Experimental Physics 9) RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTS
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1 C) Example by Tim and me in MRI Experimental Physics 9) RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTS A) Create Knowledge B) Scientific Method Principles and procedures for creating knowledge i) Recognize and formulate problem ii) Collect data with observations and experiments iii) Formulate and test hypotheses
2 Scientific Method (How to create knowledge) Principles and procedures for creating knowledge Recognize and formulate problem Prepare experiment, calculate response, collect data. Formulate and test hypotheses. Compare with other experiments. Choose mathematical methods for data analysis; estimate quantities, choose the theory best explaining your and world data. Formulate results in a way people can check it and compare with their results. Prepare and send the paper to journal. Answer comments of referees, check again all results and send for final revision. Discovery of Cosmic Rays There is a flux of radiation fallen on the earth; What it is (composition, energies)? Sources (Sun, Galaxy, SNR, Black holes, neutron stars)? Detectors (Space born, surface); detector response. How to solve inverse problem? Simulations; models of propagation and interaction; available data from manmade accelerators; model validation and verification; Model of measurement: from counts to intensities; particle classification.
3 Kings college in Cambridge
4 Apple tree on the entrance of Trinity college
5 Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT)
6 J.J. Thomson s experiments In 1897 Thomson discovered the Electron and birth of electronics took place.
7 Experimental setup that proves negative charge of cathode rays
8 The speed of a charged particle can be measured indirectly by perfectly balancing the electric force against the magnetic force so that the charged particle goes in a straight line. e/m=2sv^2/l^2e
9 Projectile Motion and Inertia (
10 First estimations of electron parameters F q = qe = F m = qvb Þ v = E B s = v mean *t; v mean = v 0 v t 2 ; v 0 = 0; s = v t *t 2 = at2 2 a = F m = qe m ; t = l v ; s = qe l 2 2mv = qel2 B 2 = ql2 B 2 2 2mE 2 2mE Þ q m = 2sE l 2 B 2 = *1011 CKg 1
11 In 1906, Robert Millikan was able to determine the value of the charge on the electron in his ``oil drop'' experiment.
12 How to resolve q/m? F g = F q ; Mg = qe Þ q M = g E Þ q = Mg E F droplet = Mg gv = Ma = M dv dt Þ v = Mg g Þ M = gv g q = *10 19 C; m = *10 31 kg
13 Probe: Alpha (He ) Source: Radium Lead Collimat or Target: gold foil Detector: Zinc Sulfide Viewing Screen
14 circa 1909: Prevailing atomic model is Plum Pudding. The Coloumb electrical repulsion results only from a fraction of the total charge Negatively charged embedded electrons A Plum Pudding Atom Positively charged mass
15 They expected to see small deflections of the alphas as they barreled through the ultrathin foil Alpha particles Ultra thin Gold foil
16 Marsden instead observes many large angle scatters or ricochets. Alpha particles Ultra thin Gold foil This scattering is contrary to the PP model!
17 From Marsden s observed scattering angles Rutherford calculates: Charged mass is not distributed over whole atomic volume. The observed scatters can occur when the charge is concentrated at the center in volume of atomic diameter This was the death of plum pudding & birth of the nucleus.
18 How to make and keep static electricity?
19 Charged capacitor V
20 Ionisation kill the charge V
21 Ionozation current В 1912 г. Виктор Гесс достиг высоты ~5км In 1912 Victor Hess reached ~5 km Космическое излучение? Cosmic radiation? Ионизация воздуха Ionization of air Alt, m
22
23 Cosmic Rays window to Universe
24
25 The experiment was carried out Franklin in June 1752, but using a kite. He attached a key to the kite string, which was connected to a Leyden jar. Although the kite was not struck by lightning, static electricity was conducted to the key, and Franklin felt a shock when he moved his hand near the key. Georg Wilhelm Richmann (Germany/Russia) was killed by electrocution while attempting to recreate the experiment in St. Petersburg in 1753.
26 Original of the first Wilson chamber
27 Experiments with cloud chamber
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