11/1/2010. Goals for Chapter 23
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1 //00 Chapter 4 letrmagneti Wae Gal r Chapter 3 T undertand eletrmagneti wae, the peed light, and the eletrmagneti petrum. T haraterize inuidal wae and determine their energy. T undertand Dppler eet. T tudy plarizatin. 0/7/00 0/7/00 Jame Clerk Maxwell 3 79 letriity and magnetim were riginally thught t be unated in 65, Jame Clerk Maxwell prided a mathematial thery that hwed a le atinhip between all eletri and magneti phenmena Heinrih Hertz Firt t generate and detet eletrmagneti wae in a labratry etting Shwed radi wae uld be eted, rerated and dirated The unit Hz i named r him 0/7/00 3 Maxwell Starting Pint letri ield line riginate n pitie harge and terminate n negatie harge Magneti ield line alway rm led lp they d nt begin r end anywhere A arying magneti ield indue an em and hene an eletri ield (Faraday Law) Magneti ield are generated by ming harge r urrent (Ampère Law) Maxwell Preditin Maxwell ued thee tarting pint and a rrepnding mathematial ramewrk t pre that eletri and magneti ield play ymmetri rle in nature He hyptheized that a hanging eletri ield wuld prdue a magneti ield Maxwell alulated the peed light t be 3x0 m/ He nluded that iible light and all ther eletrmagneti wae nit lutuating eletri and magneti ield, with eah arying 0/7/00 ield induing the ther 4 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae Tw traight wire nneted t the terminal an AC generatr an reate an eletrmagneti wae. Only the eletri wae traeling t the right i hwn here. The urrent ued t generate the eletri wae reate a magneti ield.
2 //00 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae Ntie that the magneti ield i perpendiular t the page wherea the eletri ield lie in the plane the page. Cmbine bth eletri ield and magneti ield tgether rm the eletrmagneti wae generated by illating urrent n the linear antenna. Here are dierent way t hw the eletrmagneti wae. 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae Unlike the Stati eletri ield r tati magneti ield, the eletrmagneti ield generated by an antenna i a prpagating wae. The M wae nit -ield and -ield that i perpendiular t eah ther and al perpendiular t the diretin trael. 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae Thi piture hw the wae the radiatin ield ar rm the antenna. It i apprximated a a plane wae. The peed an eletrmagneti wae in a auum i: m A radi wae an be deteted with a reeiing antenna wire that i parallel t the eletri ield. The requenie AM radi lie between 545 khz and 604 khz. The requenie FM radi lie between MHz and 0 MHz. The requenie VHF TV ignal lie between 54 Mhz t MHz. The requenie UHF TV ignal lie between 74 and 6 MHz. 4. The Nature letrmagneti Wae 4. The letrmagneti Spetrum With a reeiing antenna in the rm a lp, the magneti ield a radi wae an be deteted. Like all wae, eletrmagneti wae hae a waelength and requeny, ated by:
3 //00 Waelength and Inrmatin Thee are image the Crab Nebula They are (lkwie rm upper let) taken with x ray iible light radi wae inrared wae 4. The letrmagneti Spetrum xample The Waelength Viible Light Find the range in waelength r iible light in the requeny range between 4.0x0 4 Hz and 7.9x0 4 Hz m m 750 nm Hz m m 30 nm Hz 4. The letrmagneti Spetrum 4.3 The Speed Light Cneptual xample The Diratin AM and FM Radi Wae Diratin i the ability a wae t bend arund an btale r the edge an pening. Wuld yu expet AM r FM radi wae t bend mre readily arund an btale uh a a building? Anwer: Sine AM radi wae hae lnger waelength than the FM radi wae, they will be mre eaily dirated. The nept light a a wae i upprted by experiment and will be diued mre in Chapter 7. ut light al behae like direte partile in me experiment. Wae therie and partile therie light hae been arund r hundred year. It i nw widely aepted that light an exhibit bth wae and partile behair. The peed light in a auum m etween 7 and 93, Miheln ued a rtating eightided mirrr t meaure the peed light. 4.3 The Speed Light Cneptual xample 3 Lking ak in Time A uperna i a ilent explin that ur at the death ertain tar. The igure hw a phtgraph the ky bere and ater the 97 uperna. Thi urred in a galaxy.66 0 meter away. Hw lng it take r the light t reah earth? d.66 0 t , 000 year The Speed Light Maxwell preditin the peed light (r any eletrmagneti wae) C N m 4 0 T m A m 3
4 //00 Prpertie an eletrmagneti wae letrmagneti wae trael at the peed light letrmagneti wae require n medium letrmagneti wae are tranere wae The rati the eletri ield t the magneti ield i equal t the peed light letrmagneti wae arry energy a they trael thrugh pae, and thi energy an be tranerred t bjet plaed in their path 4.4 The nergy Carried by letrmagneti Wae letrmagneti wae, like water wae, arry energy. The energy i arried by the eletri and magneti ield. 0/7/ The nergy Carried by letrmagneti Wae The ttal energy denity arried by an eletrmagneti wae Ttal energy u Vlume In an eletrmagneti wae, the energy arried by eletri ield i the ame a the energy arried by magneti ield. u S the ttal energy denity i : 4.4 The nergy Carried by letrmagneti Wae S pwer area r We deine the intenity M wae a the amunt energy paed thrugh a unit area per unit time, S=/(At), P nergy uta u A t A ta 4.4 The nergy Carried by letrmagneti Wae S the intenity the M radiatin i the peed light time the energy denity. S u ( S ) 4.4 The nergy Carried by letrmagneti Wae xample 5 Pwer and intenity A tiny light ure emitting light unirmly in all diretin a hwn. At a ditane.50 m rm thi ure, the rm eletri ield trength the light i 9.0 N/C. Determine the aerage pwer the light emitted by the ure. The aerage pwer i P S (4r ) The aerage intenity i S S the aerage pwer beme rm P (30 )(.50 )(9.0) 4 (.5) 75. 3W 4
5 //00 Dppler eet (und wae) The Dppler eet i the hange in requeny r pith the und deteted by an berer beaue the und ure and the berer hae dierent elitie with repet t the medium und prpagatin. Dppler eet (und wae) MOVING SOURC T ure ming tward a tatinary berer : berer S: ure T ure ming away rm a tatinary berer xample: The und a paing train A high-peed train i traeling at a peed 44.7 m/ when the engineer und the 45-Hz warning hrn. The peed und i 343 m/. What are the requeny and waelength the und, a pereied by a pern tanding at the ring, when the train i (a) apprahing and (b) leaing the ring? Dppler eet (und wae) MOVING OSRVR Apprahing 45 Hz m 343m Hz Ming away 45 Hz 367 Hz 44.7m 343m apprahing Dppler eet and eletrmagneti wae letrmagneti wae al an exhibit a Dpper eet, but it dier r tw rean: a) Sund wae require a medium, wherea eletrmagneti wae d nt. b) Fr und, it i the mtin atie t the medium that i imprtant. xample: Radar gun and peed trap The radar gun a plie ar emit an eletrmagneti wae with a requeny.0x0 9 Hz. The apprah i eentially head n. The wae rm the gun et rm the peeding ar and return t the plie ar, where n-bard equipment meaure it requeny t be greater than the emitted wae by 00 Hz. Find the peed the ar with repet t the highway. The plie ar i parked. Fr eletrmagneti wae, nly the atie mtin the ure and berer i imprtant. i 5
6 //00 Frequeny and waelength an eletrmagneti wae Frequeny, waelength, and peed prpagatin any wae are ated requeny bered requeny bered by plie ar by peeding ar 00 Hz m.00 Hz 39 m y tempral ariatin t Ain t Ain t wae y patial ariatin x y xin in kx x,t A in kx t S The Inere-Square Dependene S A pint ure light, r any radiatin, pread ut in all diretin: Sure a S P SOURC 4 r Pwer, P, lwing thrugh phere i ame r any radiu. r Sure Area r S r xample: An berer i. m rm a pint light ure whe aerage pwer P = 50 W. Calulate the rm ield in the pitin the berer. A. Intenity light at ditane r i S = P ure / (4r ) I P 4r rm ure I S max rm rm P0 4 r rm 4V / m rm 7 (50W)(40 H / m)(3.0 m / ) 4(.m) 4V / m 0.6T 3.0 m / Plarizatin The diretin plarizatin a wae i the diretin the eletri ield. Mt light i randmly plarized, whih mean it ntain a mixture wae dierent plarizatin. y Plarizatin Linearly plarized wae n a rpe. In plarized light, the eletri ield lutuate alng a ingle diretin. z linearly plarized wae Plarizatin diretin x 6
7 //00 Plarizatin A plarizer let thrugh light nly ne plarizatin: Prdue plarized rm unplarized light xample: Uing Plarizer and Analyzer What alue huld be ued the aerage intenity the plarized light reahing the phtell i ne-tenth the aerage intenity the unplarized light? Tranmitted light ha it in the diretin the plarizer tranmiin axi. hene, intenity ater analyzer S = S 0 S S = 0 intenity bere analyzer - Malu Law S 0 5 S Plarizer and Analyzer When plarizer (r plarizer and anzlyzer) are red, the intenity the tranmitted light i redued t zer. Suppe that a third piee plarizing material i inerted between the plarizer and analyzer. De light nw reah the phtell? Plarizatin Change due t Sattering Light by a Mleule Ye 7
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