Notes for Part 1. 1 Interview with J. Korringa by M. Dresden, July 6, Planck's Nobel Lecture, Stockholm, June 2, 1920.

Transcription

1 Notes for Part 1 1 Interview with J. Korringa by M. Dresden, July 6, J. R. Oppenheimer, "Reflections on the Resonances of Physics History," lecture given at the dedication of the Niels Bohr Library. American Institute of Physics, New York, September As quoted at the funeral oration on April 24, See also J. A. Wheeler, Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society, pp (1953). 4 As quoted at the funeral oration, April 24, Letter from A. J. F. Siegert to M. Dresden, dated December 26, A. A. Michelson, Lecture See also Taylor, Physics, the Pioneer Science, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Letter from Planck to R. W. Wood, dated October 7, Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. 8 Planck's Nobel Lecture, Stockholm, June 2, Heisenberg, in Physics and Philosophy, Allen and Unwin, London, 1959, p Letter signed by Planck, Warburg, Nernst, and Rubens to ensure the election of Einstein to the Prussian Academy of Science, June 12, See C. Seelig, Albert Einstein, Staples Press Ltd., London, 1956, p R. A. Millikan, Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 343 (1949). 11 R. A. Millikan, Nobel Prize Address, Stockholm, W. Nernst, in a paper presented to the Bedin Academy of Sciences, January 26, Postcard from Sommerfeld to Niels Bohr, dated September 4, 1913, in Bohr Institute Files. Reprinted in Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967 (English translation). 14 Jeans' comparison of L. Rosenfeld and E. Riidinger, in Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967, p Nature, 92, 304 (1913). See also Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967, p Letter from Professor F. Tank to M. Jammer, dated May 11, 1964, as quoted in M. Jammer: The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, Letter from Professor F. Tank to M. Jammer, dated May 11, 1964, as quoted in

2 80 Notes for Part 1 M. Jammer: The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-HilI, New York, Letter by G. de Hevesy to E. Rutherford, dated October 14, 1913, quoted in A. S. Eve, Rutherford, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1939, p A. Einstein, Autobiographical Notes, in Albert Einstein: Philosopher Scientist, P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Library of Living Philosophers, Evanston, II, 1949, p Letter from Schri:idinger to Lorentz, dated June 6, 1926, in Letters on Wave Mechanics, Philosophical Library, New York, Letter from Paul Ehrenfest to H. A. Lorentz, dated August 25, 1913, quoted in M. J. Klein, Ehrerifest, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Letter from Paul Ehrenfest to A. Sommerfeld, dated May 30, 1916, quoted in M. J. Klein, Ehrenfest, North-Holland Amsterdam, N. Bohr, Lecture to the Danish Physical Society, December 1913; also in Fys. Tidssk. 12, (1914). 24 Dirac, as quoted by J. Mehra, "The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics," in Aspects of Quantum Theory, Salam and Wigner, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp Harold Bohr, as quoted by Richard Courant in Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967, p Rutherford, as quoted in Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967, p Rutherford, as quoted in Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1964, p L. Rosenfeld, Essay Dedicated to Niels Bohr, October 7, 1945, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Letter from Einstein to M. Besso, dated September 6, 1916, as quoted from the Einstein-Besso correspondence, Pierre Speziali (ed.), Hermann, Paris, Letter from Einstein to M. Besso, dated July 29,1918, as quoted from the Einstein Besso correspondence, Pierre Speziali (ed.), Hermann, Paris, Interview with W. Heisenberg as recorded in Archive for the History of Quantum Physics (AHQP, Feb. 15, 1963). Interview with W. Heisenberg by M. Dresden, August 19, Letter from Bohr to Rutherford, dated January 9, 1924, in Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. 33 Letter from Bohr to Michelson, dated Febrary 7, 1924, in Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. Compare the thesis of Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity 34 N. Bohr, Nobel Lecture 1922, published in Nobel Lectures II, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Letter from Slater to van der Waerden, dated November 4, 1964, quoted in van der Waerden, Sources of Quantum Mechanics, Dover New York, Letter from Bohr to Geiger, dated April 21, 1925 (in the Bohr Institute files). See ," Stuttgart, 1977, p Peter Robertson, in The Early Years: Akademisk Forlag, Universitetsforlaget in Kobenhavn, 1979, pp Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3, p. 652, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, preface, Harper & Row, New York, J. L. Heilbron, "Lectures on the History of Atomic Physics," p. 79 in Proceedings of the International School of Physics, "Enrico Fermi," Vol. 57, Academic Press, New York, Pauli in the Heisenberg-Pauli correspondence; J. Kramers in an interview with M. Dresden, August 14, Letter from Sommerfeld to Einstein, dated June 11, 1922; Correspondence of Einstein and Somme~feld, Hermann, Basel, 1968, p W. Pauli, Nobel Prize Lecture, December 13, 1946, Stockholm. 44 Letter from Bohr to Kramers, dated July 15, 1922 (Bohr-Kramers correspondence

3 Notes for Part 1 81 in the Bohr Library). Also in Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3, North-Holland, Amsterdam, W. Heisenberg, in From a Life of Physics, evening lectures at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, IAEA Bulletin, H. A. Lorentz, Lecture, Sorbonne, December 10, 1923, "The Old and the New Mechanics." Reprinted in Lorentz: Collected Papers, Vol. 7, pp , Nyhoff, The Netherlands, Letter from Born to Einstein, dated October 21, 1921, in the Born-Einstein correspondence. 48 In W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated January 15, 1923 (in the Pauli correspondence). 50 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated March 26,1923 (in the Pauli correspondence). 51 C. G. Darwin, Nature III, 771 (1923). 52 Letter from Bohr to Sommerfeld, dated April 30, 1922 (Bohr Institute files). Also quoted in Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Letter from Pauli to R. de L. Kronig, dated May 21, 1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). 54 Letter from Kramers to J. Romeyn, dated September 22, Original kept in The Institute for Social History at the University of Amsterdam. This correspondence will be referred to as R. All translations are by M. Dresden. 55 Letter from Romeyn to Kramers, dated February 20, 1923 (R). 56 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated April 29, 1923 (R). 57 J. C. Slater, Solid State and Molecular Theory, A Scientific Biography, Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1975, p N. Bohr, Ned. Tijdschr. Naturrkd. XVIII, No.7 (July 1952). 59 Letter from Pauli to Kronig, dated October 9, 1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). 60 W. Heisenberg, in From a Life of Physics, evening lectures at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, IAEA Bulletin, Letter from Kramers to Jan Romeyn, dated January 8,1924 (R). 62 Manuscript in the Kramers' file at the Bohr Institute, Copenhagen. 63 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated October 28,1924 (R). 64 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated April 16, 1924 (Bohr Institute files, AHQP); see also Kramers files, Copenhagen, p Einstein letter to Hedwig Born, dated April 29, 1924 (Born-Einstein correspondence). 66 Geiger letter to Bohr, dated April 17, 1925 (Bohr Institute files, AHQP). See also thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity ," Stuttgart, 1977, p. 47. See also Appendix, N. Bohr, Z. Phys. 34, 142 (1925). 67 Letter from Bohr to Fowler, dated April 21, 1925 (AHQP). 68 Letter from Bohr to Franck, dated April 21, 1925 (AHQP). See also thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity ," Stuttgart, 1977, p N. Bohr, Z. Phys. 34, Appendix (July 1925). 70 Letter from Kramers to Born, dated May 13, 1925, SHQP microfilm. 71 Interview with O. Klein, October 29,1975, by M. Dresden. 72 O. Klein, in From a Life of Physics, evening lectures at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, IAEA Bulletin, Letter from Kramers to R. de L. Kronig, dated February 26, 1926 (in Kramers correspondence). 74 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 21, 1924 (Bohr Institute files). See also the Pauli correspondence. 75 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated December 12, 1924 (Bohr Institute files). See also the Pauli correspondence.

4 82 Notes for Part 1 76 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 24,1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). 77 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 29,1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). See also thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity 78 Letter from Born to Einstein, dated July 15, 1925 (Born-Einstein correspondence). 79 Letter from Pauli to Kronig, dated October 9, 1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). 80 N. Bohr, in "Atomic Energy and Mechanics," Supplement to Nature 110, 845 (Sept. 1925). 81 Letter from Bohr to Ehrenfest, dated October 14, 1925 (Bohr Institute files). See 82 Letter from to Rutherford, dated January 27, 1926 (Bohr Institute files). See also thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity 83 Dirac, in From a Life of Physics, evening lectures at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, IAEA Bulletin, Postcard from Einstein to Ehrenfest, dated September 20, 1925, A. Einstein Archives, Princeton, New Jersey. 85 Letter from Einstein to Besso, dated December 25, 1925 (in Einstein-Besso correspondence, pp ; Pierre Speziali (ed.), Hermann, Paris, 1972). 86 Letter from Heisenberg to Bohr, dated June 8, 1925 (Bohr Institute files). See also thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity 87 Letter from Heisenberg to Bohr, dated August 31, 1925 (Bohr Institute files). See 88 Letter from Kramers to Urey, dated July 16, 1925 (Kramers' file); also SHQP microfilm. 89 Letter from Pauli to Kramers, dated July 27, 1925 (in the Pauli correspondence); also in SHQP microfilm. 90 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated August 15, 1925 (R). 91 Letter from Kramers to Fowler, dated December 9,1925 (Kramer's file at the Bohr Institute). 92 E. Wigner, in "Recollections and Expectations" lectures, October 13, 1975, inaugural address, Kramers' Chair. 93 O. Klein, in Niels Bohr, S. Roiental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967, p Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated October 12, 1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). 95 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated November 3,1925 (in the Pauli correspondence). See also Theoretical Physics in the 20th Century-A Memorial to W. Pauli, M. Fierz and V. F. Weisskopf(eds.), Interscience, New York, 1960, p Heisenberg in interview, February 15, Recorded in Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. 97 As reported to M. Dresden by Professor G. E. Uhlenbeck. 98 Private communication to M. Dresden. 99 J. C. Slater, Solid State and Molecular Theory, A Scientific Biography, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1975, p Letter from Ehrenfest to Lorentz, dated October 16, 1925, from the Kramers files. 101 R. de L. Kronig in Theoretical Physics in the 20th Century, M. Fierz and V. F. Weisskopf(eds.), Interscience, New York, 1960, p Letter from Bohr to Kronig, dated March 26, 1926, quoted in B. L. van der Waerden, "The exclusion principle and spin," p. 215, in Theoretical Physics in the 20th Century, M. Fierz and V. F. Weisskopf (eds.), Interscience, New York, 1960.

5 Notes for Part Letter from Bohr to Ehrenfest, dated December 22, 1925 (Bohr Institute files). 104 Private communication from Professor G. E. Uhlenbeck. The widely held belief was that relativistic effects were always of the order V 2 /C 2, so it appeared that a factor of 2 would be out of the question. 105 Letter from Pauli to Kramers, dated March 8, 1926 (in the Pauli correspondence). 106 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated March 12, 1928 (in the Pauli correspondence). 107 Personal communication from Professor G. E. Uhlenbeck. 108 M. Dresden interviews with N. H. Hugenholz on May 9, 1977, with J. J. Korringa on July 6, 1976, and with F. J. Belinfante on March 25, L. de Broglie, preface to Ph.D. thesis (reedited) Recherches sur la theorie der Quanta, Masson & Cie, Paris, 1963, p As reported by E. Wigner "Recollections and Expectations" lectures, October 13, 1915, inaugural address, Kramers' chair. See also Max Born, My Life, Charles Scribner & Sons, New York, 1970, p Letter from Einstein to Ehrenfest, dated May 31,1924, Einstein Archives, Princeton, New Jersey. 112 A. Einstein, S. B. Preuss, AK, Berlin, 1925, p E. Schrodinger, Phys. Z. 27, 95 (1926). 114 E. Schrodinger, "Quantisierung als Eigenwert problem", Ann. Phys. 79, 527 (1926). 115 Letter from Einstein to Schrodinger, dated April 16, 1925; reproduced in Letters on Wave Mechanics, Philosophical Library, New York, 1967, p Letter from Schrodinger to Einstein, dated April 23, 1926; reproduced in Letters on Wave Mechanics, Philosophical Library, New York, 1967, p Letter from Planck to Schrodinger, dated April 2, 1926; reproduced in Letters on Wave Mechanics, Philosophical Library, New York, 1967, p Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 9, 1926 (in the Pauli correspondence). 119 K. Lanczos, Z. Phys. 35, 812 (1926); G. Wentzel, Z. Phys. 38, 578 (1926), footnote Letter from Pauli to Jordan, dated April 12, Available in the Pauli Archive, ZUrich. Compare also van der Waerden in The Physicist's Conception of Nature, Jagdish Mehra (ed.), Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, Holland, Letter from Schrodinger to Planck, dated February 26, Compare thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, "The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity ," Stuttgart, 1977, p M. Born and P. Jordan, Z. Phys. 34, 879 (1925). 123 Schrodinger, Ann. Phys. 79, 734 (1926). 124 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 19, 1926 (in the Pauli correspondence). 125 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated July 28, 1926 (in the Pauli correspondence). 126 W. Heisenberg, in Niels Bohr, S. Rozental (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1967, p Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, dated July 11, 1926 (in the Pauli correspondence). 128 Letter from Heisenberg to Dirac, dated May 26, See also P. A. M. Dirac, "Reflections of an Exciting Era," in Proceedings of the International School of Physics, "Enrico Fermi", Vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, P. A. M. Dirac, "Reflections of an Exciting Era," in Proceedings of the International School of Physics, "Enrico Fermi," Vol. 7, p. 131, Academic Press, New York, Letter from Lorentz to Schrodinger, dated May 27, 1926; reprinted in Letters on Wave Mechanics, Philosophical Library, New York, 1967, p Born, Z. Phys. 38, 803 (1926), submitted July 21, P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. R. Soc. London 112, 661 (1926). 133 Max Born, My Life, Charles Scribner & Sons, New York, 1970, p Letter from Heisenberg to Born reprinted from Max Born, My Life, Charles Scribner and Sons, New York, 1970, p Heisenberg, "A Memoriam to W. Pauli," in Theoretical Physics in the 20th Century, M. Fierz and V. F. Weisskopf (eds.), Interscience, New York, Interview with Heisenberg on February 19, 1963, SHQP microfilm.

6 84 Notes for Part Letter from Schr6dinger to Planck, dated July 4,1927; reprinted in Letters on Wave Mechanics, Philosophical Library, New York, W. Heisenberg, in Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p O. Klein, interviews on February 20, 1963 and July 16, 1973 in SHQP. 140 Heisenberg, interview on November 30, 1962; Heisenberg, in Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, pp. 75, Letter from Bohr to Fowler, dated October 26, 1926 (Bohr Institute files). See also thesis by Klaus Stolzenberg, 'The development of Bohr's thoughts on complementarity 142 Letter from Bohr to Kramers, dated November 11, 1926 (Bohr Institute files). See 143 Letter from Bohr to Darwin, dated November 24, 1926 (Bohr Institute files). See