Magnifiers. 5.1 Optical Instruments - Polarization. Angular size
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1 5.1 Otical Instrumnts - Plarizatin Otical Instrumnts Siml magniir Cmund micrsc Tlsc Wav tics Plarizatin Magniirs W magniy t imag a small bjct by bringing it cls t ur y. But w cannt bring it clsr tan t nar int. A magniir can rduc a largr imag t bjct at t nar int (r artr away) tat can b cusd n by t y. T largr imag is du t Angular Magniicatin Angular siz 5 cm P uncusd T angl incrass as dcrass T imag siz incrass Objcts clsr tan t nar int ar nt in cus. Nt t scal imag n rtina Siml Magniir A cnvrging lns in cmbinatin wit t lns t y rms an imag n t rtina rm an bjct clsr tan t nar int t y. Ignr t distanc 5 cm btwn t lns and t y Virtual imag rmd by magniir Largr Ral imag Angular Magniicatin T angular magniicatin is t rati r t magniid imag cmard t valu r t bjct at t nar int t y. (5 cm) Magniid Unmagniid virtual imag 5 cm 5 cm m = bjct Angular magniicatin T angular magniicatin r t siml magniir can av a rang valus bcaus t cal lngt t y can vary du t accmmdatin. T simlst cas is t magniicatin r t rlaxd y. (cusd at ininity) 1
2 Magniid Unmagniid Angular magniicatin q = -ininity 5 cm 5 cm tan = bjct Siml Magniir Siml magniir. A siml magniir wit a cal lngt 5.0 cm is usd t viw an insct. Wat is t angular magniicatin r a rlaxd y? 5cm 5cm m= = = cm r small angls tan ~ Angular magniicatin 0 5cm 5cm m = = is t cal lngt t lns in cm. Siml magniirs. T angular magniicatin r a singl lns is limitd by abrratin t abut 4. Cmbinatin lnss can av magniicatin t abut 0. Cmund Micrscs. Magniicatin by lnss. Objctiv lns Prducs an nlargd ral imag t bjct. Eyic Usd lik a siml magniir t viw t imag. T nt angular magniicatin t rduct t tw magniicatins. Cmund micrsc Cmund micrsc Eyic Objctiv Nt t scal T bjctiv lns rducs a magniid ral imag I 1 T imag is viwd trug t yic.
3 Tw stags magniicatin by 1) bjctiv and ) yic. Ttal Magniicatin is t rduct Nt t scal T bjctiv lns rducs a magniid ral imag I 1 T imag is viwd trug t yic. M q L = 1 1 5cm m = Fr rlaxd y L(5cm) m= Mm 1 = Magniicatin incrass wn and gt smallr. Magniicatin A cmund micrsc as an bjctiv lns and yic wit a cal lngts 1.5 cm and.0 cm rsctivly. T micrsc is 0 cm lng. Find t angular magniicatin Rracting Tlsc Tw lnss Objctiv lns rducs a rducd imag a distant bjct nar t cal int. Eyic usd t magniy t imag. L (5cm) 0 (5cm) m = = = Angular magniicatin - rati t cal lngt t bjctiv and t yic ' = ' = Tlsc T Hubbl sac tlsc as an bjctiv mirrr wit a cal lngt 57.8 m viwd wit tics quivalnt t an yic wit a cal lngt 7.x10-3 m Wat is t angular magniicatin? = = 57.8 = 3 m 8.0x x10 Angular magniicatin m = = cus at ininity 3
4 Hubbl Tlsc Imag M100 Siral Galaxy (NASA) Limits t magniicatin Fr rracting tics tr ar rblms crmatic and srical abrratin. Prblms in rcisin in cnstructing t rracting and rlcting suracs. Diractin A basic rblms aving t d wit t wav natur ligt (discussd nxt wk) Plarizatin Plarizd Ligt Plarizatin by absrtin Plarizatin by rlctin Plarizatin by scattring Wav Prrtis Ligt Wav tics r Pysical tics is t study t wav rrtis ligt. Sm wav rrtis ar: Intrrnc, diractin, and larizatin. Ts rrtis av usul alicatins in tical dvics suc as cmact discs, diractin gratings, larizrs. Plarizatin Plarizd ligt as it E ild alng n dirctin. Ligt can b larizd by svral dirnt rcsss Absrtin Plarid iltr Rlctin Brwstr s angl Scattring Ligt rm t sky Plarizd ligt as many alicatins Plarid sunglasss, Plarizatin micrscy, liquid crystal dislay. Ligt is a transvrs wav A lan wav wit Elctric ild in t y dirctin Tr is n E ild in t dirctin ragatin 4
5 Plarizd and un-larizd ligt Plarizatin by absrtin E y Orintd mlculs absrb ligt wit E alng y dirctin E z un-larizd Unlarizd Ligt as E ild at any instant can av E in any dirctin. Plarizd Ligt as E ild in a crtain dirctin Plarid ilm r an idal larizr t intnsity is rducd by 1/ I E z larizd larizd 1 = I unlarizd Plarizd ligt assing trug a larizr at angl E E cs aralll cmnnt transmittd E cs Plarizd ligt assing tug a larizr T angl larizatin cangs Esin But I E Trr transmittd intnsity I = I cs I I cs Dcras in intnsity wn larizd ligt asss trug a larizr I= I cs Law Malus Tw larizrs I=I cs Examl Un-larizd ligt is incidnt un tw larizrs tat av tir larizatin axs at an angl 45. I t incidnt ligt intnsity is Iwat is t inal intnsity? 45 =0 =45 =90 Crssd-larizrs I I I I I I = cs 45 = = 4 1 I cs 5
6 Plarizatin by rlctin Un-larizd ligt can b larizd by rlctin at a sciic larizatin angl (Brwstr s angl) Plarizatin by rlctin E is t lan incidnc Un-larizd Fully larizd n 1 Tis E cmnnt is absnt n tan = n 1 90 n Rlctd bam is Partially larizd Rlctd bam is Fully larizd Examl Sus yu wantd t av ully larizd ligt by rlctin at t air watr intrac. Wat cnditins wuld yu us? Wat wuld b t dirctin t larizd E ild? Angl incidnc qual n 1 =1.00 t t larizing angl Plarizatin by rlctin n =1.333 tan n1 n = = = 53 E wuld b t t lan incidnc. n iltr larizing iltr T rlctd ligt is larizd - Plarizatin by scattring Plan wav as n E ild in t dirctin ragatin Scattring articl as scillatins artially larizd in t lan t t dirctin ragatin Plarizatin ligt by air bsrvr scattrd ligt is artially larizd wit E ild t t dirctin ragatin t incidnt ligt 6
7 Plarizatin scattrd ligt Ligt rm t sky is artially larizd Alicatins- Crssd Plarizrs n iltr larizing iltr Crssd larizrs usd t dtct matrials tat rtat t lan larizd ligt (tically activ matrials) including many bilgical matrials and matrials undr mcanical strss Alicatins Liquid crystal dislay (LCD) Orintd mlculs rtat t lan t larizd ligt Ligt Dark Wn an lctric ild is alid t mlculs rrint s tat t ligt is nt rtatd. LCD dislays 7
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