Advanced Number Theory Note #8: Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions 29 August 2012 at 19:01
|
|
- Charlene Watts
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Advanced Number Theory Note #8: Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions 29 August 2012 at 19:01 Public In this note, which is intended mainly as a technical memo for myself, I give a 'blow-by-blow' account of a proof of Dirichlet's theorem based on H. Shapiro, 1952, On primes in arithmetic progression II, Ann. of Math. 52: Dirichlet's famous theorem says that any arithmetic progression h, h+ k, h + 2k, h + 3k,..., h + nk,... contains infinitely many primes if gcd(h, k) = 1. The proof is very intricate and makes constant use of properties of Dirichlet characters (see Advanced Number Theory Note #7). In what follows, the positive integer k represents a fixed modulus and h is a fixed integer such that gcd(h, k) = 1. The φ(k) Dirichlet charaters are denoted by with the first denoting the principal character. For non-principal characters χ we write L(1, χ) and L'(1, χ) for the sums of the following series:
2 The convergence of each of these series was demonstrated in Advanced Number Theory Note #7, where it was also shown that L(1, χ) 0 if χ is realvalued. I have divided the demonstration into six steps, each with its own section below. The final sixth step ties all the previous steps together to show how they together constitute a coherent proof of Dirichlet's theorem Step 1 The first step is to prove the following rather complicated formula for the sum of logp/p, where the sum is extended over all those primes p x which are congruent to h modulo k. The formula says that for x > 1 we have To prove this, recall that in Advanced Number Theory Note #5, equation (8), it was shown on the basis of Shapiro's Tauberian theorem that where the sum is extended over all primes p x. To obtain the formula in (1) we need to 'extract' from (2) those terms corresponding to primes of the form
3 p h (mod k) This extraction can be achieved by using the orthogonality relations for Dirichlet characters obtained in Advanced Number Theory Note #7, equation (5), which said the following in relation to a reduced residue system modulo k: Note that this is valid for gcd(n, k) = 1. We now take m = p and n = h, where gcd(h, k) = 1, then multiply both sides by logp/p and sum over all p x to get In the sum on the left of (3) we take out the terms involving only the principal character χ 1 and rewrite (3) in the form
4 But χ 1 *(h) = 1 and χ 1 (p) = 0 unless gcd(p, k) = 1, in which case χ 1 (p) = 1. Therefore the first term on the right of (4) can be written as where the O(1) term arises from the fact that there are only a finite number of primes which divide k. Combining (5) with (4) we get
5 We can use (2) to replace the first term on the right by logx, then dividing through by φ(k) we get (1). QED Step 2 The next step is to prove the following formula for the sum of χ(p)logp/p which appears on the right hand side of (1) above. For x > 1 and nonprincipal χ we have To prove this, begin with the sum where Λ(n) is Mangoldt's function. Recall (see Advanced Number Theory Note #1) that Λ(n) = logp if n = pᵃ and Λ(n) = 0 whenever n is not a prime power. We therefore deduce that
6 We now separate out the terms corresponding to a = 1 and write But the second term on the right hand side of (7) is dominated by so (7) gives us
7 Now recall from Advanced Number Theory Note #1 that Λ(n) = d n μ(d)log(n/d) Therefore In the sum on the right hand side we write n = cd and use the multiplicative property of χ to get Since x/d 1, in the sum over c we can use formula (9) in Advanced Number Theory Note #7 to get Equation (9) above now becomes
8 The sum inside the big-oh term is
9 where the third equality follows from formula (9) in Advanced Number Theory Note #3. Therefore (10) above becomes
10 and substituting this into (8) gives (6). QED Step 3 The next step is to prove the following formula for L(1, χ) times the sum of μ(n)χ(n)/n (this sum appears on the right hand side of (6) above). For x > 1 and non-principal χ we have: To prove this, we use the generalised Möbius inversion formula obtained in the first section of Advanced Number Theory Note #3, which if α is a completely multiplicative arithmetical function says the following:
11 We take α(n) = χ(n) and F(x) = x to obtain where By equation (8) in Advanced Number Theory Note #7, we can write G(x) as G(x) = xl(1, χ) + O(1) Using this in (12) above we find
12 Dividing through by x gives (11). QED Step 4 The next step is to prove that if χ is non-principal and L(1, χ) = 0 then we must have To prove this we will again make use of the generalised Möbius inversion formula invoked in Step 3. This time we take α(n) = χ(n) and F(x) = xlogx to obtain where
13 Now we use formulas (8) and (9) in Advanced Number Theory Note #7 to get where the second equality follows from the fact that L(1, χ) = 0 by assumption here. Therefore (14) gives us
14 We have already seen (towards the end of Step 2) that the big oh term on the right is O(x). Therefore we have Upon dividing through by x we get (13). QED Step 5 In Advanced Number Theory Note #7 we showed that L(1, χ) 0 for real-valued non-principal χ. It is now necessary to show that L(1, χ) 0 for all non-principal χ, whether complex-valued or real-valued. To do this we let N(k) denote the number of non-principal complex-valued characters χ mod k such that L(1, χ) = 0. If L(1, χ) = 0 then L(1, χ*) = 0 and χ χ* since χ is not real. Therefore the complex-valued characters χ for which L(1, χ) = 0 occur in conjugate pairs, so N(k) is even.
15 The goal in this step is to prove that N(k) = 0 and this will be deduced from the following asymptotic formula: For x > 1 we have If N(k) 0 then N(k) 2 since N(k) is even, therefore the coefficient of logx in (15) is negative and the right hand side of (15) - as x. This is a contradiction since all the terms on the left hand side are positive. Therefore (15) implies that N(k) = 0. The proof of (15) will be based on (1) and (13) above. We first use (1) with h = 1 to get In the sum over p on the right hand side we use (6) in Step 2 above, which says that If L(1, χ r ) 0, (11) in Step 3 above shows that the right hand side is O(1) (because we can divide (11) by L(1, χ) to deduce that the sum is O(1), which is the sum appearing on the right hand side above). This situation corresponds to setting N(k) = 0 in (15).
16 However, if L(1, χ r ) = 0 then (13) implies and there are N(k) of these terms, so the sum on the right of (16) becomes and (16) itself becomes (15). This proves (15). QED Step 6 We are now in a position to pull everything together and prove Dirichlet's theorem, which can be formally stated as follows: If k > 0 and gcd(h, k) = 1 there are infinitely many primes in the arithmetic progression nk + h, n = 0, 1, 2,.... Dirichlet's theorem is a consequence of the following asymptotic formula: If k > 0 and gcd(h, k) = 1 we have, for all x > 1,
17 where the sum is extended over those primes p x which are congruent to h modulo k. Since logx as x, this formula implies that there are infinitely many primes p h (mod k), and thus infinitely many primes in the progression nk + h, n = 0, 1, 2,.... The proof of (17) consists of Steps 1 to 5 above, as follows. In Step 1 we proved equation (1), which clearly implies (17) if for all non-principal χ, because then the second term on the right hand side of (1) collapses to O(1) as follows:
18 But in equation (6), which we proved in Step 2, the sum in (18) is expressed in a form which is not extended over primes, and (6) implies (18) if it can be shown that But (19) is exactly what can be deduced from (11) in Step 3 above if L(1, χ) 0 because we can cancel L(1, χ) in (11) as long as it is non-zero. This is why Dirichlet's theorem depends ultimately on the non-vanishing of L(1, χ) for all non-principal characters. We proved in Advanced Number Theory Note #7 that L(1, χ) is non-vanishing for real-valued non-principal χ, and we proved that it is nonvanishing also for complex-valued non-principal χ in Steps 4 and 5 above.
19 Thus, we can obtain (19) from (11), then use (19) in (6) to obtain (18), and finally use (18) in (1) to obtain (17). This proves Dirichlet's theorem. QED
Advanced Number Theory Note #6: Reformulation of the prime number theorem using the Möbius function 7 August 2012 at 00:43
Advanced Number Theory Note #6: Reformulation of the prime number theorem using the Möbius function 7 August 2012 at 00:43 Public One of the more intricate and tricky proofs concerning reformulations of
More informationMath 430 Midterm II Review Packet Spring 2018 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Math 40 Midterm II Review Packet Spring 2018 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS WARNING: Remember, it s best to rely as little as possible on my solutions. Therefore, I urge you to try the problems on your
More informationELEMENTARY PROOF OF DIRICHLET THEOREM
ELEMENTARY PROOF OF DIRICHLET THEOREM ZIJIAN WANG Abstract. In this expository paper, we present the Dirichlet Theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions along with an elementary proof. We first show
More informationas x. Before giving the detailed proof, we outline our strategy. Define the functions for Re s > 1.
Chapter 7 The Prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions 7.1 The Prime number theorem Denote by π( the number of primes. We prove the Prime Number Theorem. Theorem 7.1. We have π( log as. Before
More informationDirichlet s Theorem. Martin Orr. August 21, The aim of this article is to prove Dirichlet s theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions:
Dirichlet s Theorem Martin Orr August 1, 009 1 Introduction The aim of this article is to prove Dirichlet s theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions: Theorem 1.1. If m, a N are coprime, then there
More informationPart II. Number Theory. Year
Part II Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2017 Paper 3, Section I 1G 70 Explain what is meant by an Euler pseudoprime and a strong pseudoprime. Show that 65 is an Euler
More informationMath 324, Fall 2011 Assignment 6 Solutions
Math 324, Fall 2011 Assignment 6 Solutions Exercise 1. (a) Find all positive integers n such that φ(n) = 12. (b) Show that there is no positive integer n such that φ(n) = 14. (c) Let be a positive integer.
More information2x 1 7. A linear congruence in modular arithmetic is an equation of the form. Why is the solution a set of integers rather than a unique integer?
Chapter 3: Theory of Modular Arithmetic 25 SECTION C Solving Linear Congruences By the end of this section you will be able to solve congruence equations determine the number of solutions find the multiplicative
More informationMath 314 Course Notes: Brief description
Brief description These are notes for Math 34, an introductory course in elementary number theory Students are advised to go through all sections in detail and attempt all problems These notes will be
More informationBefore giving the detailed proof, we outline our strategy. Define the functions. for Re s > 1.
Chapter 7 The Prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions 7. The Prime number theorem We denote by π( the number of primes. We prove the Prime Number Theorem. Theorem 7.. We have π( as. log Before
More information2 More on Congruences
2 More on Congruences 2.1 Fermat s Theorem and Euler s Theorem definition 2.1 Let m be a positive integer. A set S = {x 0,x 1,,x m 1 x i Z} is called a complete residue system if x i x j (mod m) whenever
More informationA numerically explicit Burgess inequality and an application to qua
A numerically explicit Burgess inequality and an application to quadratic non-residues Swarthmore College AMS Sectional Meeting Akron, OH October 21, 2012 Squares Consider the sequence Can it contain any
More information(Primes and) Squares modulo p
(Primes and) Squares modulo p Paul Pollack MAA Invited Paper Session on Accessible Problems in Modern Number Theory January 13, 2018 1 of 15 Question Consider the infinite arithmetic progression Does it
More informationarxiv: v2 [math.nt] 31 Jul 2015
TABLE OF DIRICHLET L-SERIES AND PRIME ZETA MODULO FUNCTIONS FOR SMALL MODULI arxiv:1008.2547v2 [math.nt] 31 Jul 2015 RICHARD J. MATHAR Abstract. The Dirichlet characters of reduced residue systems modulo
More informationChapter 1. Introduction to prime number theory. 1.1 The Prime Number Theorem
Chapter 1 Introduction to prime number theory 1.1 The Prime Number Theorem In the first part of this course, we focus on the theory of prime numbers. We use the following notation: we write f( g( as if
More informationAn integer p is prime if p > 1 and p has exactly two positive divisors, 1 and p.
Chapter 6 Prime Numbers Part VI of PJE. Definition and Fundamental Results Definition. (PJE definition 23.1.1) An integer p is prime if p > 1 and p has exactly two positive divisors, 1 and p. If n > 1
More information18.785: Analytic Number Theory, MIT, spring 2006 (K.S. Kedlaya) Dirichlet series and arithmetic functions
18.785: Analytic Number Theory, MIT, spring 2006 (K.S. Kedlaya) Dirichlet series and arithmetic functions 1 Dirichlet series The Riemann zeta function ζ is a special example of a type of series we will
More informationSolving a linear equation in a set of integers II
ACTA ARITHMETICA LXXII.4 (1995) Solving a linear equation in a set of integers II by Imre Z. Ruzsa (Budapest) 1. Introduction. We continue the study of linear equations started in Part I of this paper.
More informationAll variables a, b, n, etc are integers unless otherwise stated. Each part of a problem is worth 5 points.
Math 152, Problem Set 2 solutions (2018-01-24) All variables a, b, n, etc are integers unless otherwise stated. Each part of a problem is worth 5 points. 1. Let us look at the following equation: x 5 1
More informationTheorem 1.1 (Prime Number Theorem, Hadamard, de la Vallée Poussin, 1896). let π(x) denote the number of primes x. Then x as x. log x.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Prime Number Theorem In this course, we focus on the theory of prime numbers. We use the following notation: we write f( g( as if lim f(/g( = 1, and denote by log the natural
More informationRelations. Binary Relation. Let A and B be sets. A (binary) relation from A to B is a subset of A B. Notation. Let R A B be a relation from A to B.
Relations Binary Relation Let A and B be sets. A (binary) relation from A to B is a subset of A B. Notation Let R A B be a relation from A to B. If (a, b) R, we write a R b. 1 Binary Relation Example:
More informationCHAPTER 6. Prime Numbers. Definition and Fundamental Results
CHAPTER 6 Prime Numbers Part VI of PJE. Definition and Fundamental Results 6.1. Definition. (PJE definition 23.1.1) An integer p is prime if p > 1 and the only positive divisors of p are 1 and p. If n
More information2x 1 7. A linear congruence in modular arithmetic is an equation of the form. Why is the solution a set of integers rather than a unique integer?
Chapter 3: Theory of Modular Arithmetic 25 SECTION C Solving Linear Congruences By the end of this section you will be able to solve congruence equations determine the number of solutions find the multiplicative
More information3.2 Solving linear congruences. v3
3.2 Solving linear congruences. v3 Solving equations of the form ax b (mod m), where x is an unknown integer. Example (i) Find an integer x for which 56x 1 mod 93. Solution We have already solved this
More informationChapter 1. Introduction to prime number theory. 1.1 The Prime Number Theorem
Chapter 1 Introduction to prime number theory 1.1 The Prime Number Theorem In the first part of this course, we focus on the theory of prime numbers. We use the following notation: we write f g as if lim
More informationThe Prime Number Theorem
Chapter 3 The Prime Number Theorem This chapter gives without proof the two basic results of analytic number theory. 3.1 The Theorem Recall that if f(x), g(x) are two real-valued functions, we write to
More informationMATH 310: Homework 7
1 MATH 310: Homework 7 Due Thursday, 12/1 in class Reading: Davenport III.1, III.2, III.3, III.4, III.5 1. Show that x is a root of unity modulo m if and only if (x, m 1. (Hint: Use Euler s theorem and
More informationFirst, let me recall the formula I want to prove. Again, ψ is the function. ψ(x) = n<x
8.785: Analytic Number heory, MI, spring 007 (K.S. Kedlaya) von Mangoldt s formula In this unit, we derive von Mangoldt s formula estimating ψ(x) x in terms of the critical zeroes of the Riemann zeta function.
More informationCHAPTER 3. Congruences. Congruence: definitions and properties
CHAPTER 3 Congruences Part V of PJE Congruence: definitions and properties Definition. (PJE definition 19.1.1) Let m > 0 be an integer. Integers a and b are congruent modulo m if m divides a b. We write
More information1, for s = σ + it where σ, t R and σ > 1
DIRICHLET L-FUNCTIONS AND DEDEKIND ζ-functions FRIMPONG A. BAIDOO Abstract. We begin by introducing Dirichlet L-functions which we use to prove Dirichlet s theorem on arithmetic progressions. From there,
More informationMULTIPLICATIVE SEMIGROUPS RELATED TO THE 3x +1 PROBLEM. 1. Introduction The 3x +1iteration is given by the function on the integers for x even 3x+1
MULTIPLICATIVE SEMIGROUPS RELATED TO THE 3x + PROBLEM ANA CARAIANI Abstract. Recently Lagarias introduced the Wild semigroup, which is intimately connected to the 3x + Conjecture. Applegate and Lagarias
More informationChapter 5. Number Theory. 5.1 Base b representations
Chapter 5 Number Theory The material in this chapter offers a small glimpse of why a lot of facts that you ve probably nown and used for a long time are true. It also offers some exposure to generalization,
More information198 VOLUME 46/47, NUMBER 3
LAWRENCE SOMER Abstract. Rotkiewicz has shown that there exist Fibonacci pseudoprimes having the forms p(p + 2), p(2p 1), and p(2p + 3), where all the terms in the products are odd primes. Assuming Dickson
More informationANALYTIC NUMBER THEORY AND DIRICHLET S THEOREM
ANALYTIC NUMBER THEORY AND DIRICHLET S THEOREM JOHN BINDER Abstract. In this aer, we rove Dirichlet s theorem that, given any air h, k with h, k) =, there are infinitely many rime numbers congruent to
More informationMath 229: Introduction to Analytic Number Theory Elementary approaches I: Variations on a theme of Euclid
Math 229: Introduction to Analytic Number Theory Elementary approaches I: Variations on a theme of Euclid Like much of mathematics, the history of the distribution of primes begins with Euclid: Theorem
More informationCarmichael numbers and the sieve
June 9, 2015 Dedicated to Carl Pomerance in honor of his 70th birthday Carmichael numbers Fermat s little theorem asserts that for any prime n one has a n a (mod n) (a Z) Carmichael numbers Fermat s little
More informationTOPICS IN NUMBER THEORY - EXERCISE SHEET I. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
TOPICS IN NUMBER THEORY - EXERCISE SHEET I École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Exercise Non-vanishing of Dirichlet L-functions on the line Rs) = ) Let q and let χ be a Dirichlet character modulo q.
More information2 Asymptotic density and Dirichlet density
8.785: Analytic Number Theory, MIT, sring 2007 (K.S. Kedlaya) Primes in arithmetic rogressions In this unit, we first rove Dirichlet s theorem on rimes in arithmetic rogressions. We then rove the rime
More information2 Asymptotic density and Dirichlet density
8.785: Analytic Number Theory, MIT, sring 2007 (K.S. Kedlaya) Primes in arithmetic rogressions In this unit, we first rove Dirichlet s theorem on rimes in arithmetic rogressions. We then rove the rime
More informationMath 259: Introduction to Analytic Number Theory Primes in arithmetic progressions: Dirichlet characters and L-functions
Math 259: Introduction to Analytic Number Theory Primes in arithmetic progressions: Dirichlet characters and L-functions Dirichlet extended Euler s analysis from π(x) to π(x, a mod q) := #{p x : p is a
More informationNotes on Systems of Linear Congruences
MATH 324 Summer 2012 Elementary Number Theory Notes on Systems of Linear Congruences In this note we will discuss systems of linear congruences where the moduli are all different. Definition. Given the
More informationThe Weil bounds. 1 The Statement
The Weil bounds Topics in Finite Fields Fall 013) Rutgers University Swastik Kopparty Last modified: Thursday 16 th February, 017 1 The Statement As we suggested earlier, the original form of the Weil
More informationSolution Sheet (i) q = 5, r = 15 (ii) q = 58, r = 15 (iii) q = 3, r = 7 (iv) q = 6, r = (i) gcd (97, 157) = 1 = ,
Solution Sheet 2 1. (i) q = 5, r = 15 (ii) q = 58, r = 15 (iii) q = 3, r = 7 (iv) q = 6, r = 3. 2. (i) gcd (97, 157) = 1 = 34 97 21 157, (ii) gcd (527, 697) = 17 = 4 527 3 697, (iii) gcd (2323, 1679) =
More informationMATH 115, SUMMER 2012 LECTURE 4 THURSDAY, JUNE 21ST
MATH 115, SUMMER 2012 LECTURE 4 THURSDAY, JUNE 21ST JAMES MCIVOR Today we enter Chapter 2, which is the heart of this subject. Before starting, recall that last time we saw the integers have unique factorization
More information3.7 Non-linear Diophantine Equations
37 Non-linear Diophantine Equations As an example of the use of congruences we can use them to show when some Diophantine equations do not have integer solutions This is quite a negative application -
More informationMath 299 Supplement: Modular Arithmetic Nov 8, 2013
Math 299 Supplement: Modular Arithmetic Nov 8, 2013 Numbers modulo n. We have previously seen examples of clock arithmetic, an algebraic system with only finitely many numbers. In this lecture, we make
More informationMathematics for Cryptography
Mathematics for Cryptography Douglas R. Stinson David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada March 15, 2016 1 Groups and Modular Arithmetic 1.1
More informationARITHMETIC OF THE 13-REGULAR PARTITION FUNCTION MODULO 3
ARITHMETIC OF THE 13-REGULAR PARTITION FUNCTION MODULO 3 JOHN J WEBB Abstract. Let b 13 n) denote the number of 13-regular partitions of n. We study in this paper the behavior of b 13 n) modulo 3 where
More informationOn pseudosquares and pseudopowers
On pseudosquares and pseudopowers Carl Pomerance Department of Mathematics Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3551, USA carl.pomerance@dartmouth.edu Igor E. Shparlinski Department of Computing Macquarie
More informationThis exam contains 5 pages (including this cover page) and 4 questions. The total number of points is 100. Grade Table
MAT115A-21 Summer Session 2 2018 Practice Final Solutions Name: Time Limit: 1 Hour 40 Minutes Instructor: Nathaniel Gallup This exam contains 5 pages (including this cover page) and 4 questions. The total
More informationA LITTLE BIT OF NUMBER THEORY
A LITTLE BIT OF NUMBER THEORY ROBERT P. LANGLANDS In the following few pages, several arithmetical theorems are stated. They are meant as a sample. Some are old, some are new. The point is that one now
More informationPrimes in arithmetic progressions
(September 26, 205) Primes in arithmetic progressions Paul Garrett garrett@math.umn.edu http://www.math.umn.edu/ garrett/ [This document is http://www.math.umn.edu/ garrett/m/mfms/notes 205-6/06 Dirichlet.pdf].
More informationHOMEWORK 11 MATH 4753
HOMEWORK 11 MATH 4753 Recall that R = Z[x]/(x N 1) where N > 1. For p > 1 any modulus (not necessarily prime), R p = (Z/pZ)[x]/(x N 1). We do not assume p, q are prime below unless otherwise stated. Question
More informationDimensions of the spaces of cusp forms and newforms on Γ 0 (N) and Γ 1 (N)
Journal of Number Theory 11 005) 98 331 www.elsevier.com/locate/jnt Dimensions of the spaces of cusp forms and newforms on Γ 0 N) and Γ 1 N) Greg Martin Department of Mathematics, University of British
More informationSubquadratic Space Complexity Multiplication over Binary Fields with Dickson Polynomial Representation
Subquadratic Space Complexity Multiplication over Binary Fields with Dickson Polynomial Representation M A Hasan and C Negre Abstract We study Dickson bases for binary field representation Such representation
More informationAn Arithmetic Function Arising from the Dedekind ψ Function
An Arithmetic Function Arising from the Dedekind ψ Function arxiv:1501.00971v2 [math.nt] 7 Jan 2015 Colin Defant Department of Mathematics University of Florida United States cdefant@ufl.edu Abstract We
More informationA field F is a set of numbers that includes the two numbers 0 and 1 and satisfies the properties:
Byte multiplication 1 Field arithmetic A field F is a set of numbers that includes the two numbers 0 and 1 and satisfies the properties: F is an abelian group under addition, meaning - F is closed under
More informationMATH 115, SUMMER 2012 LECTURE 12
MATH 115, SUMMER 2012 LECTURE 12 JAMES MCIVOR - last time - we used hensel s lemma to go from roots of polynomial equations mod p to roots mod p 2, mod p 3, etc. - from there we can use CRT to construct
More informationMath 324, Fall 2011 Assignment 7 Solutions. 1 (ab) γ = a γ b γ mod n.
Math 324, Fall 2011 Assignment 7 Solutions Exercise 1. (a) Suppose a and b are both relatively prime to the positive integer n. If gcd(ord n a, ord n b) = 1, show ord n (ab) = ord n a ord n b. (b) Let
More informationSOME CONGRUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EQUATION X α = X β IN CERTAIN FINITE SEMIGROUPS
SOME CONGRUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EQUATION X α = X β IN CERTAIN FINITE SEMIGROUPS THOMAS W. MÜLLER Abstract. Let H be a finite group, T n the symmetric semigroup of degree n, and let α, β be integers
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.nt] 24 Mar 2009
A NOTE ON THE FOURTH MOMENT OF DIRICHLET L-FUNCTIONS H. M. BUI AND D. R. HEATH-BROWN arxiv:93.48v [math.nt] 4 Mar 9 Abstract. We prove an asymptotic formula for the fourth power mean of Dirichlet L-functions
More informationNumber Theory Homework.
Number Theory Homewor. 1. The Theorems of Fermat, Euler, and Wilson. 1.1. Fermat s Theorem. The following is a special case of a result we have seen earlier, but as it will come up several times in this
More information1 Sieving an interval
Math 05 notes, wee 9 C. Pomerance Sieving an interval It is interesting that our sieving apparatus that we have developed is robust enough to handle some problems on the distribution of prime numbers that
More informationConstruction of latin squares of prime order
Construction of latin squares of prime order Theorem. If p is prime, then there exist p 1 MOLS of order p. Construction: The elements in the latin square will be the elements of Z p, the integers modulo
More informationMATH 433 Applied Algebra Lecture 4: Modular arithmetic (continued). Linear congruences.
MATH 433 Applied Algebra Lecture 4: Modular arithmetic (continued). Linear congruences. Congruences Let n be a postive integer. The integers a and b are called congruent modulo n if they have the same
More informationElementary Number Theory. Franz Luef
Elementary Number Theory Congruences Modular Arithmetic Congruence The notion of congruence allows one to treat remainders in a systematic manner. For each positive integer greater than 1 there is an arithmetic
More informationFor your quiz in recitation this week, refer to these exercise generators:
Monday, Oct 29 Today we will talk about inverses in modular arithmetic, and the use of inverses to solve linear congruences. For your quiz in recitation this week, refer to these exercise generators: GCD
More informationHomework 10 M 373K by Mark Lindberg (mal4549)
Homework 10 M 373K by Mark Lindberg (mal4549) 1. Artin, Chapter 11, Exercise 1.1. Prove that 7 + 3 2 and 3 + 5 are algebraic numbers. To do this, we must provide a polynomial with integer coefficients
More informationCongruent Number Problem and Elliptic curves
Congruent Number Problem and Elliptic curves December 12, 2010 Contents 1 Congruent Number problem 2 1.1 1 is not a congruent number.................................. 2 2 Certain Elliptic Curves 4 3 Using
More informationChapter 2. Limits and Continuity 2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs
2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs Chapter 2. Limits and Continuity 2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs Definition. Formal Definition of Limits at Infinity.. We say that
More informationThe Least Inert Prime in a Real Quadratic Field
Explicit Palmetto Number Theory Series December 4, 2010 Explicit An upperbound on the least inert prime in a real quadratic field An integer D is a fundamental discriminant if and only if either D is squarefree,
More informationA little bit of number theory
A little bit of number theory In the following few pages, several arithmetical theorems are stated. They are meant as a sample. Some are old, some are new. The point is that one now knows, for the reasons
More informationLecture Notes. Advanced Discrete Structures COT S
Lecture Notes Advanced Discrete Structures COT 4115.001 S15 2015-01-13 Recap Divisibility Prime Number Theorem Euclid s Lemma Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Euclidean Algorithm Basic Notions - Section
More informationProof 1: Using only ch. 6 results. Since gcd(a, b) = 1, we have
Exercise 13. Consider positive integers a, b, and c. (a) Suppose gcd(a, b) = 1. (i) Show that if a divides the product bc, then a must divide c. I give two proofs here, to illustrate the different methods.
More informationAlmost Primes of the Form p c
Almost Primes of the Form p c University of Missouri zgbmf@mail.missouri.edu Pre-Conference Workshop of Elementary, Analytic, and Algorithmic Number Theory Conference in Honor of Carl Pomerance s 70th
More informationTutorial 6 - MUB and Complex Inner Product
Tutorial 6 - MUB and Complex Inner Product Mutually unbiased bases Consider first a vector space called R It is composed of all the vectors you can draw on a plane All of them are of the form: ( ) r v
More informationMATH 361: NUMBER THEORY FOURTH LECTURE
MATH 361: NUMBER THEORY FOURTH LECTURE 1. Introduction Everybody knows that three hours after 10:00, the time is 1:00. That is, everybody is familiar with modular arithmetic, the usual arithmetic of the
More informationTheory of Numbers Problems
Theory of Numbers Problems Antonios-Alexandros Robotis Robotis October 2018 1 First Set 1. Find values of x and y so that 71x 50y = 1. 2. Prove that if n is odd, then n 2 1 is divisible by 8. 3. Define
More information2.3 In modular arithmetic, all arithmetic operations are performed modulo some integer.
CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO NUMBER THEORY ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 2.1 A nonzero b is a divisor of a if a = mb for some m, where a, b, and m are integers. That is, b is a divisor of a if there is no remainder
More informationOn pseudosquares and pseudopowers
On pseudosquares and pseudopowers Carl Pomerance Department of Mathematics Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755-3551, USA carl.pomerance@dartmouth.edu Igor E. Shparlinski Department of Computing Macquarie
More informationCSCE 564, Fall 2001 Notes 6 Page 1 13 Random Numbers The great metaphysical truth in the generation of random numbers is this: If you want a function
CSCE 564, Fall 2001 Notes 6 Page 1 13 Random Numbers The great metaphysical truth in the generation of random numbers is this: If you want a function that is reasonably random in behavior, then take any
More informationMath 109 HW 9 Solutions
Math 109 HW 9 Solutions Problems IV 18. Solve the linear diophantine equation 6m + 10n + 15p = 1 Solution: Let y = 10n + 15p. Since (10, 15) is 5, we must have that y = 5x for some integer x, and (as we
More information#A31 INTEGERS 11 (2011) COMPLETELY MULTIPLICATIVE AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS
#A3 INTEGERS (20) COMPLETELY MULTIPLICATIVE AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS Jan-Christoph Schlage-Puchta Department of Mathematics, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium jcsp@cage.ugent.be Received: 3//0, Accepted: /6/,
More informationNOTES ON ZHANG S PRIME GAPS PAPER
NOTES ON ZHANG S PRIME GAPS PAPER TERENCE TAO. Zhang s results For any natural number H, let P (H) denote the assertion that there are infinitely many pairs of distinct primes p, q with p q H; thus for
More information12x + 18y = 50. 2x + v = 12. (x, v) = (6 + k, 2k), k Z.
Math 3, Fall 010 Assignment 3 Solutions Exercise 1. Find all the integral solutions of the following linear diophantine equations. Be sure to justify your answers. (i) 3x + y = 7. (ii) 1x + 18y = 50. (iii)
More informationFermat s Little Theorem. Fermat s little theorem is a statement about primes that nearly characterizes them.
Fermat s Little Theorem Fermat s little theorem is a statement about primes that nearly characterizes them. Theorem: Let p be prime and a be an integer that is not a multiple of p. Then a p 1 1 (mod p).
More informationDiscrete Mathematics CS October 17, 2006
Discrete Mathematics CS 2610 October 17, 2006 Uncountable sets Theorem: The set of real numbers is uncountable. If a subset of a set is uncountable, then the set is uncountable. The cardinality of a subset
More informationA SURVEY OF PRIMALITY TESTS
A SURVEY OF PRIMALITY TESTS STEFAN LANCE Abstract. In this paper, we show how modular arithmetic and Euler s totient function are applied to elementary number theory. In particular, we use only arithmetic
More informationCONGRUENCES FOR POWERS OF THE PARTITION FUNCTION
CONGRUENCES FOR POWERS OF THE PARTITION FUNCTION MADELINE LOCUS AND IAN WAGNER Abstract. Let p tn denote the number of partitions of n into t colors. In analogy with Ramanujan s work on the partition function,
More informationLECTURE 4: CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM AND MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS
LECTURE 4: CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM AND MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS 1. The Chinese Remainder Theorem We now seek to analyse the solubility of congruences by reinterpreting their solutions modulo a composite
More informationNumber Theory Solutions Packet
Number Theory Solutions Pacet 1 There exist two distinct positive integers, both of which are divisors of 10 10, with sum equal to 157 What are they? Solution Suppose 157 = x + y for x and y divisors of
More informationGenerating Functions (Revised Edition)
Math 700 Fall 06 Notes Generating Functions (Revised Edition What is a generating function? An ordinary generating function for a sequence (a n n 0 is the power series A(x = a nx n. The exponential generating
More information1. Prove that the number cannot be represented as a 2 +3b 2 for any integers a and b. (Hint: Consider the remainder mod 3).
1. Prove that the number 123456782 cannot be represented as a 2 +3b 2 for any integers a and b. (Hint: Consider the remainder mod 3). Solution: First, note that 123456782 2 mod 3. How did we find out?
More informationOn some lower bounds of some symmetry integrals. Giovanni Coppola Università di Salerno
On some lower bounds of some symmetry integrals Giovanni Coppola Università di Salerno www.giovannicoppola.name 0 We give lower bounds of symmetry integrals I f (, h) def = sgn(n x)f(n) 2 dx n x h of arithmetic
More informationON PRIMES IN QUADRATIC PROGRESSIONS & THE SATO-TATE CONJECTURE
ON PRIMES IN QUADRATIC PROGRESSIONS & THE SATO-TATE CONJECTURE LIANGYI ZHAO INSTITUTIONEN FÖR MATEMATIK KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN (DEPT. OF MATH., ROYAL INST. OF OF TECH.) STOCKHOLM SWEDEN Dirichlet
More informationPade Approximations and the Transcendence
Pade Approximations and the Transcendence of π Ernie Croot March 9, 27 1 Introduction Lindemann proved the following theorem, which implies that π is transcendental: Theorem 1 Suppose that α 1,..., α k
More informationMATH 501 Discrete Mathematics. Lecture 6: Number theory. German University Cairo, Department of Media Engineering and Technology.
MATH 501 Discrete Mathematics Lecture 6: Number theory Prof. Dr. Slim Abdennadher, slim.abdennadher@guc.edu.eg German University Cairo, Department of Media Engineering and Technology 1 Number theory Number
More informationSTRINGS OF CONSECUTIVE PRIMES IN FUNCTION FIELDS NOAM TANNER
STRINGS OF CONSECUTIVE PRIMES IN FUNCTION FIELDS NOAM TANNER Abstract In a recent paper, Thorne [5] proved the existence of arbitrarily long strings of consecutive primes in arithmetic progressions in
More informationON THE SEMIPRIMITIVITY OF CYCLIC CODES
ON THE SEMIPRIMITIVITY OF CYCLIC CODES YVES AUBRY AND PHILIPPE LANGEVIN Abstract. We prove, without assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, but with at most one exception, that an irreducible cyclic
More informationMath 259: Introduction to Analytic Number Theory L(s, χ) as an entire function; Gauss sums
Math 259: Introduction to Analytic Number Theory L(s, χ) as an entire function; Gauss sums We first give, as promised, the analytic proof of the nonvanishing of L(1, χ) for a Dirichlet character χ mod
More information