Acoustic Inertial Confinement Thermonuclear Fusion Status, Challenges and Opportunities
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1 Acoustic Inertial Confinement Thermonuclear Fusion Status, Challenges and Opportunities September 29, 25 Arden L. Bement Jr. Professor of Nuclear Engineering Director, Metastable Fluid Research Laboratory School of Nuclear Engineering Purdue University
2 Purdue University The Boilermakers
3 Purdue University Fact Sheet Established(1874) 39 Enrollment (Fall,24) - 68,746 Degrees Awarded ( ) - 477, Alumni(Living) - 375, Budget - $1,526,537,34 Ranking(academic engr) - Top 1 (US) Faculty/Staff - 17,812 Physical Plant - 18,275 acres President -Martin Jischke
4 THE ALLURE & CHALLENGES OF NUCLEAR FUSION Vast resources (D atoms) - virtually infinite supply in sea water Very high energy density ( x TNT, Natural gas,...) Radioactive byproducts are much lesser/short-lived than from fission Requires > 1 7 K plasma that needs to be confined/controlled -- X-Treme Rate Dependencies on Plasma Temp. -- Dissociation, Ionization, Electron conductivity, Bremmstrahlung, -- Confinement (high pressures, D/T atoms, Time) Worldwide efforts (>>$B) for over 4y --> ITER / NIF / Z-Pinch/.. Need for breakthrough in fusion induction, control and scaleup --> Acoustic ICF (Bubble) fusion -- Science (3/8/22) -- Phys.Rev.E(3/24) -- Phys.Fluids (25)
5 KINETICS OF FUSION The Slippery Slope D + D 3 He + n T + H ( 1 2) ( 1 ) 2 σv, m 3 /s DT - DD T,K σv(1 7 K) / σv(1 6 K) ~ 1 9
6 Year HISTORY OF SONOLUMINESCENCE & ACOUSTIC INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION Event 1937 Frenzel/Shultes Photoplates fogged duing US cavitation 1939 Sonoluminescence Harvey (electric charge?) Hot Spot Theory (Noltingk and Neppiras) Compr Htg. 196 Extended Hot Spot Theory (Jarman) Shock Heating 1962 Timing of SL (Colin West/Harwell Acustica) 1992 Single Bubble SL (Gaitan) 1994 Moss et al. (LASNIX Can we fire up fusion?; 17K) 1997 NURETH-7 (Nigmagtulin/Lahey/Embrechts)->Aperiodic? Meeting of minds; RPT formulation of challenge 2 Aperiodic forcing enhancement of SL (PRL) 1999 USDOD/Darpa Search for Acoustic Thermo-Nuclear Fusion? 1 Science 3/8/22 by Taleyarkhan et al. Sonofusion evidence 22 Nature 11/22 Suslick et al T ~ 1 3 K; Plasma impossible 24 PRE 3/24 by Taleyarkhan et al.; J. Power/Energy 24 PRL 3/24 Camara et al. 1 6 K Bremstraahlung radiation 25 Nature Flanigan/Suslick Plasma states confirmed 25 NED/ANS/NURETH-11 First successful fusion confirmation
7 SONOLUMINESCENCE (x 1 11 Energy Concentrator) Sound Light ~ x 1 11 Focusing P (bar) +/-1 CONVENTIONAL SBSL Rm/Ro ~ 1 P ~ +/- 1bar R (µm) SL ~7-7 ~ 5 ps light flashes Tm ~ 6, K (Bremmstrahlung) Stability Limits
8 Source L. Crum
9 BUBBLE FUSION -MECHANISM FOR INDUCING EXTREME (ULTIMATE) MECHANICAL ENERGY FOCUSING via COLLAPSING BUBBLES ~ x 1 16 to IMPLODING BUBBLES REACH CONDITIONS PREVALENT IN THE INTERIOR OF THE STARS ~ 1, Mbar; 1 7 K to 1 8 K - SUFFICIENTLY ROBUST TO FUSE D & D or D & T atoms - ABILITY FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY TO USE SIMPLE MECHANICAL ENERGY TO INITIATE & CONTROL NUCLEAR FORCES (Fusion) Range of Applications & Uses
10 TEAM MEMBERS ORNL - (team leader) Purdue University - Colin D. West (retd.) ORAU -J. S. Cho (Post-Doc) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - R. T. Lahey, Jr. (NAE, Prof/Dean) - R. C. Block (Prof./A.Dean, previously of ORNL) Russian Academy of Sciences - Robert Nigmatulin (President, Ufa Branch)
11 ATTAINING THE HOLY GRAIL OF BUBBLE FUSION AMPLIFY THE ACOUSTIC WAVE PRESSURE ( p I 15-2 bar) On-demand Nucleate Bubbles(5nm) with neutrons Grow to Large Sizes (5 µm) Rm/Ro ~ 1, GAS IN THE BUBBLE: CONDENSING VAPOR (VAPOR CAVITATION) - Minimizing Effect of Gas Cushioning - Higher Kinetic Energy of Convergent Liquid INTENSIFY CONDENSATION Enhanced Shock Generation LARGE MOLECULES (ORGANIC) LIQUID γ R - Low Sound Speed in Vapor ( CG = T ), where M G is molecular weight) MG - High Condensation (Accommodation) Coefficient ( α 1, for water α. 4) - High Cavitation Strength (unlike inorganic liquids) CLUSTER of the Bubbles
12 OUR APPROACH -Rm/Ro ~ 1, - Implode with trillion times greater potential (pdv)energy -- vs conventional SBSL(already a strong focusing mechanism) Earth Sun
13 Plastic Wall (~.6) LS Test Cell To Pump ~ Refrigeration Packs (thickness ~3-5) PNG ~2 Cavitation Zone PZT PMT
14 PNG (N-55) Activation Technology Co. (~ 5x1 5 n/s; 2 Hz; L ~2 cm to chamber)
15 Experimental Sequence of Events Liquid Pressure + - Compression Tension time t=( +/- 3*) µs Neutron burst from neutron generator nucleates bubbles Neutron detector gives signal Neutron Detector (Scintillator) t=( +/- 3*) µs Bubbles grow First & Later** Bubble Implosions time Bubble Radius time t=(27 +/- 3**) µs SL light emissions** PMT - Light Detection t=(27 +/- 3**) µs time Neutron Detection (Scintillator) Time correlated scintillator flashes** if neutrons are emitted during implosion t=(27 +/- 3**) µs time Microphone (on glass walls)detects implosion Shock waves from bubble implosion reach glass wall and keep ringing for the life of bubble clouds t>(54 +/- 3**) µs time
16 The Sound of Neutrons
17 TEST CELL/SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT & CHARACTERIZATION -- Most Time-Consuming Part of Studies (2y)
18 SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION (examples) SL 27 microseconds Shock
19 Variation of PCB Transducer Signal with Frequency Vpr(mV) Frequency (khz) Q ~ 1 3
20 SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION (bubble cloud nucleation to collapse takes ~ 5ms; C) msec 1msec 2msec 3msec 4msec 5msec 1mm
21 BUBBLES LAST MUCH 18C ms 1 ms 2 ms 5 ms 1 ms 15 ms Fig. 9b. Images of bubble nucleation to collapse for tests with Acetone (18 o C)
22 STREAMER EVOLUTION No BF t= t=1ms (bubble cluster first visible) t=3ms (cluster expansion) t=~35ms (fully established streamer)
23 .82 MeV 2.45 MeV 5% + + Helium + neutron Deuterium Deuterium + + Tritium proton 5% MeV 3.2 MeV DEUTERIUM-DEUTERIUM FUSION
24 n-γ EJ-31 Liquid Scintillation Detector ORTEC 113 Pre-Amp. ORTEC 46 (amplifier) ORTEC 552 (pulse shape analyzer) Canberra 2145 (time-to-pulse height analyzer/single channel analyzer) ORTEC 427A (delay amp.) TTL Trigger Pulse SL ORTEC-PCI MCS/ Canberra FMS/ Spectrum Techniques UCS-2 MCA
25 LIQUID SCINTILLATION (LS) DETECTOR (Extensive Calibrations: Linac TOF, Pu-Be,Co,Cs,PNG) 1 8 Cs-137 Co-6 Pu-Be PNG-14MeV MeV neutron energy 4.4 MeV 12 C* gamma 14 MeV neutron energy Channel
26 NEW LIQUID SCINTILLATION (LS) DETECTOR (Extensive Calibrations: Linac TOF, Pu-Be,Co,Cs,PNG) Co-6 Cs MeV (gamma) ~2.5 MeV PRE 1.17 MeV gamma 1.33 MeV gamma Channel
27 NEW LIQUID SCINTILLATION (LS) DETECTOR (Conservative Pulse Shape Discrimination) Gamma & Neutron Time Separation of Co-6 (No PSD) Channel Number 2 18 Gamma & Neutron Time Separation of Co-6 (with PSD) Channel Number Pu-Be Gamma&Neutron Time Separation Without PSD With PSD Pu-Be Gamma&Neutron Time Separati Note: Neutron Gating past Channel 63 for a Channel Number Channel Numb Background Gamma & Neutron Time Separation (No PSD) Channel Number 2 18 Background Gamma & Neutron Time Separation (with PSD Channel Number
28 TIME CORRELATION SIGNALS 6 4 Scintillator SL Microphone Time (microseconds) Such data not observed for C 3 H 6 O or warm C 3 D 6 O
29 SL TIME SPECTRA ( to 5 mic.sec.) 5 4 C 3 D 6 O SL Data (5msec Time Window) Cav. On Channel Number 5 4 C 3 D 6 O SL Data (5msec Time Window) Cav. Off Channel Number
30 NEUTRON TIME SPECTRA ( to 5 mic.sec.) C 3 H 6 O (~ o C) C3H6O Neutron Data (4.8msec Time Window) Cav. On Channel Number C3H6O Neutron Data (4.8msec Time Window) Cav. Off Channel Number
31 NEUTRON & SL TIME SPECTRA ( to 1 mic.sec.) C 3 D 6 O (~ o C) C 3 D 6 O SL Data (1microsec Time Window) PNG Region 1st Collapse Region Time (micro seconds) Cav.On-Cav.Off
32 NEUTRON TIME SPECTRA ( to 5 mic.sec.) C 3 D 6 O (~ o C) 5 4 C 3 D 6 O Neutron Data (5msec Time Window) Cav. On Channel Number 2 15 C3D6O Neutron Data (5msec Time Window) Cav. Off Channel Number
33 SL-Neutron Time Correlation Spectra (C 3 D 6 O; o C) Neutrons(Cav.On) CAVITATION ON SL (Cav.On) 5 4 Neutron Counts SL Counts Time (µs) 1 5 Neutrons(Cav.Off) SL (Cav.Off) 8 4 Neutron Counts 6 4 CAVITATION OFF 3 2 SL Counts Time(mic.sec.)
34 GAMMAS WILL ACCOMPANY NEUTRONS But Quantity &Timing Are Necessarily Different
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36 Neutron vs Gamma Time Spectra (C 3 D 6 O; o C) Note: Gammas are Time Separated from Neutrons Time Spectra Variations of Excess Neutrons and Gamma Ray Emissions 35 Neutrons(Cav.On-Cav.Off) Gamma(Cav.On-Cav.Off) Channel No. Gamma(Cav.On-Cav.Off) 6 4 2
37 Neutron Energy Spectra (C 3 D 6 O & C 3 H 6 O; o C) Count Difference(%) Standard Deviation Significance C3D6O & C3H6O Energy Spectrum Count Difference between Cav.On & Off C 3 D 6 O C 3 H 6 O C 3 D 6 O C 3 H 6 O (< 2.5 MeV) 2.5MeV (> 2.5 MeV)
38 Neutron vs Gamma Changes (C 3 D 6 O, C 3 H 6 O; o C) Gamma emissions ~ 1-15% of neutron emissions -->for C 3 D 6 O Count Difference (%) Gamma&Neutron Count Difference(%) between Cav.On & Off C3D6O C3H6O Gamma Neutron Gamma emissions are largely 2.2 MeV 1 Fraction of Total Gamma Counts Increase (%) < 2.2 MeV > 2.2 MeV
39 TRITIUM MONITORING Liquid Scintillation Counting --> LS65 Beckman(baseline); LS5/Packard (crosschecks) --> Ecolite cocktail (15:1); glass vials --> Counts in 5-18 kev window (beta emissions from T) Testing with Control Liquid --C 3 H 6 O (7h and 12h; o C) --> PNG only --> PNG + Cavitation Testing with C 3 D 6 O (7h and 12h) --> PNG only ( o C) --> PNG + Cavitation ( o C) --> Pu-Be source (5h) --> o C --> PNG only (2 o C) --> PNG + Cavitation (2 o C)
40 CONFIRMED TRITIUM GENERATION (New Chamber) 25 C 3 D 6 O(PNG Irr.+Cav; o C) 2 C 3 D 6 O(Pu-Be Irr.+Cav; o C) C 3 D 6 O(PNG Irr.+Cav; 22 o C) C 3 D 6 O(PNG Irr.only; o C) C 3 H 6 O(PNG Irr.only; o C) C H O(PNG Irr.+Cav; o C) 3 6 Representative Counts (cpm) & 1sigma errors Time(h) Liquid Before Cav. After Cav. 7 3 DC 6 O / / DC O / / H C O / / HC 6 O / / Time(h) - for irradiation and/or cavitation -Beckman LS65 & LS5 calibrated counters (5-18 kev); -Ecolite - Scintillation Cocktail (15:1)
41 NOTE FOR EVERY EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED WITH C 3 D 6 O WE CONDUCTED A CONTROL EXPERIMENT WITH C 3 H 6 O
42 EVIDENCE FOR NUCLEAR FUSION (Science, 3/8/22; PRE, 3/24) ~ 15 Referees -Neutrons (of Correct Energy)? YES! --> ~ 5 x 1 5 n/s of 2.5 MeV (3 to 4 SD) -Tritium? YES! --> ~ 6-7 x 1 5 n-t/s (~ 4-5 SD) -Time Correlation with SL? YES! -Detected gamma rays? YES! Time diffused (~ 1+SD); Largely 2.2 MeV - In Line with Theory & Physics? YES! - Checked with D-Acetone & Control Liquid (H-Acetone)? - Only for cavitated D-Acetone - Never for H-Acetone
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45 PRL-24 Nature-25
46 CONDITIONS FOR NUCLEAR EMISSIONS DURING ACOUSTIC CAVITATION - Liquid was organic (C 3 D 6 O) and deuterated - Drive pressure amplitude ~ +/- 15bar using a PiezoSystems amplifier tied to a resonant acoustic chamber ~2 khz. - Neutrons (14 MeV) nucleated bubble CLUSTERS (~25-5/sec.) ** No cavitation to occur without neutrons ** - Bubble clouds nucleated when tension is greatest; growth - to ~6mm prior to collapse - Liquid was degassed; Chamber under 27 Hg vacuum - Liquid temperature ~ o C
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48 Independent Experimentation (25 NED,ANS,NURETH-11) Xu/Butt/Revankar; Experimental Apparatus LS Freezer 56.6 cm Chamber Pu-Be /Cf-252 Paraffin Blocks 5 cm
49 Confirmation Results (2.45 MeV Neutron) by Xu/Butt/Revankar(25) 1 C3D6O 8 C3H6O Counts 6 4 < 2.5 MeV (c). Differences of Cav. On and Off Liquid Diff. 1 SD C3D6O C3H6O > 2.5 MeV Channels
50 Confirmation Results- Xu/Butt/Revankar(25) (Tritium Counting) 1. Tritium (DPM/gm) Aggregate Average DPM/gm 1 SD C 3 D 6 O C 3 H 6 O C 3 D 6 O Irradiated. 1.2 * Background count rate ~ C3D6O Cavitation+Irradiation C3H6O Cavitation+Irradiation C3D6O Irradiation Only
51 Conclusions of Confirmation Study - May 25 Nucl.Engr.&Design Journal Bubble Fusion Experiments were Conducted with Isotope Radiation Sources with Fast Neutron Measurement and Tritium Counting. Statistically Significant (11 SD) Excess of Fast Neutrons and (5 SD) Tritium Emission were Observed in Acoustically Cavitated Deuterated Liquid Only; Never for Control Conditions Taleyarkhan et al. Discovery (22, 24) was Confirmed.
52 IMPLOSION DYNAMICS MODELING/SIMULATION Two stage modeling --> HYDRO code -Stage 1: Low Mach No. (Rayleigh-Plesset formulations) -Stage 2: High Mach No. (Shock modeling; Mie-Gruniesen form of EOS from shock data for acetone) - Spatio-temporal neutron generation modeling -LANL D-D data -Models included effects of conductivity and mass transport at liquid-vapor interface from condensation-evaporation, dissociation, ionization, cluster amplification, electron conductivity Simulations evaluated the influence of: - Fluid type (low/high α) - Temperature of operation
53 ( ) ( ).,,,,, n g g g g T T T T p p u e λ = λ ρ ε = ε ρ = + ε = 2 2 ( ), ur r r 1 t 2 2 = ρ + ρ ( ) ( ), r p r u r r 1 u t = + ρ + ρ ( ) ( ), λ = + ρ + ρ r T r r r p e ur r r t e Gas Liquid a(t) Mass, Momentum, Energy Conservation Differential Equations Mass Momentum Energy
54 Mass: INTERFACIAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (r = a(t)) ρ Momentum: Energy: ( a & u ) = ρ ( a u ) j g g λ & λ = λ λ p g T r λ = p λ λ 2 σ + + a T g g = r - intensity of phase transition 4µ λu a j l λ Kinetics of phase transition (Hertz- Knudsen-Langmuir Eqn): T λ T g j = α 2πR g [ T ] =.45 p s j 2 R ( T ) T g λ λ T S T S ρ g p g T g - (Labuntsov, 1968) p S (T) saturation pressure, l evaporation heat α - accommodation (condensation) coefficient
55 MI-GRUNEISEN EQUATIONS OF STATE ε = ε p + ε T + ε c p = p p + p T ε p = ε p ( ρ), p ( ρ) p = ρ 2 dε p dρ ε = c T, T V p T = ργ ( ρ) c T V ε p and p p cold or potential internal energy and pressure due to Intermolecular interaction ε T and p T thermal internal energy and thermal pressure ε c - chemical internal energy c V and Γ ( ρ ) - averaged heat capacity and Gruneizen Coefficient
56 SHOCK ADIABAT (D-u) FOR LIQUID ACETONE (Trunin, 1992) 1 D, km/s 4 8 Non-dissociated 3 Non-dissociated Shock Wave Speed, Dissociated Trunin, Dissociated C l MASS VELOCITY, U, km/s MASS VELOCITY, U, km/s D Shock Wave Speed U Mass Velocity after the Shock Wave U D
57 KINETICS OF FUSION D + D 3 He + n T + H ( 1 2) ( 1 ) 2 σv, m 3 /s DT - DD - J J N = 1 2 n 2 neutron number 6ρ = GΝ n M G Α σ v of, N = emission emitted concentration of t V J intensity, dv neutrons, D atoms dt, ( CO( ) ), CD T,K σv averaged product of the cross section times the deuterons thermal velocity, N A = kmol -1 Avogadro number, M G = 64 kmol -1 molecular weight N D = 6 N A M G = kg -1
58 Low Mach Regime M = a& C l << 1 For GAS (vapor): R g ε = = c Vg T, p J/(kg K), = R γ g = ρ c g T Vg c + R Vg g = 1.1 ε = c For LIQUID: Vl T, c Vl 2 = 2m /(s 2 K) ρl = 858 kg/m 3 = const Raileigh-Plesset equation a d d 2 2 a 3 da r = a + 2 = t 2 dt ρl p l p I
59 Amplification of the Compression Wave in Cluster a,µ 1 Number of bubbles N=5 Maximum microbubble.5 radius Radius of the cluster R = 4 мм a = a = 4 max µм R p,bar t= 32 µ s r = r = 2 mm r = 4 mm t, µ s 5 r, mm,,5 1, 1,5 2, 2,5 3, 3,5 4, p, bar r = 4 мм r = 2 мм r = t, µ s
60 a, µm a p I ,bar I p. a, m/s 2 4 t t -2 8 t, µs t, µs p G a p G, bar m G, ng ρ G, kg/m m G.2.1 ρ G T G T G, K t, µs t, µs Low Mach Number Stage (microseconds)
61 a, µm a a, km/s 2 1 ρ La, kg/m a t - t o, ns 6 5 p La, bar 1 2 T La, K t - t = -.78 ns t o t - t,ns Interface (nanosecond stage) o t - t,ns
62 ρ G, kg/m 3 t 21 = t -.11 ps, t 22 = t -.6 ps, t 23 = t -.2 ps, t 24 = t -.1 ps, t 25 = t p G, bar 1 21 r* r, nm r, nm w, km/s T G, K r, nm r, nm Spatial distributions of the parameters for subpicosecond thermonuclear stage
63 N r, nm r* Gmax,kg/m, TG max, K ρ r,nm T Gmax ρ Gmax r r*,nm Figure 14. Bubble nuclear fusion simulation results for neutron production with (heavy lines) and without (thin lines) inclusion of endothermic chemical energy losses from dissociation and ionization of C 3 D 6 O molecules.
64 LIQUID DISSOCIATION IMPACT RADIUS [mkm] Cold dissociation because of the super high pressure (1 5 bar) in liquid needs 1 2 ns; Super high pressure in liquid (near the bubble interface) takes place 1 ns dissociated liquid non-dissociated liquid TIME [ns] Вubble radius evolution for deuterated acetone C 3 D 6 O; ω = 2π 2.5 khz, p - = 4 bar, p + = 2 bar, T l = 273 K, α = 1..
65 Non-Equilibrium ELECTRONS & IONS T e << T i (during s)
66 Neutron Productivity in the Experimental Regime (R. Taleyarkhan et al, 22) Per second: 5 effective cavitation cycles initiated by acoustical rarefactions with 2 PNG neutron shots 5 neutron bursts from 1 acoustical cycles per cavitation cycle If: 15 actively collapsed bubbles in cluster 1 neutrons per collapse of one bubble neutrons per second s -1
67 RESULTS OF ANALYSIS Bubble Fusion (Ufa Branch of RAS +ORNL+RPI) Density: 1-2 g/cm 3 Temperature: 1 8 K = 1 KeV Sonoluminescence (Livermore) Density: 1 g/cm 3 Temperature: 1 6 K Pressure: 1 11 bar = 1 2 Gbar Velocity: 1 km/s Duration: 1 13 s = 1 1 ps Pressure: Velocity: Duration: bar 1 km/s 1 ps Radius of the Thermonuclear Core: 6 nm Number of Ions in the Thermonuclear Core: Radius of the Т = 1 6 К core: 1-3 nm Number of Ions in the Core: Production of the Fast Neutrons and Tritium nucleus s -1
68 FINDINGS and PARADOXES COLD LIQUID Effect CLUSTER effect NON-DISSOCIATION of Liquid COLD Electrons SHARPENNING: Node size for Fusion Core r.1 nm << a 1 nm << a 2 nm SHAPE STABILITY
69 IMPLICATIONS Ability to Utilize Simple Mechanical (Acoustically-driven) Energy to Initiate & Control Nuclear (Fusion) Forces -Applications? -- (~ 1, Mbar, 1 8 K) --> Non-Power ( ~ 1 6 n/s pulsed neutron-gamma-x-ray-t source) - Pulsed neutron/gamma source (on/off) - Radiography, therapy, irradiation - Explosives detection; Spectroscopy - Tritium (SNM) production - Materials synthesis (C ->D) - Chemical kinetics research at extreme conditions -( Mbar; 1 7 K) --> Optimization/Scalability Potential Research (Phase 2 Focus) Japan-US Joint Efforts
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