Solid State Electronics EC210 Arab Academy for Science and Technology AAST Cairo Spring 2016 Lecture 1 Crystal Structure

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1 Solid Stte Electronics EC210 AAST Ciro Spring 2016 Lecture 1 Crystl Structure Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft 1

Permission is given to individuls who hve purchsed copy of the third edition with CD-ROM Electronic Mterils nd

2 These PowerPoint color digrms cn only be used by instructors if the 3 rd Edition hs been dopted for his/her course. Permission is given to individuls who hve purchsed copy of the third edition with CD-ROM Electronic Mterils nd Devices to use these slides in seminr, symposium nd conference presenttions provided tht the book title, uthor nd McGrw-Hill re displyed under ech digrm. Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 2

3 Grdes Week Points Totl Quiz I Section ~ 4 th 5 Exm I All clsses 7 th Lb 5 Quiz II Section ~10 th 5 20 Exm II All clsses 12 th 10 Lb 12th 5 Projects Lb 5 Contribution 5 10 Dr. 3 Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 3

4 Pges (Ksp) Section 1.8 Pges 49 to 60 1-without hexgonl structure nd without plnr concentrtion 2- Tble 1.3 is included except column 3 (Coordintion number) 3- Exmple 1.13 is included. Note tht it contins the reltion between mss density, the tomic concentrtion nd the tomic mss which will be used in solving some problems of sheet 1. Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 4

5 Clssifiction of Mterils AMORPHOUS STATE CRYSTALLINE STATE POLYCRYSTALLINE STATE Dr. 5 Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 5

6 AMORPHOUS STATE CRYSTALLINE STATE POLYCRYSTALLINE STATE Dr. 6 Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 6

7 Sodium chloride (NCl) N + Cl N + Cl N + Cl Cl N + Cl N + Cl N + N + Cl N + Cl N + Cl Cl N + Cl N + Cl N + N + Cl N + Cl N + Cl Cl N + Cl N + Cl N + Dr. 7 Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft () (b) Fig. 1.9: () A schemtic illustrtion of cross section from solid From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2005) NCl. NCl solid is mde of Cl nd N+ ions rrnged lterntingly so tht the oppositely chrged Lecture 1: Crystl ions Structure re closest to ech other nd ttrct ech other. There re lso repulsive forces between the like- AAST Ciro, 7

8 Lttice Crystls Crystl Bsis 90 Unit cell () (b) (c) Unit cell Bsis plcement in unit cell (0,0) y From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2005) (d) (1/2,1/2) Lecture 1: Crystl Structure Dr. 8 Amr Byoumi, unit cell is simple squre with two toms. (d) Plcement of bsis Dr. Ndi Rft x Fig. 1.70: () A simple squre lttice. The unit cell is squre with side. (b) Bsis hs two toms. (c) Crystl = Lttice + Bsis. The toms in the crystl unit cell. AAST Ciro, 8

9 Exmple Unit Cells Dr. 9 Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2005) Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 9

10 Exmple Units Cells CUBIC SYSTEM = b = c 90 UNIT CELL GEOMETRY Mny metls, Al, Cu, Fe, Pb. Mny cermics nd semiconductors, NCl, CsCl, LiF, Si, GAs TETRAGONAL SYSTEM = b c = = = 90 In, Sn, Brium Titnte, TiO 2 Simple cubic Body centered cubic Simple tetrgonl Fce centered cubic Body centered tetrgonl ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM b c = = = 90 S, U, Pl, G (<30 C), Iodine, Cementite (Fe 3 C), Sodium Sulfte Simple orthorhombic Body centered orthorhombic Bse centered orthorhombic Fce centered orthorhombic HEXAGONAL SYSTEM = b c = = 90 ; = 120 Cdmium, Mgnesium, Zinc, Grphite Hexgonl RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM = b = c = = 90 Arsenic, Boron, Bismuth, Antimony, Mercury (< 39 C) Rhombohedrl MONOCLINIC SYSTEM b c = = 90 ; 90 TRICLINIC SYSTEM b c 90 Selenium, Phosphorus Lithium Sulfte Tin Fluoride Simple monoclinic Bse centered monoclinic Potssium dicromte Triclinic Fig. 1.71: The seven crystl systems (unit cell geometries) nd fourteen Brvis lttices. Lecture 1: Crystl Structure Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, AAST Ciro, 2005) 10

11 Cubic Unit Cells All sides equl length All ngles re 90 degrees Dr. 11 Amr Byoumi, Fll 2013 Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 11

12 Number of Atoms per Unit Cell SC BCC FCC n= n= n= Simple Cubic Body Centered Cubic Fce Centered Cubic Dr. 12 Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 12

13 Fce Centered Cubic (FCC) Unit Cell () FCC Unit Cell 2R (b) (c) () The crystl structure of copper is Fce Centered Cubic (FCC). The toms re positioned t well defined sites rrnged periodiclly nd there is long rnge order in the crystl. (b) An FCC unit cell with closed pcked spheres. (c) Reduced sphere representtion of the FCC unit cell. Exmples: Ag, Al, Au, C, Cu, -Fe (>912 C), Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2005) Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 13

14 Body Centered Cubic (BCC) Unit Cell b Exmples: Alkli metls (Li, N, K, Rb), Cr, Mo, W, Mn, -Fe (< 912 C), -Ti (> 882 C). Body centered cubic (BCC) crystl structure. () A BCC unit cell with closely pcked hrd spheres representing the Fe toms. (b) A reduced-sphere unit cell. Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2005) Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 14

15 Dimond nd Zinc Blend Unit Cells Dimond C n= (two interpenetrting Fcc lttices) S Zn Fig. 1.33: The dimond unit cell is cubic. The cell hs eight toms. Grey Sn ( -Sn) nd the elementl semiconductors Ge nd Si hve this crystl structure. Zinc Blende n 1 =, n 2 = Fig. 1.34: The Zinc blende (ZnS) cubic crystl structure. Mny importnt compound crystls hve the zinc blende structure. Lecture 1: Crystl Structure Dr. 15 Amr Exmples: Byoumi, AlAs, GAs, GP, GSb, InAs, InP, InSb, ZnS, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, AAST Ciro, 2005) 15

16 Dimond Crystl The dimond crystl is covlently bonded network of crbon toms. Ech crbon tom is bonded covlently to four neighbors forming regulr three dimensionl pttern of toms which constitutes the dimond crystl. Lecture 1: Crystl Structure Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, AAST Ciro, 2005) 16

17 Atomic Pcking Fctor Atomic Pcking Fctor : Volume of toms in unit cell Volume of unit cell n APF R 3 Mss density: n ( M 3 / N A ) Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 17

18 Miller Indices P. 56 to 60 Section 1.82 Crystl directions nd plnes P. 9 to P. 23 without plnr concentrtion Section 1.3.1, 1.3.2, 1.3.3, 1.3.4, (1.3.6 is not included) Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 18 18

19 Miller Indices Miller indices re groups of numbers used to express different plnes nd directions in the crystl lttice. Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 19 19

20 Directions nd Plnes in Crystl Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 20 20

21 Directions x c [001] c O b z Unit Cell Geometry () A prllelepiped is chosen to describe geometry of unit cell. W e line the x, y nd z xes with the edges of the prllelepiped tking lower-left rer corner s the origin b y x c [111] x o b z Unit cell z o P [121] (b) Identifiction of direction in crystl y o y [010] [010] y y [100] [111] [111] [111] [111] [110] [110] x (c) Directions in cubic crystl system [111] [111] [111] [111] Fmily of <111> directions Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft Fig From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2002) ssk.c Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 21 21

22 Plnes x in te rc e p t t / 2 z in te rc e p t t x z U n it c ell b c y y in te rc e p t t b ( ) Id e n tific tio n o f p l n e in c ry st l M ille r In d ic e s (h k ) : (2 1 0 ) 1 /2 1 z (0 1 0 ) (0 1 0 ) z (0 1 0 ) (0 1 0 ) (0 1 0 ) x y x (0 0 1 ) (1 1 0 ) y (1 0 0 ) z Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft (1 1 1 ) x AAST Ciro, F ro m P rin c ip le s o f E le c tro n ic M te ri ls n d D e v ic e s, S e c o n d E d itio n, S.O. K s p ( M c G r w -H ill, ) h ttp ://M te ri ls.u s s k.c (1 1 1 ) z (b ) V rio u s p l n e s in th e c u b ic lttic e y y x z (1 1 0 ) F ig : L b ellin g o f c ryst l p l n es n d typ ic l ex m p les in th e c u b ic l ttic e Lecture 1: Crystl Structure y 22 22

23 Directions Dr. Amr Byoumi, Dr. Ndi Rft From Principles of Electronic Mterils nd Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Ksp ( McGrw-Hill, 2005) Lecture 1: Crystl Structure AAST Ciro, 23 23

2010. Spring: Electro-Optics (Prof. Sin-Doo Lee, Rm ,

2010. Spring: Electro-Optics (Prof. Sin-Doo Lee, Rm. 301-1109, http://mipd.snu.c.kr) Opticl Wves in Crystls A. Yriv nd P. Yeh (John Wiley, New Jersey, 2003) Week Chpter Week Chpter Mr. 03 * Bsics of Crystl