Measurements of solar radiation from autonomous profiling floats: opportunities and results for validation and calibration activities

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1 Measurements of solar radiation from autonomous profiling floats: opportunities and results for validation and calibration activities Funded by NASA under NOPP Greg Gerbi Emmanuel Boss David Antoine Andrew Barnard Keith Brown Matt DeDonato Bill Woodward Partners and collaborators: University of Maine, Skidmore College, CLS America (communications), Goddard SFC (Giovanni integration), LOV (field assistance, guidance, and data), Satlantic (sensor development and integration), WETLabs (sensor development and integration), Teledyne Webb Research (vehicle modification), additional field assistance and data by MOBY team. Ocean Sciences, 22

2 Goals Project Goals: Development of an integrated autonomous platform for measuring inherent optical properties and radiometric quantities This Talk: Potential for use in validation and calibration of satellite observations Can a float do as well as a buoy? (Probably) For how long? (No answer yet)

3 Current limitations on Calibration and Validation Optical buoys are rare (MOBY and BOUSSOLE) Good days for matchups with satellites are rare (< per year for SeaWiFS and MOBY). Gain estimates require years. Shipboard observations can be used (Franz, Baily, Werdell, Voss et al) but are expensive, sparse, and difficult.

4 Vehicle and payload Ed (42, 443, Teledyne Webb Apex float 49, 555) controls ascent, CTD, and Aanderaa Optode Optics hub controls data storage and IOP (WETLabs) and radiometer (Satlantic) sampling Two-way communication via Iridium Satellite to CLS America Iridium and GPS antenna O2 CTD C (65) FDOM, bb (42, 44) Fchl, bb (7) Lu (42, 443, 49, 555)

5 Advantages and limitations of autonomous floats Advantages Inexpensive (~$8,) Wide geographic coverage and dynamic range More observations give more matchups early in satellite missions Limitations Self-shading no strong evidence of heading-dependant Lu values Fouling park deep to minimize fouling IOP sensors to monitor long term data quality Identifying clouds, eliminating waves

6 Engineering results: Ascent rate and Tilt Ascent Rate, red=target Density 5 Pressure (db) P (db) dpdt (db/s) 2 Pressure (db) Potential Density (kg/m 3 ) Surfaced at 6 Jan 22 ::3 GMT 4 pitch 5 2 roll Tilt, degrees 2

7 Near-surface L u and E d (Hawaii, 6 January, 22) Surfaced at 6 Jan 22 ::3 GMT Pressure (db) Surfaced at 6 Jan 22 ::3 GMT Lu (μw/cm 2 3 /nm/sr) Pressure (db) Ed ( μw/cm 2 /nm)

8 Radiometry comparison: float vs buoys in-water 2 Lu 42 2 Buoy.6.8 Lu Lu Buoy.5.2 Lu 555 Tilt < 6 degrees values averaged over.5 and m bins float-buoy separation -2 km < km { { MOBY 9 m MOBY 5 m MOBY m BOUS 8.5 m BOUS 3.5 m MOBY 9 m MOBY 5 m MOBY m BOUS 8.5 m BOUS 3.5 m to. to.9 to Buoy Buoy Units: μw/cm 2 /nm/sr

9 Extrapolating Lu to Lw Estimate k d using nonlinear least squares fit of exponential model to all obeservations with small tilts in a specified depth bin. Bin is currently between 3 and 7 m. L u (z) = L u (z c )e k d(z z c ) Pressure (db) Surfaced at 6 Jan 22 ::3 GMT Lu (μw/cm 2 /nm/sr )

10 Extrapolating Lu to Lw Estimate k d using nonlinear least squares fit of exponential model to all obeservations with small tilts in a specified depth bin. Bin is currently between 3 and 7 m. L u (z) = L u (z c )e k d(z z c ) Measure L u at.2 m depth (median over -5 min) and extrapolate to subsurface; use Fresnel reflectance to extrapolate through surface. L u ( )= L u(z s ) e k dz s Lu (μw/cm 2 /nm/sr ) 2.5 Pressure (db) Surfaced at 6 Jan 22 ::3 GMT Lu (μw/cm 2 /nm/sr ) time since start of surface interval(sec)

11 Extrapolating Lu to Lw Estimate k d using nonlinear least squares fit of exponential model to all obeservations with small tilts in a specified depth bin. Bin is currently between 3 and 7 m. L u (z) = L u (z c )e k d(z z c ) Measure L u at.2 m depth (median over -5 min) and extrapolate to subsurface; use Fresnel reflectance to extrapolate through surface. L u ( )= L u(z s ) e k dz s Lu (μw/cm 2 /nm/sr ) Small z s k d means that propagation errors are small, but nonnegligible. (2% error in k d gives < ~ 2% error in L w ). Lu (μw/cm 2 /nm/sr ) 2.5 Pressure (db) Surfaced at 6 Jan 22 ::3 GMT time since start of surface interval(sec) Reject if: L u (z s ) < L u (z c ) E s is less than 7% of Frouin et al (989) prediction

12 Water-leaving radiance: floats vs buoys.9 Lw Lw 443 Most outliers have tilts > 4 o Buoy Buoy.8 Lw 49.3 Lw Buoy MOBY BOUSSOLE, float BOUSSOLE, float 2 Buoy Units: μw/cm 2 /nm/sr

13 Water-leaving radiance: floats vs MODIS satellite quality controls: 5x5 box around float. no cloud, glint, stray light, bad atm corrections in any pixels Lw Satellite Lw Lw Satellite Lw Units: μw/cm 2 /nm/sr Satellite Hawaii Med, float Med, float 2 Satellite

14 Conclusions observations match buoys: well MODIS: not terribly Need more matchups, more refined quality control We re improving buoyancy control and near surface measurements

15

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