The Higgs boson. Johann Collot Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie de Grenoble. Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3
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1 The Higgs boson Johann Collot Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie de Grenoble Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3 1
2 Higgs boson : a very simple particle No electrical charge No spin (self-rotation) Almost simpler than a photon But an unpredicted mass that turned out to be equal to that of a cesium atom Then was very difficult to produce and observe because highly unstable And a rôle which is a bit obscure 2
3 l e p t o n s q u a r k s Q=0 Zoo of elementary particles muon tau electron neutrino neutrino weak bosons neutrino Photon Q= - e electron u quark Q = 2/3 e muon tau c (charm) quark t (top) quark Gluons Weak Interaction Q = -1/3 e d quark s (strange) b (bottom) quark quark Electromagnetic Interaction Strong color interaction 3
4 Proton is sort of microscopic bubbling of quarks and gluons times smaller than the size of an atom. Proton Simulation UP UP Art Catherine Chariot DOWN The proton structure is more complex than that of a star 4
5 Mass Initially all elementary particles are massless, but in physics, mass is found almost everywhere. P=m g gravitational mass Galileo F=m a inertial mass Newton E =γ m c 2 mass-energy equivalence Einstein All these masses are identical. Generating a proper energy to a particle automatically creates an inert and gravitational mass. 5
6 masses of elementary particles in cartoon Everywhere in space, there's a new field : the Higgs field A free and massless particle gets immersed The Higgs field gets polarized around the particle, generating a mass term. 6
7 The Higgs boson The Higgs field gets excited. The quantum perturbation propagates and almost instantaneously decays into elementary particles. 7
8 Large Hadron Collider 7 TeV Proton + 7 TeV Proton 14 TeV collisions 8
9 ATLAS Collaboration of 3000 physicists (1000 Ph. D. students) working in 174 universities and laboratories of 38 countries 9
10 ATLAS 10
11 Production of a Higgs boson proton gluon t antiquark Higgs boson t quark gluon proton 11
12 Higgs boson decay photon W boson Higgs boson W boson photon 12
13 Higgs boson decaying into two photons 13
14 The discovery ATLAS CMS The same particle is observed with more than 5 sigma significance in two different detectors operated by two independent collaborations.. 14
15 Is it really the Higgs boson? It really seems like it, since Higgs boson is the only particle that couples to all other elementary particles proportionally to their mass. Confirmed by experiments coupling to other elementary particles 15
16 French-Swedish collaboration Started at the beginning of the 90's : LPSC Grenoble and KTH Stockholm together with 5 institutes of Morocco : design and construction of ATLAS detector 2 young French Ph.Ds came and stayed in Sweden : Arnaud Ferrari, U. of Uppsala and Christophe Clément, U. of Stockholm Collaboration is still going on : search for additional Higgs bosons : neutral or charged LAL Orsay, LPSC Grenoble, KTH Stockholm and U. of Uppsala upgrade of ATLAS detector for LHC phase 2 2 cosupervised and cofinanced PhDs : Alexander Madsen (defended May 2015) Joakim Gradin (defence in 2017) 16
17 People involved in French-Swedish collaboration LPSC Grenoble : LAL Orsay : Zhiquing Zhang U. of Uppsala Johann Collot, Joakim Gradin (also U. of Uppsala) Elin Bergeås-Kuutmann, Richard Brenner, Tord Ekelöf, Arnaud Ferrari, Joakim Gradin (also LPSC) KTH Stockholm : Bengt Lund-Jensen, Jonas Strandberg 17
18 Backup slides 18
19 Universe history and its content The evolution and the structure of universe depend upon its content! énergie sombre t = ans From observations of the evolution and the structure of our Universe, we can infer that as of today our ordinary matter (us, planets, stars, galaxies...) accounts for only 5 % of universe. The essential eludes us... Will LHC be capable of producing a bit of Dark matter? 11 April
20 Supersymmetric particles Each existing elementary particle would have a supersymmetric partner of heavier mass, then never produced till now by accelerators If one of these particles were neutral, stable and weakly interacting with matter, it could then constitute the missing Dark Matter (27% of Universe density) 11 April
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