VIIIA H PREDICTING CHARGE
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1 58 IA PREDICTING CHARGE VIIIA H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA You can reliably determine the charge using our method for Groups IA, IIA, IIIB, Aluminum, and the Group VA, VIA, and VIIA NONMETALS Li Be B C N O F Ne He Na Mg IIIB IVB VB Al Si P VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt "inner" transition metals go here Aluminum (Al): At atomic number 13, it is three electrons away from neon (Ne), and 5 electrons away from argon (Ar). Prediction: Aluminum will lose three electrons to form the cation Al Bromine (Br): At atomic number 35, bromine is one electron away from krypton (Kr). Prediction: Bromine will gain one electron to form the anion Br Strontium (Sr): At atomic number 38, strontium is two electrons away from krypton. Prediction: Strontium will lose two electrons to form the cation Sr
2 59 IA EXAMPLES VIIIA H IIA IIIA IVA VA He VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg IIIB IVB VB Al Si P VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt "inner" transition metals go here Find the formulas of: (1) an ionic compound containing Al and Br (2) an ionic compound containing Mg and O (3) an ionic compound containing S and K
3 60 Find the formula of: * an ionic compound containing Al and Br Find the formula of: * an ionic compound containing Mg and O Find the formula of: * an ionic compound containing S and K Remember, use the
4 61 IA H TRANSITION METAL IONS VIIIA IIA IIIA IVA VA He VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg IIIB IVB VB Al Si P VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt "inner" transition metals go here The transition metals always form CATIONS! However, many transition metals are capable of forming SEVERAL DIFFERENT CATIONS! Example: Iron (Fe) forms two cations, depending on the situation: Fe or Fe
5 62 TRANSITION METAL CATIONS - So how do you know which cation you're dealing with? For now, you'll have to be told - Either the chemical formula of an ionic compound or the name of an ionic compound can tell you what charge is on the transition metal cation. Examples: * The iron ions in this compound have a charge of +3. We call them "iron(iii)" ions... pronounced "iron three". This compound is called "iron(iii) nitride" * The iron ions in this compound have a charge of +2. We call them "iron(ii)" ions... pronounced "iron two". This compound is called "iron(ii) nitride"
6 63 POLYATOMIC IONS - Some MOLECULES can gain or lose electrons to form CATIONS or ANIONS. These are called POLYATOMIC IONS - Polyatomic ions form ionic compounds in the same way that single-element ions do. Example: CARBONATE ION * Use parenthesis when an ionic compound's formula contains more than one of a polyatomic ion. See the web site or page 63 - table 2.5 (9th ed) or table 2.6 (10th ed) - for a list of common polyatomic ions!
7 64 NAMES OF IONS - To properly discuss ions and ionic compounds, we have to know how to name them! CATIONS 3 kinds: Main group cations (metals that take only one charge when forming ions) - The element's name is the same as the ion's name! Mg : "magnesium ion" Transition metal cations (from metals that can form several cations) - The CHARGE of the cation must be given. Use a ROMAN NUMERAL after the element name to indicate charge! Polyatomic cations Fe Fe : "iron(ii) ion" : "Iron(III) ion" - Memorize list. NH : "ammonium ion"
8 65 ANIONS 2 kinds Main-group nonmetals - Use the STEM NAME of the element, then add "-ide" suffix N : "nitride" ion P : "phosphide ion" O : "oxide ion" F : "fluoride ion" Polyatomic ions - Memorize list.(see web site) C H O : "acetate ion" SO : "sulfate ion" NO : "nitrate ion" SO "sulfite ion" NO : "nitrite ion" * Polyatomic ions ending in "-ate" and "-ite" suffixes always contain oxygen! "-ate" ions have more oxygen atoms than their "-ite" counterparts.
9 66 NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS - The name of the compound is based on the name of the ions in the compound - Cation first, anion second Examples: magnesium hydroxide iron(iii) oxide sodium sulfide beryllium bromide * Remember to include the Roman numeral for CHARGE when you're writing transition metal compound names! Page 63 (9th edition): Chart of polyatomic ions Page 64 (10th edition)
VIIIA H PREDICTING CHARGE
58 IA PREDICTING CHARGE VIIIA H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA You can reliably determine the charge using our method for Groups IA, IIA, IIIB, Aluminum, and the Group VA, VIA, and VIIA NONMETALS Li Be B C N
Example: If a simple ionic compound is made of these two ions, what is its formula? In the final formula, don't write the charges on the ions!
88 WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA - if you know the ions that make up a compound, all you need to do is find the smallest ratio of cation to anion the compound needs to have an overall charge of zero Example:
WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA
55 WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA - if you know the ions that make up a compound, all you need to do is find the smallest ratio of cation to anion the compound needs to have an overall charge of zero Example:
WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA
55 WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA - if you know the ions that make up a compound, all you need to do is find the smallest ratio of cation to anion the compound needs to have an overall charge of zero Example:
WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA
WRITING AN IONIC FORMULA - if you know the ions that make up a compound, all you need to do is find the smallest ratio of cation to anion the compound needs to have an overall charge of zero Example: If
EXAMPLES. He VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F Ne
59 IA EXAMPLES VIIIA H IIA IIIA IVA VA He VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg IIIB IVB VB Al Si P VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
IONIC COMPOUNDS. - USUALLY form from metals combining with nonmetals, or from metals combining with metalloids
52 IONIC COMPOUNDS - USUALLY form from metals combining with nonmetals, or from metals combining with metalloids Examples: - almost always solid at room temperature, and usually have relatively high melting
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
48 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - Dalton's theory does not mention this, but there is more than one way for atoms to come together to make chemical compounds! - There are TWO common kinds of chemical compound, classified
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. - Dalton's theory does not mention this, but there is more than one way for atoms to come together to make chemical compounds!
69 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - Dalton's theory does not mention this, but there is more than one way for atoms to come together to make chemical compounds! - There are TWO common kinds of chemical compound, classified
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
48 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - Dalton's theory does not mention this, but there is more than one way for atoms to come together to make chemical compounds! - There are TWO common kinds of chemical compound, classified
EXAMPLES. He VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F Ne
59 IA EXAMPLES VIIIA H IIA IIIA IVA VA He VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg IIIB IVB VB Al Si P VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
Atomic weight: This is a decimal number, but for radioactive elements it is replaced with a number in parenthesis.
47 Blocks on the periodic table 11 Sodium 22.99 Atomic number: This is always a whole number. The periodic table is arranged by atomic number! Element symbol: A one or two letter abbreviation for the name
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
48 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - Dalton's theory does not mention this, but there is more than one way for atoms to come together to make chemical compounds! - There are TWO common kinds of chemical compound, classified
Atomic weight: This is a decimal number, but for radioactive elements it is replaced with a number in parenthesis.
47 Blocks on the periodic table 11 Sodium 22.99 Atomic number: This is always a whole number. The periodic table is arranged by atomic number! Element symbol: A one or two letter abbreviation for the name
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
48 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - Dalton's theory does not mention this, but there is more than one way for atoms to come together to make chemical compounds! - There are TWO common kinds of chemical compound, classified
ORBITAL DIAGRAM - A graphical representation of the quantum number "map" of electrons around an atom.
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- A CHEMICAL BOND is a strong attractive force between the atoms in a compound. attractive forces between oppositely charged ions
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ORBITAL DIAGRAM - A graphical representation of the quantum number "map" of electrons around an atom.
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-"l" also contributes ENERGY. Higher values for "l" mean the electron has higher energy.
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(FIRST) IONIZATION ENERGY
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- A CHEMICAL BOND is a strong attractive force between the atoms in a compound. attractive forces between oppositely charged ions
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... but using electron configurations to describe how aluminum bromide forms is a bit cumbersome! Can we simplify the picture a bit?
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VIIIA He IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA. Li Be B C N O F Ne. Na Mg VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S. K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
188 THE FIRST TWO PERIODIC TRENDS IN A NUTSHELL LARGER IONIZATION ENERGY SMALLER RADIUS IA H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg IIIB IVB VB Al Si P VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB S Cl Ar
-"l" also contributes ENERGY. Higher values for "l" mean the electron has higher energy.
170 - Giving the four parameters will uniquely identify an electron around an atom. No two electrons in the same atom can share all four. These parameters are called QUANTUM NUMBERS. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM
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