadati plot is t s " t p = t p ' & $ "1 ( * )
6 (b) Determine the ratio α/β of the seismic velocities. The best-fit straight line to the points on the Wadati diagram in this exercise is y = 0.737x , where x = tp is the arrival time of the P-wave, and y = (ts tp) is the difference in travel times of the P- and S-waves. The coefficient of x gives %" ' & # $1 ( * = 0.73 from which the velocity ratio is ) " # =1.737 (c) Determine the time of occurrence (t0) of the earthquake The intercept of the best-fit straight line on the y-axis is 37.0; using the slope of the line gives the intercept on the x-axis x = y x = y =1.36y The earthquake occurred at 50.5 seconds after 22:36.
5. What is an earthquake 6. Indicate the approximate radius of the earth, inner core, and outer core.
Tutorial Problems 1. Where Do Earthquakes Happen? 2. Where do over 90% of earthquakes occur? 3. Why Do Earthquakes Happen? 4. What are the formulae for P and S velocity 5. What is an earthquake 6. Indicate
More informationIntroducción a la Geofísica
Introducción a la Geofísica 2010-01 TAREA 7 1) FoG. A plane seismic wave, travelling vertically downwards in a rock of density 2200 kg m -3 with seismic velocity 2,000 m s -1, is incident on the horizontal
More informationGlobal geophysics and wave propagation
Global geophysics and wave propagation Reading: Fowler p76 83 Remote sensing Geophysical methods Seismology Gravity and bathymetry Magnetics Heat flow Seismology: Directly samples the physical properties
More information5. EARTHQUAKES AND EARTH S INTERIOR
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: 5. EARTHQUAKES AND EARTH S INTERIOR EARTHQUAKE An earthquake is ground shaking caused by sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along
More informationRecall Hypsometric Curve?
Structure of the Earth (Why?) Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental crust is very different from oceanic crust. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition of Earth. But
More informationPhysics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.002 Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 6185-1 - Page 1 1) Which statement correctly compares seismic P-waves with seismic S-waves? A) P-waves travel faster than S-waves and pass through Earth's liquid zones. B) P-waves travel slower than
More informationAIM: What are the features of Earthquakes and where are they located? Do Now: What are some words that are associated with earthquakes?
Notepack # 11 November 8, 201 AIM: What are the features of Earthquakes and where are they located? Do Now: What are some words that are associated with earthquakes? What are Earthquakes? The shaking or
More informationEarthquakes Modified
Plate Tectonics Earthquakes Modified Recall that the earth s crust is broken into large pieces called. These slowly moving plates each other, each other, or from each other. This causes much on the rocks.
More informationSection Forces Within Earth. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science - Class Notes
Section 19.1 - Forces Within Earth 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science - Class Notes Stress and Strain Stress - is the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area (cause) Strain deformation of materials
More informationRecall Hypsometric Curve?
Structure and Composition of the Earth (Why?) Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental crust is very different from oceanic crust. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition
More informationTracing rays through the Earth
Tracing rays through the Earth Ray parameter p: source receiv er i 1 V 1 sin i 1 = sin i 2 = = sin i n = const. = p V 1 V 2 V n p is constant for a given ray i 2 i 3 i 4 V 2 V 3 V 4 i critical If V increases
More informationPlanetary Interiors. Hydrostatic Equilibrium Constituent Relations Gravitational Fields Isostatic Equilibrium Heating Seismology
Planetary Interiors Hydrostatic Equilibrium Constituent Relations Gravitational Fields Isostatic Equilibrium Heating Seismology EAS 4803/8803 - CP 22:1 Planetary Interiors In order to study the interiors
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Earth s Interior 8.1 What Is an Earthquake? Earthquakes An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy
More informationMacroscopic theory Rock as 'elastic continuum'
Elasticity and Seismic Waves Macroscopic theory Rock as 'elastic continuum' Elastic body is deformed in response to stress Two types of deformation: Change in volume and shape Equations of motion Wave
More informationName Date Class. radiate in all directions, carrying some of the. of plate boundaries have different usual patterns of.
Chapter Outline Earthquakes CHAPTER 6 Lesson 1: Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries A. What is an earthquake? 1. A(n) is the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a fault. A fault is a fracture surface
More informationInternal Layers of the Earth
Lecture #4 notes Geology 3950, Spring 2006; CR Stern Seismic waves, earthquake magnitudes and location, and internal earth structure (pages 28-95 in the 4 th edition and 28-32 and 50-106 in the 5 th edition)
More informationSURFACE WAVE DISPERSION PRACTICAL (Keith Priestley)
SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION PRACTICAL (Keith Priestley) This practical deals with surface waves, which are usually the largest amplitude arrivals on the seismogram. The velocity at which surface waves propagate
More informationWe briefly discuss two examples for solving wave propagation type problems with finite differences, the acoustic and the seismic problem.
Excerpt from GEOL557 Numerical Modeling of Earth Systems by Becker and Kaus 2016 1 Wave propagation Figure 1: Finite difference discretization of the 2D acoustic problem. We briefly discuss two examples
More informationDangerous tsunami threat off U.S. West Coast
Earthquakes Ch. 12 Dangerous tsunami threat off U.S. West Coast Earthquakes What is an Earthquake? It s the shaking and trembling of the Earth s crust due to plate movement. The plates move, rocks along
More information1. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below.
1. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below. Analysis of which type of data led to the development of this model? A) seismic waves B) depth of Earth's oceans C) electromagnetic radiation D)
More informationC) 10:20:40 A) the difference between the arrival times of the P -wave and the S -wave
1. The arrival time of the first earthquake P-wave at a seismograph station was 10:11:20 (hours:minutes:seconds). If the epicenter of the earthquake is 8000 km away, what was the approximate arrival time
More informationEarth s Interior Earth - Chapter 12 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College
Earth s Interior Earth - Chapter 12 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Probing Earth s Interior Most of our knowledge of Earth s interior comes from the study of earthquake waves. Travel times
More information(b) What is the amplitude at the altitude of a satellite of 400 km?
Practice final quiz 2015 Geodynamics 2015 1 a) Complete the following table. parameter symbol units temperature T C or K thermal conductivity heat capacity density coefficient of thermal expansion volumetric)
More informationThe Solid Earth Chapter 4 Answers to selected questions. (1) Love waves involve transverse motion, generally arrive before Rayleigh waves.
The Solid Earth Chapter 4 Answers to selected questions (1) Love waves involve transverse motion, generally arrive before Rayleigh waves. () (a) T = 10 s, v ~4 kms -1, so wavelength is ~40 km. (b) T =
More informationAn Earthquake is a rapid vibration or shaking of the Earth s crust created by a release in energy from sudden movement of a part of a plate along a
An Earthquake is a rapid vibration or shaking of the Earth s crust created by a release in energy from sudden movement of a part of a plate along a fault. Energy released radiates in all directions from
More informationBRIEF ARTICLE THE AUTHOR
BRIEF ARTICLE THE AUTHOR 1 2 THE AUTHOR S Pd K Pd S mantle OC IC CMB Figure 1 Figure 1. Illustration of the SPdKS / SKPdS ray-paths with sub-segments labeled. SPdKS is an SKS that intersects the source-side
More informationChapter 15. Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics. what s the connection? At the boundaries friction causes plates to stick together.
Chapter 15 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics what s the connection? As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe At the boundaries friction causes plates to stick together.
More informationNAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2
NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2 Assignment is due the beginning of the class period on December 14, 2004. Mark answers on a scantron sheet, which will be provided.
More informationES Ch 19 Earthquakes 1
Chapter 19 - Earthquakes Objectives 1. Define stress vs. strain as they apply to rocks. 2. Define faults. 3. Contrast types of seismic waves-3 types according to their type of movement, speed, location
More informationMagnitude 8.3 SEA OF OKHOTSK
A powerful earthquake in Russia's Far East was felt as far away as Moscow, about 7,000 kilometers (4,400 miles) west of the epicenter, but no casualties or damage were reported. The epicenter was in the
More informationBasic Ray Tracing. Rick Aster and Sue Bilek. October 3, 2003
Basic Ray Tracing Rick Aster and Sue Bilek October 3, 3 A key observation that we can make about a seismic signal is its arrival time. From systematic observations of arrival times, we can deduce useful
More informationDynamic Crust Practice
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
More informationEarth s Interior Structure - Seismic Travel Times in a Constant Velocity Sphere
Earth s Interior Structure Seismic Travel Page 1 of 14 Earth s Interior Structure - Seismic Travel Times in a Constant Velocity Sphere Raypath (chord of length S) Receiver S/2 R = 6371 km Earth s Surface
More informationHOW ARE EARTHQUAKES LOCATED?
HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES LOCATED? 175 Practice Problem 1 Add 4 hours:15 minutes:35 seconds to 10 hours:50 minutes:35 seconds. Practice Problem 2 Subtract 5 hours:30 minutes:45 seconds from 10 hours:25 minutes:40
More informationChapter 13 Earthquakes and Earth s Interior
Chapter 13 Earthquakes and Earth s Interior The crust of the Earth is made up of floating tectonic plates- huge continent-sized chunks of solid rock floating on molten rock. Rock masses along the boundaries
More informationMCAS QUESTIONS: THE EARTH S INTERIOR, CONTINENTAL DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS
NAME: PER: MCAS QUESTIONS: THE EARTH S INTERIOR, CONTINENTAL DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS 1. Which of the following statements best explains why the lower mantle of Earth is much more rigid and dense than the
More informationERTH2020 Introduction to Geophysics The Seismic Method. 1. Basic Concepts in Seismology. 1.1 Seismic Wave Types
ERTH2020 Introduction to Geophysics The Seismic Method 1. Basic Concepts in Seismology 1.1 Seismic Wave Types Existence of different wave types The existence of different seismic wave types can be understood
More informationThe oldest rock: 3.96 billion yrs old: Earth was forming continental crust nearly 400 billion years ago!!
Earth s vital statistics Shape: almost spherical Size: 6400km in radius Average density: 5.5gm/cc; surface: 3gm/cc or less; centre may be 10-15gm/cc 15gm/cc Temperature: core: 2200-2750 2750 o c Pressure:
More informationSection 19.1: Forces Within Earth Section 19.2: Seismic Waves and Earth s Interior Section 19.3: Measuring and Locating.
CH Earthquakes Section 19.1: Forces Within Earth Section 19.2: Seismic Waves and Earth s Interior Section 19.3: Measuring and Locating Earthquakes Section 19.4: Earthquakes and Society Section 19.1 Forces
More informationMulti-station Seismograph Network
Multi-station Seismograph Network Background page to accompany the animations on the website: IRIS Animations Introduction One seismic station can give information about how far away the earthquake occurred,
More informationGlobal Seismology Chapter 4
Global Seismology Chapter 4 Earthquake: an event of ground shaking usually caused by the rupturing of a fault within the Earth. Who studies Earthquakes? Seismologists waves Geophysicists Mechanics Geodesy
More informationMechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting
Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Standard Solids and Fracture Fluids: Mechanical, Chemical Effects Effective Stress Dilatancy Hardening and Stability Mead, 1925
More informationEarthquakes Chapter 19
Earthquakes Chapter 19 Does not contain complete lecture notes. What is an earthquake An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Energy released radiates in all directions
More informationQuiz 6. 1) The measure of the time between two peaks of a sine wave is called the. A) period B) wavelength C) amplitude.
Quiz 6 1) The measure of the time between two peaks of a sine wave is called the A) period B) wavelength C) amplitude Amplitude (m) Motion of one point Time (s) Hint: look at the units of the axis. Quiz
More informationLAB 6: Earthquakes & Faults
Name School LAB 6: Earthquakes & Faults An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location
More informationDirected Reading A. Section: Inside the Earth. 1. The Earth is composed of several. THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH. compounds make up the core?
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading A Section: Inside the Earth 1. The Earth is composed of several. THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 2. A substance composed of two or more elements is a(n) a. mix. c. compound.
More informationEarth. Properties of Earth. Earth's Interior. Earth is the planet that we know best
Earth Earth is the planet that we know best Our observations of the other planets are all compared to the conditions and properties of Earth Properties of Earth Semimajor Axis Orbital Eccentricity Orbital
More informationRecall Hypsometric Curve?
Structure of the Earth (Why?) Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental lithosphere is very different from oceanic lithosphere. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition of
More informationModule 7: Plate Tectonics and Earth's Structure Topic 4 Content : Earthquakes Presentation Notes. Earthquakes
Earthquakes 1 Topic 4 Content: Earthquakes Presentation Notes Earthquakes are vibrations within the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy from rocks that break under extreme stress. Earthquakes
More informationTopic 5: The Dynamic Crust (workbook p ) Evidence that Earth s crust has shifted and changed in both the past and the present is shown by:
Topic 5: The Dynamic Crust (workbook p. 65-85) Evidence that Earth s crust has shifted and changed in both the past and the present is shown by: --sedimentary horizontal rock layers (strata) are found
More information7.2.1 Seismic waves. Waves in a mass- spring system
7..1 Seismic waves Waves in a mass- spring system Acoustic waves in a liquid or gas Seismic waves in a solid Surface waves Wavefronts, rays and geometrical attenuation Amplitude and energy Waves in a mass-
More information7.1 FIJI 1, :57:22 UTC
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck 141 km (88 miles) northeast of Ndoi Island, Fiji, and 313 km (194 mi) west-northwest of Nuku alofa, Tonga according to the US Geological Survey, but there were no reports
More informationLAB 3: GLOBAL SEISMOLOGY
NAME: LAB TIME: LAB 3: GLOBAL SEISMOLOGY This lab will introduce you to the basic concepts of global seismology and the Earth s interior structure. This is a hybrid assignment: some aspects can be done
More informationEarthquakes. Earthquakes and Earth s Interior Earth Science, 13e Chapter 8. Elastic rebound. Earthquakes. Earthquakes 11/19/2014.
and Earth s Interior Earth Science, 13e Chapter 8 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College General features Vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Associated with movements
More informationStructure of the Earth
Structure of the Earth What is the earth like below its surface? Inside the Earth 1:34 What makes up the interior of our planet? Compiled by Susan Weidkamp Chapter 22 Objectives To observe how change is
More informationA View of Earth. Luc Ikelle 2012
A View of Earth Luc Ikelle 2012 A View of Earth (Apollo 17) Dry lands (deserts) oceans Wetter climate Ocean and atmosphere Antarctica: Glacial ice Earth s spheres (1) The most dynamic portion of Earth
More informationEarthquakes and Earth s Chapter. Interior
Earthquakes and Earth s Chapter Interior 8.1 What Is an Earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Focus and Epicenter Focus is the point within Earth
More informationObjective: You will learn to interpret a seismogram and, using differences in seismic waves, locate the epicenter of an earthquake.
Earth Science Dynamic Crust Name Period Finding Epicenters Lab# Introduction: Earthquakes occur when there is movement along a fault. The friction between rock masses rubbing against one another generates
More informationENV-5004B/ENVK5005B. Figure 6. Student Registration No. ENV-5004B/ENVK5005B Version 2
ENV-5004B/ENVK5005B Figure 6 Student Registration No UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Environmental Sciences Main Series UG Examination 014-15 SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS WITH FIELDCOURSE
More informationA magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck 255 km (158 miles) southwest of Tonga, according to the US Geological Survey, but there were no reports of damage.
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck 255 km (158 miles) southwest of Tonga, according to the US Geological Survey, but there were no reports of damage. The earthquake hit at 5:19 am local time and was centered
More information7-1 Inside the Earth
7-1 Inside the Earth Did you know. The deepest hole ever drilled was in Russia. It was about 12 km deep (Mt. Everest is about 9 km high). Finding Indirect Evidence So if we ve only drilled into the crust,
More informationRecall Hypsometric Curve?
Structure of the Earth (Why?) 1 Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental lithosphere is very different from oceanic lithosphere. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition
More informationStructure of the Earth (Why?)
Structure of the Earth (Why?) 1 Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental lithosphere is very different from oceanic lithosphere. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition
More informationIntroduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark
Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Effusive: lavas (e.g., Kilauea) Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Explosive: pyroclastic rocks (e.g., Krakatau) Factors Governing
More informationRR#8 - Free Response
Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the passage and the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map indicates the epicenter (*) of a major earthquake that occurred at 38 N 142 E.
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 13
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 13 Earthquakes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs Key Figure
More informationAny Questions? 99.9 % of mass is in the Sun; 99 % of angular momentum is in the planets. Planets in two groups:
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 2 15 January 2004 Any Questions? Origin of solar system Pick a theory, any theory, but it must be consistent with these facts: Planets all revolve around the Sun in
More informationOrigin of solar system. Origin of solar system. Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Any Questions? Class 2 15 January 2004
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 2 15 January 2004 Any Questions? Origin of solar system Pick a theory, any theory, but it must be consistent with these facts: Planets all revolve around the Sun in
More informationBorehole Geophysics. Acoustic logging measurements
Acoustic logging measurements - Review of basic physics background - Concept of P- and S-wave measurements and logging tools - Tube waves - Seismic imaging - Synthetic seismograms - Field application examples
More informationlog 4 0.7m log m Seismic Analysis of Structures by TK Dutta, Civil Department, IIT Delhi, New Delhi. Module 1 Seismology Exercise Problems :
Seismic Analysis of Structures by TK Dutta, Civil Department, IIT Delhi, New Delhi. Module Seismology Exercise Problems :.4. Estimate the probabilities of surface rupture length, rupture area and maximum
More informationDynamic Earth A B1. Which type of plate boundary is located at the Jordan Fault? (1) divergent (3) convergent (2) subduction (4) transform
Dynamic Earth A B1 1. The edges of most lithospheric plates are characterized by (1) reversed magnetic orientation (2) unusually rapid radioactive decay (3) frequent volcanic activity (4) low P-wave and
More informationEarthquakes. Forces Within Eartth. Faults form when the forces acting on rock exceed the rock s strength.
Earthquakes Vocabulary: Stress Strain Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation Fault Seismic Wave Primary Wave Secondary Wave Focus Epicenter Define stress and strain as they apply to rocks. Distinguish
More informationEarthquakes. Pt Reyes Station 1906
Earthquakes Pt Reyes Station 1906 Earthquakes Ground shaking caused by the sudden release of accumulated strain by an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the earth. You Live in Earthquake Country
More informationEarthquakes and Earthquake Hazards Earth - Chapter 11 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College
Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards Earth - Chapter 11 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College What Is an Earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth, produced by the rapid release of energy.
More informationGeology 229 Engineering Geology. Lecture 5. Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6)
Geology 229 Engineering Geology Lecture 5 Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6) Common mechanic properties: Density; Elastic properties: - elastic modulii Outline of this Lecture 1. Uniaxial rock
More informationEARTHQUAKE WAVES AND THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
EARTHQUAKE WAVES AND THE MECHANCAL PROPERTES OF THE EARTH'S NTEROR By K. E. BULLEN t has come to be realized in the present century that the science of Seismology, in addition to providing information
More informationGEOL 10: Environmental Geology Mid Term II Study Guide
(1) 10 pts. Use the seismographs below, along with the travel time plot for California, and the location map for seismographs in this region to do the following: a. Determine the origin time for the earthquake
More informationDetermining the Earthquake Epicenter: Japan
Practice Name: Hour: Determining the Earthquake Epicenter: Japan Measuring the S-P interval There are hundreds of seismic data recording stations throughout the United States and the rest of the world.
More informationThe Earth s Structure from Travel Times
from Travel Times Spherically symmetric structure: PREM - Crustal Structure - Upper Mantle structure Phase transitions Anisotropy - Lower Mantle Structure D D - Structure of of the Outer and Inner Core
More informationLAB. Balboa Heights, Panama. Boulder, Colorado. Mexico City, Mexico. Data Table. Difference Between P-wave and S-wave. S-wave Arrival Time
Name: Date: Lab Period: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Introduction: The epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake. Seismic stations detect earthquakes by the tracings
More information1 Inside the Earth. What are the layers inside Earth? How do scientists study Earth s interior?
CHAPTER 7 1 Inside the Earth SECTION Plate Tectonics BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are the layers inside Earth? How do scientists study
More informationBasic Equations of Elasticity
A Basic Equations of Elasticity A.1 STRESS The state of stress at any point in a loaded bo is defined completely in terms of the nine components of stress: σ xx,σ yy,σ zz,σ xy,σ yx,σ yz,σ zy,σ zx,andσ
More informationThe Main Point. Other Properties Earth has one large Moon. Earth has a strong Magnetic Field. Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior
Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior Overview of Earth's basic properties. Earth's Interior and Surface: Composition and Structure. Surface Geologic Processes. Evolution of the Surface. Reading: Chapters
More informationGS388 Handout: Radial density distribution via the Adams-Williamson equation 1
GS388 Handout: Radial density distribution via the Adams-Williamson equation 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ADIABATIC COMPRESSION: THE ADAMS WILLIAMSON EQUATION...1 EFFECT OF NON-ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE GRADIENT...3
More information[S06 ] Shear Wave Resonances in Sediments on the Deep Sea Floor
page 1 of 16 [S06 ] Shear Wave Resonances in Sediments on the Deep Sea Floor I. Zeldenrust * and R. A. Stephen ** * Department of Geology Free University, Amsterdam ** Department of Geology and Geophysics
More informationAn Introduction to the Seafloor and Plate Tectonics 1
An Introduction to the Seafloor and Plate Tectonics 1 Objectives 1) Investigate the components of the lithosphere and lithospheric plates. 2) Identify the associations among various seafloor features,
More informationEarthquake Lab Introduction: Purpose: Method: Equipment needed: Fundamental Concepts and Key Terms:
Earthquake Lab Introduction: Seismology is that branch of the geological sciences which is concerned with the study of earthquakes. Purpose: The purpose of this exercise is to introduce some fundamental
More informationEarthquakes. Building Earth s Surface, Part 2. Science 330 Summer What is an earthquake?
Earthquakes Building Earth s Surface, Part 2 Science 330 Summer 2005 What is an earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Energy released radiates in all
More informationEarthquakes and Earth s Interior
- What are Earthquakes? Earthquakes and Earth s Interior - The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy - Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks - Continuing adjustment
More informationNumerical Methods in Geophysics. Introduction
: Why numerical methods? simple geometries analytical solutions complex geometries numerical solutions Applications in geophysics seismology geodynamics electromagnetism... in all domains History of computers
More informationARTICLE A-8000 STRESSES IN PERFORATED FLAT PLATES
ARTICLE A-8000 STRESSES IN PERFORATED FLAT PLATES Delete endnote 18, which says "Express metric values in exponential form" A-8100 INTRODUCTION A-8110 SCOPE (a) This Article contains a method of analysis
More information9 June 15. Horst Rademacher. Lect 4: Seismic Waves. Summer Session 2015
9 June 15 2 Summer Session 2015 Horst Rademacher HH Lect 4: Seismic Waves http://seismo.berkeley.edu/summersession/eps20/ Class Organization Thursday s class (June 11) 10am-12:30pm My office hours: Tuesdays
More informationGeophysical Site Investigation (Seismic methods) Amit Prashant Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Geophysical Site Investigation (Seismic methods) Amit Prashant Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Short Course on Geotechnical Aspects of Earthquake Engineering 04 08 March, 2013 Seismic Waves
More informationUnit Topics. Topic 1: Earth s Interior Topic 2: Continental Drift Topic 3: Crustal Activity Topic 4: Crustal Boundaries Topic 5: Earthquakes
The Dynamic Earth Unit Topics Topic 1: Earth s Interior Topic 2: Continental Drift Topic 3: Crustal Activity Topic 4: Crustal Boundaries Topic 5: Earthquakes Topic 1: Earth s Interior Essential Question:
More informationEarthquake Investigation
Exploration A Earthquake Investigation 1. Obtain a piece of plastic putty and knead it into a rectangular shape. 2. Push the ends of the putty toward the middle. Draw and describe what it looks like below.
More informationData Repository: Seismic and Geodetic Evidence For Extensive, Long-Lived Fault Damage Zones
DR2009082 Data Repository: Seismic and Geodetic Evidence For Extensive, Long-Lived Fault Damage Zones Fault Zone Trapped Wave Data and Methods Fault zone trapped waves observed for 2 shots and 5 local
More informationWhat is an Earthquake?
Earthquakes What is an Earthquake? Earthquake - sometimes violent shaking of ground caused by movement of Earth s tectonic plates; creates seismic waves Often followed by smaller earthquakes (aftershocks);
More informationSIMULATED SEISMOGRAMS
SIMULATED SEISMOGRAMS Great Falls, Montana I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8:03 8:04 8:05 8:06 8:07 P-wave arrival S-wave arrival Little Rock, Arkansas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
More informationEarthquakes How and Where Earthquakes Occur
Earthquakes How and Where Earthquakes Occur PPT Modified from Troy HS Is there such thing as earthquake weather? Absolutely NOT!!! Geologists believe that there is no connection between weather and earthquakes.
More information