ACTIVE LOAD MANAGEMENT STRATEGY CONSIDERING FLUCTUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERMITTENT ENERGY

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1 23 rd naonal Conference on Elecrcy Drbuon Lyon June 2015 ACTIVE LOAD MANAGEMENT STATEGY CONSIDEING FLCTATION CHAACTEISTICS OF INTEMITTENT ENEGY Fe CHEN Dong LI Qngheng LI Shangha Jao Tong nvery Chna Shangha Jao Tong nvery Chna Chna Souhern ower Grd - Chna chen_fe1987@homal.com ludong@eee.org lq98@126.com ABSTACT The peneraon of drbued generaon (DG) n drbuon newor ha been everely rerced a he power flucuaon caued by nermen energy. Drec load conrol (DLC) offer an effcen reource for power flucuaon ablzng and load hfng wh he help of advanced meerng nfrarucure (AMI) n acve drbuon newor (ADN). Th paper propoe wo quanfed ndee for conrollable load o repreen he confguraon au of ADN. Then he conrol gy of acve load managemen for ADN llud n deal baed on he model of hermoacally conrolled load (). The gy mae full ue of he conrollable load o realze opmal operaon for ADN hrough mul-layer conrol. Fnally he demonraon applcaon mulaon of acve load conrol n ADN n Chna ponored by he Naonal Hgh-ech &D rogram preened whch valdae he effecvene of he propoed oluon. INTODCTION The power flucuaon caued by renewable energy uch a wnd and olar ha everely rerced he peneraon of drbued generaon n drbuon newor. Mo reearcher focu on he uage of energy orage yem o uppre he flucuaon caued by nermen energy n order o mprove he compably for nermen energy n drbuon newor [1]. However he largecale applcaon of energy orage yem n drbuon newor ha been rerced by he conderable conrucon co. Demand repone (D) epecally drec load conrol (DLC) offer an effcen and adjuable reource for drbuon newor and reduce nvemen a he ame me [2-3]. ADN a drbuon newor ha can mprove ae ulzaon and DG peneraon by effecve managemen on drbued energy conrollable load and DFACTS equpmen. In ADN drbuon yem operaor (DSO) can capure real-me load daa by AMI and mae he cuomer devce wor n a more proper way wh he help of mar oce conrollable uer ermnal and nellgen nfrared conroller [4]. The acve load conrol n ADN can opmze yem operaon by ablzng power flucuaon and load hfng. Th paper pu forward ome quanfed ndee for load nerconneced o ADN o repreen he confguraon au of load. Moreover Mul-layer conrol gy of acve load managemen propoed baed on repecve model of hermoacally conrolled load (). The feably and effecvene of he acve load managemen gy are verfed wh mulaon reul of he demonraon locaed n Qngzhen Chna. THE QANTIFIED INDEXES FO S IN ADN DLC echnology uable for hermoacally conrolled load () a good orage propere. Dfferen characerc and capacy confguraon of wll affec he performance of ADN operaon gnfcanly. Two quanfed ndee are propoed n h paper l a follow: nde of peneraon for nde of ource-load percenage. Inde of peneraon for Inde of peneraon for n 1 n 1 defned a: Lavg 100% Here n he number of node. he d power for. If he node doen have acce o value 0. L he average value of he load a avg -h node whch nclude boh conrollable and unconrollable load. Inde of Source-Load percenage Inde of ource-load percenage defned a: l DG / 100% ( T T ) ( T ) 100% DG DG Here ( T ) he power uppled by nermen DG energy a me T. DG he power varaon durng nerval T. he d power for a he - h node. DG can be obaned by Fourer ranformaon and flerng. When here no need for an accuracy reul formula (2) can be mplfed a follow. DG l 100% (3) (1) (2) CIED /5

2 23 rd naonal Conference on Elecrcy Drbuon Lyon June 2015 Here DG he d capacy of DG a -h node. MODELING METHODOLOGIES FO S have become a new focu of reearch on demand repone a ecellen orage characerc. In h econ we wll eablh epa model accordng o he mul-layer gy. The hor-erm power flucuaon model propoed for mulaon and he average power model for opmzaon. Shor-erm power flucuaon model The hor-erm power flucuaon model ued n regonal conrol o reflec he dynamc repone characerc of he load. I uable for regonal conrol a care abou he power varaon. Th paper ue he andard hybrd-yem model for hor-erm power flucuaon model whch can reflec he dynamc proce of n a proper way [5]. 1 ( T0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ) C (4) N Here oudoor emperaure T () 0 emperaure C hermal capacance T () room ndoor hermal reance and he d power for. I pove for heang devce and negave for coolng devce. The bnary gnal () he ae of un n he ON ae a me f ( )=1 OFF ae f ( )=0. And (). The and n he can be epreed a: 1 when ( - ) 0 T T when T T room mn 0 ( - ) 1 room ma (5) ( - ) when oher T T T mn e db Tma Te Tdb Here Te () he e pon T he dead-band whch db mean T () and T () ma mn he upper lm and lower lm for. me ep n dcree-me mulaon. (6) nfnemal delay can alo be he Average power model The foregong propoed hor-erm power flucuaon model oo cumberome whch wll lead o wo problem. Frly he model conan boh connuou varable (e.g. emperaure) and dcree on/ off bnary varable. Secondly each n he grd modelled n epa whch wll caue he cure of dmenonaly when olvng dynamc repone for global opmzaon. The only hng we care abou he average power durng a perod when ang global opmzaon. So he average power model propoed n h paper a a more convenen abracon of accu model. The model manly ued o opmze he operaon depend on he forecang daa. The dynamc of decrbed n eq.4. A can be een from he equaon we can chooe an approp ha wll manan he emperaure a he e-pon avg T e whch can be decrbed a: T ( room ) 1 ( T0 Te avg ) 0 C In h paper we wll defne he power avg (7) a he average power whch can be gven by: Te T0 avg ( Te ) (8) ACTIVE LOAD MANAGEMENT STATEGY In h econ a mul-layer acve load managemen gy propoed on he ba of he foregong model. The gy ae a man conrollable devce. A conrol mehod baed on ncenve appled o he gy conderng boh uer comfor and load adjumen. The framewor for he gy hown n fg V/10V OLTC Fg.1 Framewor for Acve Load Managemen Sgy The acve load managemen gy combned by regonal conrol and global opmzaon. The global opmzaon wll calculae he opmum e emperaure T and regonal arge power () depend on () e Meauremen for power echange MV regon ge for power echange - + Bu Bar ae Advanced Drbuon Managemen Syem Orgnal daa: Newor opology for ADN; Foreca for Load and enewable energy; arameer For Conrol error err nconrollable Load nellgen nfrared conroller Conrol Sgnal T e op enewable Energy Temperaure e-pon for Conrol error global nformaon of ADN. I wll realze he load hfng durng a long perod. The regonal conrol gy wll uppre he regonal power flucuaon durng a relavely hor perod baed on he local meauremen and load managemen. Sgy for regonal conrol The gy for regonal conrol o rac he dynamc behavour of by conrollng he aemen (ON/OFF) of he devce. Th conrol mehod ha good real-me performance and calably. Bede requre relavely le conrollable reource for power flucuaon ablzng. Before deal of he conrol gy he regonal load regulaon margn nde o be nroduced. Th nde change over me and decrbe he adjumen range of load. I play an mporan role n he gy. ae err nellgen nfrared conroller Conrol Sgnal T e op nconrollable Load SCADA Cuomer equremen Conrollable uer ermnal T e cm enewable Energy global opmzaon regonal conrol CIED /5

3 23 rd naonal Conference on Elecrcy Drbuon Lyon June 2015 egonal load regulaon margn nde The regonal load regulaon margn nde wll be ued o gude local load adjumen. Tang no accoun ha he devce for regonal load regulaon are mcroconroller or C he conrol nde wll be calculaed by a relavely mple logc. Depend on former hor-erm power flucuaon model f he emperaure n he houe [ T T ] and mn ma he ae of he ON mean ha h can be urned off. Vce vera f he emperaure n he houe T [ T T ] and he ae of he OFF room mn ma mean ha h can be urned on. In order o avod he frequen wchng when a under conrol we add a conrol nerval. Any n ha nerval canno be conrolled. The ae of a and wchng condon are hown n fg.2 decrbed a ae machne. Can be urned on [ Tmn Tma ] T [ T T ] Fg.2 Sae and Swchng Condon for The change of ae depend on hor-erm power flucuaon model propoed by eq.4-6. The regonal load regulaon margn nde decrbe he adjumen capably for. I can be decrbed a: pove( g ) ( g ) 0 (9) negave( g ) ( g ) 1 S.T. N (10) mn now ma 1... Here he mamum power ha can be ncreaed pove and negave he mamum power ha can be decreaed. g he newor opology conran. Aume G he e for oluon pace ha afe he newor opology conran hen any ( g) requre g G. he vecor addon conderng flow conran. When all are conneced o he ame bu or he opology can be negleced formula (9) can be mplfed a: pove 0 (11) negave 1 and mn n eq.10 he mnmum and mamum ma volage ha allowed a -h node. a -h node before adjumen ON room mn Tmn nconrollable Tma ( - ) 0 [ Tmn Tma] [ Tmn Tma] ( - ) ( - Tnv ) 1 ( - Tnv ) 0 Sae OFF( 0) ma Sae uncrl( 2) T T nv OFF nv Can be urned off [ Tmn Tma] Sae ON( 1) now he volage he change for volage afer adjumen. can be appromaed by: (12) Here C he collecon of wre beween A for and he balance node. Fnally we can ge he regonal load regulaon margn nde conderng conran a: Ide [ ma( )ma( )] (13) LM negave pove Here ma( negave ( )) decrbe he mamum power can be decreaed and ma( pove ) decrbe he mamum power can be ncreaed. Conrol Sgy When he peneraon of drbued generaon become larger he power flucuaon along he feeder caued by nermen energy wll ncreae a he ame me. The uage of DLC echnology can replace energy orage o ablze he devce power flucuaon by reaonable regulaon on. The payload whn a regon when are under conrol can be decrbed a: ( ) ( + ) Here (14) regon NL j Wm Vn j m n he average power for. NL j he acve power of unconrollable load and are he acve power offered by wnd urbne and phoovolac. The goal of he gy o ablze he flucuaon n he regon. I alo mean ha eep he payload a W m V n regon durng a hor perod T. T can be e from 15mn o 1hour accordng o he conrol accuracy requremen. goen by global opmzaon whch wll be dcued n ne econ. The conrol arge for can be decrbed a: err ( S)/( ) ( jx ) C regon regon IdeLM (15) ma( negave ) regon ma( negave ) ma( pove ) regon ma( pove ) The number of devce nvolved n load conrol : N cel( / ) (16) he d power for each. The conrol order for fr-n-fr-ou n order o avod frequen wchng for devce au a hown n fg.3. fr ou fr ou Sae OFF fr n fr n Sae ON ou ( 0) ( 1) ou Q off-1 off-2 on-1 on-2 Q E E off-3 on-3 E off-4 on-4 E n off-5 Sae unconrollable ( ncon or 2) uc-1 uc-2 uc-3 uc-4 Fg.3 Conrol Order for on-5 n CIED /5

4 23 rd naonal Conferencee on Elecrcy Drbuon Lyon June 2015 The ae of all wll eep updang a hown n fg.2 whch wll alo nfluence he regonal load regulaon margn nde. The algorhm flowchar for regonal conrol gy hown n fg.4. Begn =1 Collec payload whn he regon Calculae conrol arge for Calculae he number of devce nvolved n load conrol Decded he conrol gnal equence Send conrol command Tme delay T? end Fg.4 The Flowchar for egonal Conrol Sgy Sgy for global opmzaon A relavely mple heurc algorhm propoed for global opmzaon n order o realze he load hfng durng a long perod. Calculaon proce hown a follow: Sep1. Obaned he forecang daa for boh load Load fc and renewable energy DG ( j fc ) durng a day. Sep2. Calculae he average power n regon gn baed on he forecang daa n h paper here wll be one forecang daa every 15 mnue: Load fc DG j fc 0 Loadgn 0 DG jgn avg (17) 24hour Sep3. Ge cuomer requremen T n regon e cm gn hrough conrollable uer ermnal. And ge curren payload regon whn he regon gn hrough AM. Sep4. Calculae he power wan o be changed and mamum power can be changed when cc T e now change o T e cm T baed on formula (8). regon ( now) (18) avg Te e now T e cm T cc (19) gn Here he me when ep3 begn. T wll be now lmed by conderng uer comfor. I pove when pove and negavee when negave. Sep5. Calculae he arge e pon T e op p Te cm T when cc T e op L Te cm T when cc (20) L T wheree gn regon global opmzaon ead ead Ide LM eep updang pdae Ide LM Sep6. Calculae he arge payload n he regon Load fc now DG j fc now Load gn DG jgn (21) ( ( T ) ( T )) Sep1 and Sep2 can be n operaon once a day. Bu a he emperaure beng e by he -h a fuure me unpredcable Sep3-Se Sep6 wll be acvaed a nerval of T. The defnon of T he ame a foregong one. DEMONSTATION Th he demonraon applcaon of acve load managemen loc ocaed n Qnzhen Guyang nvolved wh 300W phoovolac 250W wnd urbne whch preened a fg.5. The dormory area n Hongfeng elecrc ecrc chool campu can realze DLC wh help of mar oce conrollable uer ermnal and nellgen nfrared conroller. The nformaon and conrol gnal n he proce of acve load managemen are alo preened n fg.5. I hould be noced ha he nformaon colleced by ADMS for power forecang and he nformaon colleced leced by ALMS for real-me conrol. 110V/10V OLTC gn L1 Shue Feeder 110V Subaon L10 ShuTang WT (250W) nellgen nfrared conroller avg now e op avg now e now L2 L3 Bran V1 -ch (100W) bo L4 L5 L6 L7 L12L13 V2 L8 L9 (520W) Branch Branch Branch Smar bo bo bo oce ALMS V3 (520W) Smar L14 L15 L16 oce conrollable uer ermnal Hongfeng elecrcal chool campu Fg.5 Demonraon rojec of ADN Acve Load Managemen Several mulaon reul are repored o valdae he propoed volage conrol gy n h econ. Lmed by he cale of he demonraon he mulaon n h paper manly concen on Shue feeder durng chool holday. By ha me he load of Shue feeder relavely mall. There are W wnd urbne and 100W phoovolac n he regon. The parameer for can be led a: C 3600 J / C C / W 1000 W Tdb 0.5 C 1) Cae1: Before he mulaon for he ge nfluence on drec load conrol wa dcued combne wh he nde of ource-load oad percenage. (a) Conrol Effec for (b) Dfferen Durbance Value Fg.6 Acve ower of Feeder under Dfferen Condon Honge Feeder 110V Subaon QngZhen ADMS ZhenWu Feeder Hydropower Saon (10000W) Conrol Sgnal From Acve Load Managemen Syem (ALMS) Conrol Sgnal From Acve Drbuon Managemen Syem (ADMS) Cuomer equremen Informaon Collecon CIED /5

5 23 rd naonal Conference on Elecrcy Drbuon Lyon June 2015 Fg.6(a) how he effec for conrol. A 10 wa e o he average power 2.09MW. A 15 he power uppled by nermen energy ncreaed by 30W whch mean DG wa 30W and he ourceload percenage wa 25.25%. The acve power wh and whou conrol are hown n fg6(a) a he red and blac lne. The red lne n fg6(a) ugge ha have good repone characerc for power flucuaon. Fg6(b) how dfferen conrol effec when he ource-load percenage 15.15% 25.25% and 50.5%. When he flucuaon relavely mall can realze power flucuaon n a proper way hown a he red and blac lne. The blue lne n fg.6 how ha when he flucuaon for DG relavely large only ablze par of he flucuaon. Bu when he power recovered can reore he conrol effec. 2) Cae2: In h cae we amed o e he effecvene of regonal conrol gy whle ung he more accu hor-erm power flucuaon model for each. Fg.7 eul for egonal Conrol of durng 15mn Fg.7 how he reul for regonal conrol durng 15mn. By comparng boh acve power wh and whou regonal conrol he flucuaon caued by load and nermen energy can be depreed o 56.14% whch llud he effecvene of regonal conrol gy. 3) Cae3: In h cae we amed o e he nfluence when global opmzaon gy added o regonal conrol gy. Fg.8 Opmzaon for Dfferen eneraon Fg.8 how ha wh a hgher peneraon for he load hfng effec can be more pronounced. Bu he peneraon for he demonraon wa only 5.28% o a perod from 20:00 o 20:15 wa amplfed o analyze he effec for opmzaon a hown n fg.9. before he opmzaon wa goen by Te op = T. e cm From he mulaon we can ge he average power ha been declned by 12W. Conderng he peneraon for raher mall he reul can ll prove he realzaon for load hfng. Fg9. Acve ower of Feeder under Dfferen Condon CONCLSION AND FTE WOK A mul-layer conrol gy of acve load managemen propoed for power flucuaon ablzng and load hfng n h paper baed on repecve model. The gy for regonal conrol uppree he regonal power flucuaon caued by nermen energy baed on power flucuaon model. The gy for global opmzaon realze load hfng by reeng he epon for baed on average power model. Smulaon analy of dfferen cenaro verfed he effecvene of he gy. Th gy pon ou a new way o ncreae he peneraon of drbued generaon hrough acve managemen n ADN. However a more dealed modelng for or a more effcen algorhm for global opmzaon can mprove he conrol gy for beer conrol effec whch wll worh a furher reearch. Acnowledgmen Th paper wa uppored by he Naonal Hgh-ech &D rogram of Chna (863 rogram): 2014AA EFEENCES [1] Y W. LI D. Y N "Feeder Conrol Error and I Applcaon n Coordnae Conrol of Acve Drbuon Newor"(n Chnee) roceedng of he CSEE vol [2] Sánchez-Marín. Sánchez G. Morale-Epaña G "Drec load conrol decon model for aggregaed EV chargng pon" IEEE Tranacon on ower Syem vol [3] Facchne T. Della Vedova M. L. 2011"eal-me modelng for drec load conrol n cyber-phycal power yem" IEEE Tranacon on Indural Informac vol [4] Grenard S. udjano D. Srbac G "Benef of acve managemen of drbuon newor n he K." Elecrcy Drbuon CIED h naonal Conference and Ehbon on. IET. [5] Lu N. Chan D "A ae-queueng model of hermoacally conrolled applance" IEEE Tranacon on ower Syem vol CIED /5