Content. Thermal insulation

Transcription

1 Content Basic information on window systems 121 Basic information in general 126 Basic information on curtain wall systems 128 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI

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3 Basic information on window systems General Used symbols and indices, general defi nitions Used symbols and indices Symbols as used A Surface m 2 b Width of the thermal separation zone in a profile mm B Facing width of a profile mm U Thermal transmission coefficient (U-value) W/(m 2 K) I Length of the linear thermal bridge m ε Emission ratio - λ Thermal conductivity W/(mK) Ψ Linear thermal transmission coefficient W/(mK) Indices as used cw f g m p t w Curtain wall Frame Glass Mullion Panel Transom Window Definition of the U-value The so-called U value (thermal transmission coefficient) is a measure for the heat flow transmission of a building element. It indicates the heat flow passing through per square meter of a building element, while the temperature difference between the air on both sides is one Kelvin. The unit is Influence of the surface on the U f -value (emissivity) The emissivity ε of a surface indicates how much thermal radiation it emits in comparison to an ideal thermal radiator, a black body. The emissivities depend on the material and on the surface properties. This means that the U f -value of frame profiles significantly depends on the surface used and its radiation properties (emissivity). Distinction is made here between: ε = 0.1 metallically bare surfaces ε = 0.3 slightly oxidised surfaces ε = 0.9 anodised, painted or powder-coated surfaces The heat flow due to radiation increases with increasing emissivity, whereby the U f -value increases accordingly

4 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the U w -value according to DIN EN ISO Calculation of the U w -value For calculating the U w -value, the thermal transmission coefficient of the frame (U f ) and the glass (U g ), as well as the corresponding areas related to the thermal bridge (ψ g ) existing in the transition between glass and frame (l g ). By filling the respective values in the formula below, the U w -value can be calculated. U w = ΣA g U g + ΣA f U f + ΣI g Ψ g ΣA g + ΣA f In case panels are used within a window element, these will be considered according to the glazing, however with a deviating linear thermal transmission coefficient ψ p for the panel. U w = ΣA g U g + ΣA f U f + ΣA p U p + ΣI g Ψ g + ΣI p Ψ p ΣA g + ΣA f + ΣA p Abbreviations: U w Thermal transmission coefficient of the complete window in W/(m²K) U g Thermal transmission coefficient of the glazing in W/(m²K) U f Thermal transmission coefficient of the frame in W/(m²K) U p Thermal transmission coefficient of the panel in W/(m²K) A w Total surface of the window in m², A w = A g + A f + A p A g Facing surface of the glazing in m² A f Facing surface of the frame in m² A p Facing surface of the panel in m 2 l g Visible perimeter of the glass pane in m Ψ g Length-related thermal transmission coefficient of the glass pane in W/mK l p Visible perimeter of the panel in m Length-related thermal transmission coefficient of the panel in W/mK Ψ p Important: If the perimeter l g, or l p respectively, and the interior and exterior frame surfaces A f differ, the major value between the two is used. For the glass surface A g or panel A p, the smaller value is to be used. A f = max. (A f,i ; A f,a ) surface frame, interior ; surface frame, exterior A g = min. (A g,i ; A g,a ) surface glazing, interior ;surface glazing, exterior A p = min. (A p,i ; A p,a ) surface paneel, interior ;surface paneel, exterior l g = max. (l g,i ; l g,a ) length glazing, interior ; length glazing, exterior

5 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the Ψ g -value frame according to DIN EN ISO or DIN EN ISO Calculation of the Ψ g -value The linear thermal transmission coefficient ψ g describes the heat loss caused by building the glazing into the frame. The value ψ g essentially depends on the type of distance piece used in the heatabsorbing glass. The ψ g -value depends on the following parameters: Frame material (aluminium, plastic, timber) Glazing (double/triple glazing) Heat-absorbing glass edge bond (stainless steel, aluminium, plastics) The ψ g -value can be calculated according to EN ISO , or read from charts E.1 and E.2 in EN ISO Chart E.1 is valid for distance pieces made of aluminium and stainless steel, chart E.2 relates to distance pieces with improved thermal conductivity. Distance pieces with improved thermal conductivity are those in accordance with the following formula: Σ(d λ) The total sum relates to any heat flows parallel to the principal heat flow direction. The thickness d is measured vertically to the main heat flow direction; the values regarding the thermal conductivity of distance pieces should be taken from ISO or ISO (d 1 λ 1 ) λ 1 d 1 d 1 d 2 (d 2 λ 2 ) Hohle hollow Abstandhalter distance pieces Σ(d λ) = = 2(d 2(d 1 1 λ 1 ) λ+ 1 )(d + 2 (d 2 λ 2 ) λ 2 ) Solid Fixe distance Abstandhalter pieces Σ(d λ) = (d 1 λ 1 ) Abbreviations: d Wall thickness of the distance piece in m λ Thermal conductivity of the distance piece s material in W/(m K) Charts E.1 und E.2 in EN ISO : Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ g in W/(mK) Frame material Double or triple heat-absorbing glazing, uncoated glass, air or gas interspace Double or triple heat-absorbing glazing with low emission values, air or gas interspace Chart E.1 Distance pieces made of aluminium or glass Timber or synthetic frame Metal frame with thermal separation Metal frame without thermal separation Chart E.2 Thermally improved distance pieces Timber or synthetic frame Metal frame with thermal separation Metal frame without thermal separation

6 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the Ψ g -value edge bond according to DIN EN ISO or DIN EN ISO Ψ g -values of thermally improved edge bonds, using thermally improved metal frames (warm edge) System Ψ g -values in W/(mk) Double heat absorbing glazing Triple heat absorbing glazing ULTIMATE SWISSSPACER Super Spacer TriSeal/ T-Spacer Premium Thermobar Super Spacer TriSeal/ T-Spacer Premium Plus Ködispace Nirotec EVO SWISSPACER Advance Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer M TGI-Spacer Thermix TX.N plus IGK SWISSPACER GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec WEP classic Chromatech Aluminium ~ 0.1 ~ 0.1 Values taken from the technical data sheet of the German Bundesverband Flachglas

7 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the U f -values Various possibilities Calculation of the U f -value The U f -value can be calculated in three different ways: Calculate the values according to EN ISO : The Uf-values are calculated with the help of a specific software, e. g. flixo or WinIso. The thermal conductivity rates of the used materials are to be taken from the EN ISO standard. In case of changing them or adding new materials, a testing record is required. Determine the values according to EN ISO : In Appendix D of EN ISO Standard , the U f -values depending on the frame material and construction can be determined with the help of charts and diagrams. The resulting values, however, turn out poorer than if other methods are used. Measure values according to EN by means of the heat box procedure: As a third possibility, the U f -value can be determined with the help of the heat box procedure. Notice: The U f values of the RAICO profiles have been calculated according to EN ISO and also according to the guidelines of the Rosenheim Institut für Fenstertechnik WA-01/1 U g values for metal profiles of window systems with thermal separation. Determination of the U w -value according to DIN EN ISO by means of reading the charts in Appendix F Appendix F of DIN EN ISO contains four charts for determining the U w -values independent from the dimensions. They differ in respect to the proportion of the frame surface to the total window surface, as well as in respect to the distance pieces. Standard distance pieces are available, as well as distance pieces made of aluminium, steel, or thermally improved ones. Chart F.1 for standard distance pieces and a 30 % ratio of the frame surface. Chart F.2 for standard distance pieces and a 20 % ratio of the frame surface. Chart F.3 for thermally improved distance pieces and a 30 % ratio of the frame surface. Chart F.4 for thermally improved distance pieces and a 20 % ratio of the frame surface. In the following, an excerpt will serve as an example how to read the chart. Please see Appendix for the complete charts. For using these charts, the values U g and U f are required. Reading example: Excerpt of chart F.3 according to EN ISO : Thermal transmission coefficients regarding vertical windows with a 30 % ratio of the frame surface, featuring thermally improved distance pieces. U g = 0.9 W/(m²K) and U f = 1.2 W/(m²K) result U w = 1.1 W/(m²K) U f U g Calculation of the U w -value according to DIN EN ISO by means of the heatbox procedure This standard as mentioned above defines a procedure for measuring the thermal transmission coefficient of a window system. It comprises all influences regarding frames, wings, edges, and mounting parts. It does not comprise: Influences beyond the perimeter of the test piece Energy transmission caused by solar radiation onto the test piece Influences of air untightness by the test piece Skylights, and projecting products whose glazing projects over the cold-side wall area of the test frame. Using the heatbox procedure, the U w -value is measured with the help of a sample window. For more detailed information on this procedure please refer to the relevant technical literature

8 Basic information in general Calculation of the U g -value glazing according to DIN EN ISO or DIN EN ISO Calculation of the U g -value glazing The U g -value of the glazing can be determined by the following procedures: Calculate the value according to EN 673 (manufacturer instruction). Measure the value according to EN 674 or EN 675 (manufacturer instruction). Read the value from EN ISO , Chart C.2: Glazing Thermal transmission coefficient for various types of the gas interspace Ug (gas concentration 90%) Type Glass Usual emission value Diemensions Mm Air Argon Krypton SF6 Xenon Uncoated glass (simple glass) One pane of coated glass 0.2 Double heatabsorbing glazing One pane of coated glass 0.15 One pane of coated glass 0.1 One pane of coated glass 0.05 Uncoated glass (simple glass) 0.89 Triple heatabsorbing glazing Two panes of coated glass Two panes of coated glass Two panes of coated glass Two panes of coated glass 0.05 Annotation : The listed thermal transmission coefficients in the chart above have been calculated according to EN 673. They are valid for the listed emission values and gas concentration rates. With certain glazings, the emission values and/or the gas concentration rates may change by and by. Procedures for evaluating the influence of fatigue on the thermal qualities are described in EN [12] and EN [13]

9 Basic information in general U g -values of inclined glazing Determination of U g -values of inclined glazing In the case of an inclination of more than 15 to the vertical plane, the U g -value changes acc. to DIN EN 673 depending on the installation angle. Due to the inclination of the glass, the convection of the filling gas inside the pane changes. This causes an increase of the U g- value. The U g -value for an inclined roof glazing cannot be derived from EN ISO cold SZR = Interspace between glass panes cold In case of inclined glazing, a differentiation must be made between double and triple glazing, as these change differently with higher installation angles. U g = 1.1 W/(m 2 K) U g = 1.4 W/(m 2 K) U g = 1.5 W/(m 2 K) U g = 0.7 W/(m 2 K) U g = 0.7 W/(m 2 K) U g = 0.8 W/(m 2 K) U g = 1.7 W/(m 2 K) U g = 0.8 W/(m 2 K) Depending on the installation angle above the vertical plane, the Ug values of roof glazing can be adapted proportionally. As a result, the U g -values of a glazing change acc. to the publication Geneigt ist anders by Dipl.-Phys. Michael Rossa, from the Institut für Fenstertechnik in Rosenheim (Institute for Window Technology) change with the following values: Double glazing Triple glazing % 130% 120% 100% 120% 115% 100% 100% Intermediate values can be calculated by linear Interpolation between the two closest points. Reading off example : U g (90 ) = 1.1 W/(m 2 K) of a double glazing U g (30 ) = 1.1 W/(m 2 K) x 130% = 1.4 W/(m 2 K) U g (90 ) = 0.6 W/(m 2 K) of a triple glazing U g (30 ) = 0.6 W/(m 2 K) x 115% = 0.7 W/(m 2 K) For a more exact calculation of the U g -value, it can be calculated in accordance with DIN EN 673, Chapter As an alternative, a glass calculation software such as e.g. Silverstar glace, can be used

10 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the U cw -value Different possibilities Used symbols and indices Abbreviations: A g, A p Surface ratios of the fillings A f, A t, A m Surface ratios of the profiles U g, U p Thermal transmission coefficient of the fillings U f, U t, U m Thermal transmission coefficient of the frame, the transom and the mullion Ψ f,g, Ψ m,g, Ψ t,g, Ψ p Length-related thermal transmission coefficient due to combined thermal effects between glazing, panel, and frame to mullion/transom. Ψ m,f, Ψ t,f Length-related thermal transmission coefficient due to combined thermal effects between frame to mullion/transom. More used symbols: A Surface m 2 b Width of the thermal separation zone in a profile mm B Facing width of a profile mm U Thermal transmission coefficient (U value) W/m 2 K I Length of the linear thermal bridge m ε Emission ratio - λ Thermal conductivity W/mK Ψ Linear thermal transmission coefficient W/mK Used indices: cw curtain wall f frame g glasss m mullion p panel t transom w window Determination of the U cw -value according to DIN EN ISO 12631: 2012 For calculating the U CW -value for curtain walls the standard DIN EN ISO 12631: 2012 offers three different procedures: 1. Determination of the U CW -value by means of the surface-related thermal transmission coefficient of joints U TJ 2. Determination of the U CW -value by means of the length-related thermal transmission coefficient of joints Ψ TJ 3. Determination of the U CW -value by evaluating the individual components In the following, the third procedure Determination of the U CW -value by evaluating the individual components will be described and explained. Whatever information the customer needs for calculating U CW -values on his or her own will be provided here. Determination of the U cw -value by evaluating the individual components This prodecure applies to curtain walls, such as element façades, stick systems (mullion/transom), and dry glazing. Do not use it for structural glazing with silicone adhesion, rear-ventilated façades, nor SG glazing. For calculating the U CW -value a representative element of the overall façade is selected and its value calculated. Not only the U values of the individual components but also the edge bond of insulation glass and façade panels acting as a thermal bridge have to be considered along with the Ψ-value. The thermal transmission coefficient of a single element of the curtain wall U CW is calculated according to the following formula: ΣA g U g + ΣA p U p + ΣA m U m + ΣA t U t + ΣA f U f + Σl f,g Ψ f,g + Σl m,g Ψ m,g + Σl t,g Ψ t,g + Σl p Ψ p + Σl m,f Ψ m,f + Σl t,f Ψ t,f U cw = A cw Determination of the total surface of the façade: A cw = A g + A p + A f + A m + A t If a façade consists of different elements, an average value of the thermal transmission coefficient regarding the various surfaces must be calculated. This is done with the help of the following formula: Σ(U cw, j A cw, j ) U cw, tot = ΣA cw, j Σ(U cw, j A cw, j ) = Sum of the products of the thermal transmission coefficients and the respective surfaces of the various modules. ΣA cw, j = Sum of the surfaces of the various elements

11 Basic information on curtain wall systems Definition of the surfaces Glazed surfaces The glazed surface A g or the surface of a panel A p of a component respectively, is the smallest of the surfaces visible from both sides (see illustrations below). The overlapping of panel or glazing because of the sealings can be neglected. Visible total length of the perimeter of the glazing/the panel The total perimeter length of glazing l g or of panel l p is the sum of the glazing s, or panel s, visible perimeters. In case of varying visible perimeters, it is defined by the cutting site of the glass pane and the frame (see illustration above). Surface ratios of frame, mullion, and transom The division of the surface ratios must be done according to the illustration below: assembly

12 Basic information on curtain wall systems Division of the surface of a curtain wall section 1 to 1 A f A m A f window section 2 to 2 Panel A f fixed glazing A t section 3 to 3 section 4 to 4 section 6 to 6 A m A t A t section 5 to 5 A m A f

13 Basic information on curtain wall systems Representative elements In order to calculate the U CW -value of a curtain wall it is necessary to select a representative element. It is important that the chosen element mirrors the surface ratios with various thermal qualities of the overall façade, such as glazings, window parapets and so on, and how they are attached (by mullion and transom, silicon joint, etc.). Said element is limited by section planes which must be within an adiabatic range. These may either be symmetry planes or planes where the heat flow runs at a right angle to the plane of the curtain wall, i. e. there are no influences from the edge (for example, having a distance of at least 190 mm to the edge of a window with double glazing). The illustration below shows the adiabatic lines (in the center of the glass pane, or panel, at a sufficient distance to the frame). Section planes are permissible here because the heat flow runs at a right angle to the glass panes. Notice: The section planes must not necessarily be geometrical limits of the elements (such as the frame) to due to the fact that the center of a frame often is not necessarily an adiabatic limit. This circumstance might be caused by the asymmetrical geometrical form of the frame, asymmetrical qualities of the material (such as components with differing heat conductivity on both sides of the frame), or the asymmetrical attachment of the panels in a symmetrical frame

14 Basic information on curtain wall systems Calculation of th Ψ g -value Ψ g value of glazings Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ m,g, Ψ t,g and Ψ f,g in W/(mK) Type of mullion/transom/window frame Double or triple insulation glazing, uncoated glass, air or gas interspace Double or triple insulation glazing with low emission value, air or gas interspace. - Single coating with double glazing - Double coating with triple glazing Chart B.1 Distance pieces made of aluminium and steel in mullion or transom profiles Ψ Appendix B DIN EN ISO m,g, Ψ t,g Timber to Aluminium Metal frames with thermal separation Chart B.2 Appendix B DIN EN ISO d i 100 mm: 0.13 d i 200 mm: 0.15 d i 100 mm: 0.17 d i 200 mm: 0.19 Thermally improved distance pieces in mullion profiles or transom profiles Ψ m,g, Ψ t,g (See Chapter on a definition of thermally improved distance pieces.) Timber to Aluminium Metal frames with thermal separation Chart B.3 Appendix B DIN EN ISO d i 100 mm: 0.09 d i 200 mm: 0.10 d i 100 mm: 0.11 d i 200 mm: 0.12 Distance pieces made of aluminium or steel Ψ f,g in window elements (also insert elements in façades) Timber and synthetics Metal frames with thermal separation Metal frames without thermal separation Chart B.4 Appendix B DIN EN ISO Thermally improved distance pieces Ψ f,g in window elements (also insert elements in façades) Timber and synthetics Metal frames with thermal separation Metal frames without thermal separation (d i = room-sided depth of the mullion/transom)

15 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ g -value Determination for curtain walls with double or triple insulation glazing Since the data sheets issued by the German association Bundesverband Flachglas apply to window systems and not to curtain wall systems, the Ψ g -values for curtain walls have to be calculated. The basis for this is the ift guideline WA-13/1 Ψ-values for curtain Outside walls. In the glazing, a distinction is made between double and triple insulation glazing. The representative structure of a Double insulation glazing is 6/16/6 with U g = 1.1 W/(m 2 K). Triple insulation glazing is 6/14/4/14/6 with U g = 0.7 W/(m 2 K). The transmissions on other glass structures are possible, as shown in the two illustrations. The Ψ-values can be transmitted on Double insulation glazings with U g 1.0 W/(m 2 K). Triple insulation glazings with U g 0.5 W/(m 2 K). Double insulation glazing Inside Interspace between glass panes Spacer Secondary seal Outside Inside Interspace between glass panes Spacer Secondary seal Triple insulation glazing

16 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ-value Ψ-values double insulation glazing THERM + Aluminium A-I/A-V Ψ g -values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + A-I without insulating block THERM + A-I with insulating block P THERM + A-V without insulating block THERM + A-V with insulating block P ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N GTS Nirotec Swisspacer Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

17 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ-value Ψ-values triple insulation glazing THERM + Aluminium A-I/A-V Ψ g -values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + A-I without insulating block THERM + A-I with insulating block P THERM + A-V without insulating block THERM + A-V with insulating block P THERM + A-V with insulating block PH ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N Swisspacer GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

18 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ-value Ψ-values double insulation glazing THERM + Timber H-I/H-V Ψ g -values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + H-I without insulating block THERM + H-I with insulating block P THERM + H-V without insulating block THERM + H-V with insulating block P ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N GTS Nirotec Swisspacer Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

19 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ-value Ψ-values triple insulation glazing THERM + Timber H-I/H-V Ψ g -values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + H-I without insulating block THERM + H-I with insulating block P THERM + H-V without insulating block THERM + H-V with insulating block P THERM + H-V with insulating block PH ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N Swisspacer GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

20 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ-value Ψ-values double insulation glazing THERM + Steel S-I Ψ g -values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + S-I without insulating block THERM + S-I with insulating block P ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N GTS Nirotec Swisspacer Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

21 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ-value Ψ-values triple insulation glazing THERM + Steel S-I Ψ g -values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + S-I without insulating block THERM + S-I with insulating block P THERM + S-I with insulating block PH ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N Swisspacer GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

22 Basic information on curtain wall systems Ψ p -value of panels Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ p according to DIN EN ISO Type of filling Panel type 1 with cladding Panel type 2 with cladding Aluminium/Aluminium Aluminium/Glass Steel/Glass Aluminium/Aluminium Aluminium/Glass Steel/Glass Heat conductivity of distance piece λw/(mk) The Ψ p -values may be used if no other values from measuring or detailed calculations are available. Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ p W/(mK) Panel type 1 Panel type Abbreviations: 1 Aluminium 2.5 mm/steel 2.0 mm Abbreviations: 1 Aluminium 2.5 mm/steel 2.0 mm 2 Insulating material λ = 2 Insulating material λ = W/(mK) to 0.04 W/(mK) W/(mK) to 0.04 W/(mK) 3 Air filled interspace 0 to 20 mm 3 Aluminium 2.5 mm/glass 6 mm 4 Aluminium 2.5 mm/glass 6 mm 4 Distance piece λ = 0.2 W/(mK) to 0.4 W/(mK) 5 Distance piece λ = 0.2 W/(mK) to 0.4 W/(mK) 5 Aluminium 6 Aluminium

23 Basic information on curtain wall systems Ψ p -value of insert elements The Ψ-value between mullion/transom and clamping frame (Ψ m/t,f -value) can be calculated according to DIN EN ISO or read from Chart B.6 DIN EN ISO if no measuring results are available. Length related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ m,f and Ψ t,f in W/(mK) Illustration Type of attachment Description Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ m,f or Ψ t,f W/(mK) A Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with additional aluminium profile with thermotechnical separation zone 0.11 B C1 Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with plastic adapter profile, e. g. polyamide plastic 6.6 with a glass fibre content of 25% (λ 0.3 W/(mK)) Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with extended thermal separation of the frame C2 Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with extended thermal separation of the frame, e. g. polyamide plastic 6.6 with a glass fibre content of 25% (λ 0.3 W/(mK)) 0.07 D Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with extended exterior aluminium profile and filling material of low heat conductivity (λ 0.3 W/(mK))

24 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the U-value in general U p -values of panels The U p -values of panels are available from the panel manufacturer. U f values for RAICO window systems For the U f -values of RAICO window systems FRAME + 100/120 RI, please see the following pages. For the values of all other FRAME + aluminium window systems, please see chapter in our catalogues FRAME + aluminium window systems. U f -values for RAICO door systems The U f -values of RAICO door systems 75 DI are shown in chapter in our catalogues FRAME + aluminium door systems. U f -values for RAICO curtain wall systems For the U f -values of RAICO curtain wall systems, please refer to the plannings THERM +, chapter. Influence of screws Calculating the U-values of mullions and transoms of a stick-system façade (U m /U t ) according to DIN EN ISO , the influence of screws acting as an additional thermal bridge is not considered. Therefore, that influence s value must be added as well: U m/t = U 0 + ΔU Abbreviations: U m/t Thermal transmission coefficient mullion/transom considering the influence of the screws U 0 ΔU Thermal transmission coefficient mullion/transom without the influence of the screws Thermal transmission coefficient of the screws ΔU can be determined by means of the following procedures: Calculation according to DIN EN ISO Calculation according to DIN EN ISO 12631, Appendix C Measuring according to DIN EN Reading from Chart 2 DIN EN ISO Chart 2 in DIN EN ISO 12631: Screw diameter (made of stainless steel) Distance between screws (made of stainless steel) ΔU value 6 mm 200 mm to 300 mm 0.3 Important! Regarding the U f -values of mullions and transoms illustrated in the catalogues THERM +, the influence of the screws as determined by the ift Rosenheim has been considered

25 U f -values FRAME RI Determination of the U cw -values View/Sections

26 U f -values FRAME RI Determination of the U w -values Example of calculation Selected components Curtain wall system THERM + 50 A-I Passive-house option Window system FRAME RI Glazing U g = 0.72 W/(m 2 K) Pane configuration 8/14/6/14/12 with thermal barrier coating Lateral compound Ψ g = W/(m 2 K) For integration window, Swisspacer Ultimate acc. to determination of the Passivhaus-Institut Ψ g = W/(m 2 K) For roof system, Swisspacer Ultimate acc. to determination RAICO Insulation option Insulating block PH Roof system Insulation option Window Insulation insertion and insulation of the glazing rebate U f -values considered in the calculation Mullion U m = 0.94 W/(m 2 K) Transom U t = 1.0 W/(m 2 K) Integration outer frame U with sash f = 1.6 W/(m 2 K) Ψ-value integration outer Ψ frame in roof system installed = W/(m 2 K) Thermal bridge glass carrier X GT = W/K Number of glass carriers (is added on for passive-house certified n curtain wall systems, deviantly from the GT = 2 standards) Mullion No (depth 100 mm) Transom No (depth 100 mm) Integration outer frame No Sash No Area division roof system and window Mullion Area division b = 2.40 m h = 2.50 m b w = m h w = m b f = m b m = m b t = m Transom Integration outer frame with sash

27 U f -values FRAME RI Determination of the U w -values Example of calculation Frame area integration element A f A f = b w b f 2 + A f = m m A f = m² ( h w 2 bf ) bf ( m m) m 2 Glass area integration element A g A = b 2 b h 2 b = m m m 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( m) g w f w f A g = 2.17 m² Length lateral compound integration element I g g l = b 2 b + h 2 b 2 = m m m m [( ) ( )] [( ) ( )] 2 g w f w f l g = 6.44 m Total area integration element A w A w = m m = m² U w = Uf A f + Ug A g + g lg A Frame area mullion A m w W W W m² m² m U m²k m²k mk w = m² U w = 0.99 W m 2 K A m = h bm 2 = 2.50 m m 2 = m² Frame area transom A t A = (b 2 b ) b = (2.40 m m) m t m t = m² Total area assembled integration element A w, installed b 2.40 m A installed = h b t bm = 2.50 m m m 2 2 ( ) ( ) m² w, = Length assembly integration element I installed l = b m 2 ( h b ) + b 2 = ( 2.50 m m) m m installed t m = Glass area roof system A g b 2.40 m A = h b t bm = 2.50 m m m 2 2 ( ) ( ) m² g = Length lateral compound curtain wall I g b 2.40 m lg = ( h b t ) + bm 2 (2.50 m m) m 2 = 7.20 m 2 = + 2 There Auf die is Unterscheidung no distinction made des of Randverbunds the lateral compound zwischen between Pfosten mullion und Riegel and wird transom. hier verzichtet. The same Ψ-value Es wird is der estimated gleiche -Wert for the mullion im Pfosten as well wie as im for Riegel the transom. angesetzt

28 U f -values FRAME RI Determination of the U w -values Example of calculation Total area Element A cw A cw = b h = 2.40 m 2.50 m = 6.00 m² Check: Kontrolle: A = A + A + A + A = m² m² m² m² 6.00 m² cw m t g w, installed = U cw = U A m m + Ut A t + Ug A g + g lg + Uw A A cw w,installed + installed l installed W W W W W W W m² m² m² m m² m U m²k m²k m²k mk m²k mk K cw = 6.00 m² U cw = 0.92 W m 2 K + GT n GT

29 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Standard sash Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.6 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.3 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.7 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.6 / / 89 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.7 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.4 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.8 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.7 / / RI-0000_Uf, 120 RI-0000_Uf, 100RI-0001_Uf, 120 RI-0001_Uf

30 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Standard sash Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.9 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.6 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 2.4 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 2.3 / / RI-0003_Uf, 120 RI-0003_Uf

31 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with stepped edge glazing Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.3 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.0 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.5 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.5 / / 89 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Gasket with flap thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.4 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.1 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.6 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.6 / / RI-0024_Uf, 120 RI-0024_Uf, 100RI-0022_Uf, 120 RI-0022_Uf

32 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with stepped edge glazing Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.5 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.2 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.7 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.6 / / 89 Insulation option: Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.5 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.3 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 2.2 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 2.1 / / RI-0020_Uf, 120 RI-0020_Uf, 100RI-0023_Uf, 120 RI-0023_Uf

33 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with stepped edge glazing Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.6 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.4 / / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 2.2 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 2.1 / / RI-0021_Uf, 120 RI-0021_Uf

34 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with timber cladding Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.4 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.1 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.6 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.5 / / 90 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.4 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.2 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.7 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.6 / / RI-0010_Uf, 120 RI-0010_Uf, 100RI-0011_Uf, 120 RI-0011_Uf

35 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with timber cladding Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.6 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.3 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 2.4 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 2.1 / / RI-0013_Uf, 120 RI-0013_Uf

36 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with stepped edge glazing and timber cladding Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.1 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 1.9 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.5 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.4 / / 90 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Gasket with flap thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.2 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.0 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.5 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.5 / / RI-0034_Uf, 120 RI-0034_Uf, 100RI-0032_Uf, 120 RI-0032_Uf

37 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with stepped edge glazing and timber cladding Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.3 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.0 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 1.6 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.5 / / 90 Insulation option: Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.3 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.1 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 2.0 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 1.9 / / RI-0030_Uf, 120 RI-0030_Uf, 100RI-0033_Uf, 120 RI-0033_Uf

38 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Sash with stepped edge glazing and timber cladding Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web 24 mm / 31 mm / 37 mm / 44 mm / 51 mm / 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 28 mm 2.4 / / (20 to 40) 40 mm 2.2 / / 90 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm thickness (64) (64) (20 to 52) 48 mm 2.0 / / (20 to 40) 60 mm 2.0 / / RI-0031_Uf, 120 RI-0031_Uf

39 U f -values FRAME RI Sash cold rolled option Determination of the U f -values Insulation principle Height of insulating web Material of insulating web Insulation zone Surface of insulation zone Gaskets Medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard thickness (64) (20 to 52) 8 mm 7.1 / (20 to 52) 28 mm 6.7 / 89 U f -value: W/(m 2 K)/width of combination: mm 100RI-0004_Uf

40 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Ψ-values for curtain walls Integration outer frame no / Technical information The values apply - For all pressure profiles available - For both mullions and transoms - For both sash profiles in the relevant systems - For all possible glass thicknesses. Standard sash 100 RI 120 RI Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) 50/56 76 A-I H-I S-I H-I S-I Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Standard Insulating block P Timber sash 100 RI 120 RI Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) 50/56 76 A-I H-I S-I H-I S-I Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Standard Insulating block P FRAME RI-001, FRAME RI-002

41 U f -values FRAME + 100/120 RI Ψ-values for curtain walls Integration outer frame no / Technical information Basic information: - The Ψ-values were determined according to DIN EN ISO and the ift guideline WA-01/1. - The U-values needed for this were calculated according to DIN EN ISO and EN ISO Sash with stepped edge glazing 100 RI 120 RI Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Standard A-I Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard /56 H-I Insulating block P Passive-house option S-I H-I S-I Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Standard Insulating block P Stepped edge glazing and timber sash 100 RI 120 RI Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) 50/56 76 A-I H-I S-I H-I S-I Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Passive-house option Standard Insulating block P Standard Insulating block P FRAME RI-003, FRAME RI