The History and Philosophy of Astronomy
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1 Astronomy 350L (Spring 2005) The History and Philosophy of Astronomy (Lecture 21: Einstein I) Instructor: Volker Bromm TA: Amanda Bauer The University of Texas at Austin
2 Albert Einstein: Revolutionary of Physics 1879 (Ulm) 1955 (Princeton) revolutionized concepts of space, time, and gravity - Special Relativity (1905): E=mc 2 - General Relativity (1915): new theory of gravity co-founder of quantum theory photons
3 Albert Einstein: Person of the Century pre-eminent scientist of 20 th century acquired world-wide fame after 1919 (eclipse experiment proves his theory of gravity correct) influence in politics - urges FDR to build atomic bomb - leading supporter of pacifism
4 Overview: Einstein s Life April 7 April 12
5 Birth in Ulm (1879)
6 Youth in Munich ( ) cozy, middle-class childhood in Bavaria s capital
7 Youth in Munich ( ) traumatic experience in authoritarian school system!
8 Early Life in Switzerland ( )
9 Prep-school in Aarau ( ) Einstein enjoys more liberal Swiss school system!
10 Prep-school in Aarau ( ) a good school leaving certificate!
11 University Student in Zurich ( ) studies at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) his professors don t like him he is too independent
12 Patent Office Clerk in Bern ( ) Expert 3 rd class 1905: Annus Mirabilis - Special Relativity - Photons - Reality of atoms Marriage and children
13 1 st Marriage and Children marriage with Mileva Maric ( )
14 1905: Annus Mirabilis Quantum Theory: particles of light (photons) Special Relativity: new concept of space and time Brownian motion: prove reality of atoms
15 Annus Mirabilis I: Light quanta photoelectric effect
16 Annus Mirabilis I: Light quanta Frequency counts, not intensity!
17 Annus Mirabilis I: Light quanta Einstein s idea: light can be both particle and wave! Low energy! High energy! energy
18 Annus Mirabilis I: Light quanta Einstein s explanation: Need sufficiently energetic light particle (photon) ultraviolet!
19 The Meaning of Quantum Theory Quantum theory is weird!
20 The Meaning of Quantum Theory Einstein: rejects probability interpretation ( God does not play dice! ); postulates `hidden parameters Bohr: we can only know probabilities (Copenhagen Interpretation)
21 Annus Mirabilis I: Light quanta 1921: Nobel Prize in Physics
22 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity Big question for 19 th century: What is the ether? Light wave ether known: speed of light (c) with respect to ether - c = 300,000 km s -1
23 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity Big question for 19 th century: What is the ether? Albert Michelson ( ) - America s 1 st Nobel Laureate in physics (1907) Michelson s idea: detect effect of ether wind
24 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity 1887: Michelson-Morley experiment `Michelson interferometer : measures tiny differences in light-travel time
25 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity 1887: Michelson-Morley experiment Shocking result: No detectable difference in light-travel time for perpendicular directions! no difference in speed of light! the ether does not exist!!! most famous null result in history!
26 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity Big Q: Relative to what do we measure speed of light if there is no light-carrying ether??? Einstein s idea: Relative to the observer! - And: All observers are equal, as long as they move with constant speed! (Principle of Relativity) - And: All observers measure same speed of light!
27 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity Principle of Relativity (first proposed by Galileo) All observers (moving at constant speed) experience same physics!
28 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity fundamental change in our understanding of space and time: Time Dilation Light clock astronaut: 1 sec observer on Earth: 10 sec
29 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity Consequence of time dilation: Twin Paradox fast-moving twin ages less!
30 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity fundamental change in our understanding of space and time: Length Contraction
31 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity space and time can be transformed into each other! concept of spacetime! Hermann Minkowski
32 Annus Mirabilis II: Special Relativity equivalence of mass and energy:
33 Energy Source of the Stars: nuclear fusion: 4 protons (H) 1 helium (He) nucleus He nucleus has a bit less mass than sum of 4 protons (mass defect) missing mass = energy (Einstein s E=m c 2 )
34 Astrophysics and the Bomb Hiroshima bomb: 1 gram of uranium
35 Einstein s Genius Recognized Max Planck becomes ardent supporter of Einstein early on!
36 Einstein s Genius Recognized 1914: Max Planck secures Einstein s appointment as professor in Berlin
37 Einstein (part 1) Early Life: : Born in Ulm, Germany - School (Gymnasium) in Munich - since 1895 in Switzerland : Attends ETH : Patent clerk in Bern : marries Mileva Maric Annus Mirabilis (1905): - Special Relativity - Quantum theory (photons)
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