!!!!! General!Physics!I!&!II!Lab!!! Course!Description!! Lab!Report!Template!and!Sample!! Grading!Rubrics! Pre>Lab!Quizzes!!!!!!!!
|
|
- April Neal
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GeneralPhysicsIIILab CourseDescription LabReportTemplateandSample GradingRubrics Pre>LabQuizzes Source:ChristopherJohnson; 1
2 TableofContents GeneralPhysicsCourseInformation 3 GeneralPhysicsLabWritingGuide 6 SampleLabReport..12 Labs: AtomicEnergyLevels GradingRubric.23 PreHLabQuiz.24 CapacitorsandRCDecay GradingRubric.25 PreHLabQuiz.27 CircularMotionandCentripetalForce GradingRubric.28 PreHLabQuiz.30 ConvergingLenses GradingRubric.31 PreHLabQuiz.33 ElectricandPotentialFields GradingRubric.34 PreHLabQuiz.36 ImpulseandMomentuminCollisions GradingRubric.37 PreHLabQuiz.39 MotioninFreeHFall GradingRubric.40 Ohm slaw GradingRubric.42 PreHLabQuiz.44 ProjectileMotion GradingRubric.45 PreHLabQuiz.47 PropertiesofaVerticalSpringHMassSystem GradingRubric.48 PreHLabQuiz.50 TransverseMechanicalWavesandResonance GradingRubric.51 PreHLabQuiz.52 WavelengthofLight GradingRubric.53 PreHLabQuiz.55 2
3 96.104'[fill,in,section],General,Physics,II,Lab CourseInformation Lab,Meeting,Time:Thislabsectionmeetseveryother[fillinweekday](starting with[fillindate])at[fillintime]sharp.thelabsessionruns aslongasittakestofinishtheexperimentwithsatisfactory data. Location:Theroominwhichwemeetwillvaryfromweektoweekdependingon theavailabilityofroomsandlaboratorymaterials(wesharebothwith manyotherlabsections).theroominwhichwearemeetingwillbe postedonthedoorstothelabrooms.checkthepostingseachtime youcomeintolabtofindoutwherewearemetingthatday.theroom inwhichwemeetwillnotnecessarilybethesameroomlistedonisis. Instructor:[fillinname] Instructor,Contact,Information:[fillin ] Office/Office,Hours:,Ihaveacubicle[fillincubiclenumber]inOlney219whereI canmeetyoubyappointment.contactmewellinadvanceto ensurethatthereistimeforustomeetbeforeyourlabreport isdue,ihaveaverybusyscheduleasagraduatestudentsoitis difficulttomaketimeatthelastminute. Restrictions:Consumptionoffoodordrinksisstrictlyprohibitedinthelaboratory. Attendance/Make,Up,Work:,Thereareonlysixlaboratorysessionspersemester. Thescoreforeachlabreportcontributesequallytoeachstudent s grade.attendanceisrequiredforfivelabsessions,butattendanceat allsixisencouraged.anystudentthatmissesmorethanonelab session(excusedornot)willautomaticallyfailthecourseandwillbe encouragedtowithdraw.makeupworkisnotallowedinanycasefor anyexperiment.ifthestudentisawareofaconflictinadvance,itis theirresponsibilitytoarrangeattendanceatanotheroneofthe instructor slabsessions.studentsarerequiredtobepunctual;failure todosowillresultinmissedpreslabquizzesandotherimportant information.performingtheexperimentunderthesupervisionof anotherinstructorisnotpermittedbecauseeachinstructorteaches eachlabslightlydifferentlyandhasslightlydifferentlabswriting requirements., 3
4 Academic,Conduct:Eachstudentisrequiredtowritetheirownoriginallabreport. Studentsareencouragedtoworktogethertoperformthe experimentandanalyzedata,butthelanguageofeachreport mustbeunique.thestudentisresponsibleforappropriate academicconduct.cheatingofanyformwillresultinafailing gradeonthelabreportandpossiblyinthecourseaswell.the university sacademicintegritypolicyisavailableonline. Whetherornotastudentisguiltyofacademicmisconductis lefttothediscretionoftheinstructor,asaretheconsequences. Labreportsthatraisesuspicionwillbesubmittedtothe physicsdepartment.don tcheat. Scoring Pre'Lab,Quizzes:TherewillbeapreSlabquizatthebeginningofeachlabsessionto testthestudent spreparationfortheexperiment.thestudentis responsibleforreadingandunderstandingthelabmanualbefore comingtothelabsession.itisadvisedthatthestudentdothereading wellinadvancesothattheyhavetheopportunitytocontactthe instructorwithanyquestionsbeforemeetingtoperformthe experiment.thepreslabquizzeswillbescoredoutoftenpointsand willcontributetenoutoftheonehundredpointsavailableforeach report.missingapreslabquizduetotardinesswillresultinascoreof zeroonthequiz. Lab,Reports:Eachlabreportwillconsistoffoursections:thecoverpage/lab manualpages,theobjectivestatement,theresults/analysissection, andthediscussion/conclusionssection.labswritingrequirementsare discussedindetailinthelabswritingguidehandedoutalongwiththe courseinformation. Grading:Eachlabreportwillbescoredoutof100possiblepoints.Eachcomponent (preslabquiz,coverpage/labmanualpages,objectivestatement, results/analysis,anddiscussion/conclusions)willaccountfora certainamountofthe100possiblepoints.eachreportwillbegraded accordingtoarubricthatinstructorwilluseachecklisttodetermine whatnecessaryinformationisincludedineachsectionofthereport. Therubricforeachexperimentwillbehandedoutatthelabsession duringwhichthestudentsareperformingtheexperiment,sothereis noexcuseforomittinganycontentfromanysectionofthelabreport. Ateachlabmeeting,eachstudentwillreceivetheirgradedlabreport fromthepreviousexperimentwithcomments.thecommentsare intendedtohelpthestudentimproveonhowtheywritethenextlab report.studentswhodonottakethecommentsintoconsideration 4
5 willbeheavilypenalizedforrepeatingthesamemistakes.oftentimes, somecommentsaremadeveryfrequently.forthisreason,the instructorwilluseanabbreviatednotationforsomecomments.there willbeafrequentcommentskeythatgivesthedefinitionofeach abbreviationforeachexperiment.anystudentwhohasperformedan experimentandhandsinanywrittenreportwillreceiveaminimum scoreof40pointsonthereport.attheendofthesemester,the instructorwilldetermineeachstudent sfinalgradebyaveragingthe fivehighestlabreportscores.theinstructorwillscalethegrades appropriatelybasedonthemeritoftheclass soverallperformance. Standardlettergradeswillbeassociatedwithpercentscores. Deadlines:Labreportsaredueoneweekfromthedateonwhichtheexperiment wasperformedatthestartofthealternatelabsession.labsthatare turnedinafterthestartofthelabsession([inserttime]exactly)will beconsideredonedaylate.studentscanhandlatelabreportsintothe lateboxoutsideofolney113.labreportsthatareturnedinonthe nextdaywillbeconsideredtwodayslate,thenextdaywillbethree dayslate,etc.fivepointsperdaywillbetakenoffthescoreoflatelab reports.sincelatelabreportsdonotgodirectlyintothehandsofthe instructor,itisnotguaranteedthattheinstructorwillreceivethelab report.ifastudentneedstogoprintalabbeforeturningitin,thelab reportisnotexempttothedeadline.itisstronglyencouragedtoturn thelabreportinontimeandforthisreasonitisadvisedthatthe studentprintandstaplethelabreportwellinadvancebeforecoming tolab.latenessalsodecreasestheminimumlabreportscore.the minimumscoreforalabreportthatisontimeis40/100,the minimumscoreforalabthatisonedaylateis30/100,etc. 5
6 Lab$Writing+Guide+ + Firstandforemost,itisessentialforeachstudenttorealizethatlabwritingis awriting'exercise.alllabreportsmustbewritteninformalenglish.allguidelines thatapplytonormalformalwritingstillapplytolabwriting(indentnew paragraphs,useproperpunctuation,etc.).every+statement+that+appears+ anywhere++in+the+lab+report+(otherthanthecoverpageandtitlesandaxislabelson graphs)must+be+a+complete+sentence.+use+of+sentence+fragments+and+ incomplete+sentences+will+greatly+decrease+the+grade+on+the+lab+report.alllab reportsmustbeword@processed,double@spacedineithercambriaortimesnew Romansize12font.Donotattempttomakeyourlabreportlooklongerby increasingthemarginsize,thefontsize,ortheline@spacing.thegoaloflab@writing istoincludeallofthecontentnecessarytoexplainyourgoalstothereaderandto explainhowyouachievedthosegoals.itissomewhatofanarttobeascompleteas possiblewhilealsobeingas'concise'as'possible.forthisreason,westrictlyadhereto atechnicalwritingformat.therequirementsforwritingeachsectionofthelab reportareoutlinedbelow.itisessentialthatyouincludeeverysectionintheorder listed.everysectionotherthanthecoverpageandlabmanualpagesrequiresa bolded,left@justifiedheading.donotitalicize,underline,orenlargethesection headings.donotpunctuatesectionheadings(donotusecolonsoranythinglike that).donotleavesectionheadingsstandingontheirownatthebottomofapage, putthesectionheadingonanewpagesothatthebeginningofthenewsection appearsdirectlybelowit.usethesamplelabreportthattheinstructorhandedout alongwiththelab@writingguideandcourseinformationasaformattingreference. Treatthesamplelabreportonlyasaformattingreference,donotuseittoinfluence yourwritingstyleorcontent.thesearetherequirementsforeachsection: Cover+Page:Thecoverpagelistsyourname,thecourseandsectionnumber,the instructor sname,thetitleoftheexperiment,thedateonwhichyou performedtheexperiment,andyourlabpartner sname.thecover pageshouldbeitsownpieceofpaperwiththeaboveinformation typedonitsownlineintheorderlistedaboveandcentered(vertically andhorizontally)onthepage.usenormalsize12fontforeverypiece ofinformationonthecoverpage(noenlarged,bolded,italicized, underlined,orotherwisealteredtext).the+cover+page+counts+ FOR+FREE+EASY+POINTS.+DO+NOT+LOSE+POINTS+ON+THE+COVER+ PAGE + Lab+Manual+Pages:Youarerequiredtohandinthelabmanualpagesthatpertain totheexperiment.thelabmanualpagescanbephotocopiedortaken directlyoutofthelabmanualitself.thesepageswillsufficeasthe introductionandproceduresections;itisnotnecessarytowritean originalintroductionorproceduresection.includealllabmanual pagesfortheexperimentexceptforthosepertainingtotheresults andanalysissection(tables,figures,instructionsforanalysis,etc.). 6
7 Includethelabmanualpagesintheorderinwhichtheyappearinthe labmanual. Objective+Statement:Donotcopytheobjectivestatementfromthelabmanual.You willreceiveascoreofzeroontheobjectivestatementifyou copytheobjectivestatementfromthelabmanual.the objectivestatementisessentialtothelabreport.ittellsthe readerwhatyourgoalsare,andtherestofyourreport explainshowyouachievedyourgoals.theobjectivestatement, likeallstatementsinyourlabreport,mustbeacomplete sentence.itshouldbewritteninthepasttenseandactive'voice anditshouldusefirstpersonpronouns.hereisanexampleof agoodobjectivestatementforoneofthegeneralphysicsi labs, toexaminetherelationshipsbetweenposition,velocityand acceleration,aswellastodeterminethegravitationalconstant, Noticehowitisacomplete sentence,notasentencefragmentlike, Todeterminethe gravitationalconstant,g.also,itusesafirstpersonpronounin thepasttenseandactivevoice, Weconducted.DONOTUSE THEPASSIVEVOICE.DONOTWRITE theexperimentwas conducted.remember,youconductedtheexperiment. Theseguidelinesapplytoeverysentenceineverysectionof yourlabreport.forclarity:everysentenceinyourlab REPORTSHOULDALWAYSBEINTHEACTIVEVOICE,INTHE PASTTENSE,ANDYOUSHOULDUSEFIRSTPERSON PRONOUNSASOFTENASPOSSIBLE.NEVERUSETHEPASSIVE VOICE. Results+and+Analysis:Theresultsandanalysissectionisthemeatofthelabreport andcarriesthemostweightintermsofthegrade.theresultsand analysissectionisone+section+thatincludesyourresultsandyour analysis.likeallothersections,theresultssectionrequiresaleft justified,boldedheadingwithoutpunctuation.theresultsand analysissectionexplainshowyoumanipulatedyourdatainorderto achieveyourobjectives.youdonotneedtoexplainhowyouobtained yourrawdata;theproceduresectionfromthelabmanualpages coversthatinformation.thereareessentiallythreethingsthatyou willbeaskedtodointheresultssection.youwillbeaskedtoexplain calculations,todisplaytables,andtodisplayfigures.itisessential thatyoudoeachofthesethingscompletelyandproperly. Whenyouareaskedtoexplainacalculation,youwillneedtoproperly includeanequationandthenproperlydisplayasamplecalculation. Whenyouincludeanequation,itshouldbecenteredonitsownline, separatedfromthetext,withitsnumberinparenthesesontheright 7
8 sideofthepage.thenumbershouldbeinbetweenoneopenandone closedparenthesis,nootherpunctuation.itisextremelyimportant thatyounumberequationsproperlyintheorderinwhichtheyappear inthetext.afteryouhaveassignedanumbertoanequationyoucan refertothatequationbynumberifyoumentionitlaterinthereport. Itisessentialthatyoumasterthislabwritingtechnique.Youare requiredtonumberallequationsyouuseonyourown;youshould disregardtheequationnumbersgiveninthelabmanual.another essentiallabwritingtechniqueisthatyouincludetheequationfluidly asapartofacompletesentence.asusual,youshouldusefirstperson pronouns,pasttenseandactivevoice;ifitisnecessary,youshould includepunctuationwithyourequation.aspartofthesentencethat includestheequation,youmustalsodefine'the'symbolsthatappearin theequation.youmustdothiscompletelyandconcisely;definea symbolonceandsticktothatdefinitionfortherestofthereport.itis veryimportantthateachsymbolrepresentoneandonlyonephysical Whenyoushowtheequationonitsownline,youshouldusethe propersymbols;thisisveryeasytodowiththeequationeditorin Microsoftword.ThereshouldneverbeanyEnglishwordsaspartof anequation;onlyusesymbolsinequations.afteryoushowan equation,youneedtoshowasamplecalculation.asamplecalculation isanexampleofhowyouusedyourdatainthatequation.although youwillrepeatmanycalculations,youonlyneedtoformallyshowone' representativesamplecalculationinordertodemonstrateyour masteryofthatequation.liketheequationitself,thesample calculationshouldreadfluidlyasapartofthesentencethatitisin.in thissentence,youshouldstatethevaluesthatyouareusingforeach parameter;thisisanalogoustohowyoudefinethesymbolsinthe sentencethatincludestheequation.whenyoustatethevalues,you must'includetheunits,otherwisethevalueismeaningless.youshould alsoincludetheunitsinthesamplecalculationitself.thesample calculationshouldalsoappearonitsownline.unlikeequations,you donotneedtonumbersamplecalculations.hereisanexampleofhow toproperlyexplainacalculation,includingtheequationandthe samplecalculation: WedeterminedtheforceoneachobjectusingNewton ssecondlaw, F=ma, (1) wheremwasthemassoftheballandawasitsacceleration.forexample,whenthe 0.5kgballwasacceleratingat9.8m/s,wecalculatedaforceof 8
9 F=(0.5kg)(9.8m/s)=4.9N. Noticehowboththeequationandthesamplecalculationarepartof theirownsentence.bothsentencesusefirstpersonpronouns,active voice,andareinthepasttense.thesentencefortheequationclearly definesthesymbolsusedintheequationandthesentenceforthe samplecalculationclearlystatesthevaluesusedintheequation.idid symbolizesforcebasedonthefirstpartofthesentence, We determinedtheforces.theequationf=ma'ispunctuatedbecauseitis afluidpartofthesentenceandwillbereadassuch.ifineedtorefer tothisequationlaterinthelab,iwouldsimplyrefertoitas equation 1.Thesamplecalculationisalsopunctuatedbecause aforceof4.9 Newtons ispartofthesentence. Anotherthingyouwillbeaskedtodointheresultssectionisto displaytablesproperly.similarlytoequations,tablesshouldbe numberedintheorderinwhichtheyappearintext.ifthelabmanual givesatablenumberyoushouldignoreit;definetablesbyyourown numberingscheme(sometimesyourschemeandthelabmanual s schemecancoincide).donotnumbertableswithparenthesislikeyou doforequations.whenyouincludeatable,youmustwriteacomplete sentencethatreferstothetablebynumber.alwayscapitalizethe word Table whenyourefertoatablebynumber.youshouldalso usecompletesentencestocaptiontables.thecaptionshouldappear directlybelowthetable,centeredonthepageandsingle@spaced.you areallowedtousethetablesyoufilloutbyinthelabmanual,butitis requiredthattheyappearinaprofessionalmanner.ifyouplanto includethehandwrittentables,youareencouragedtotakeyourraw dataduringtheprocedureonyourownpapersoyoucanmakea finalized,neatversiononthelabmanualpage.youarealso encouragedtomakeyourowndigitaltables(inexcelorword). Regardlessoftheformatyouchoose,yourtablesmustbeincludedin thetextintheproperorderwhereyourefertothem.youshouldkeep tablesandtheircaptionscontinuous;ifacaptiondoesn tfitonthe pageunderthetable,movethetabletoanewpagesothatthecaption hasspacetofollowitdirectly.alwaysincludeunitsinparenthesisin thefirstrowtoindicatethattheyapplytoallvaluesinthecolumn. Continuingwithourexamplefromhowtoexplaincalculations properly,let ssupposewewantedtotabulatesomeforcecalculations. Youwouldwanttosaysomethinglikethis: Afterwecalculatedtheforcesactingonallthreeballs,weorganizedourdatainto Table1. 9
10 Ball# m(kg) a(m/s 2 ) F(N) Table1:Thistableincludesallofourforcecalculations. Noticehoweverystatementassociatedwiththetableisacomplete sentencewrittenintheactivevoice. Anotherthingyouwillbeaskedtodointheresultssectionisto includefiguresproperly.figuresincludeallgraphsand/ordiagrams. Figureshavetheirownnumberingscheme,separatefromequations andtables.allfigures,bothdiagramsandgraphs,areincludedinthe samenumberingscheme.ifyoushowadiagramfirst,thatdiagram willbefigure1,andifagraphweretofollowlater,thatgraphwould befigure2andviceversa.youshouldincludefiguresinessentially thesamemannerasyouincludetables.numberthemintheorderin whichtheyappearintextandrefertothembynumberinasentence beforeyoudisplaythem.alsoincludecaptionsincompletesentences directlyafterfigurescenteredonthepageandsingle@spaced.youcan includehand@drawnfigures,butagainmakesuretheylook professionalandappearfluidlyintextintheproperorderwhereyou refertothem.itisrecommendedthatyoumakeyourownfigures usingacomputerinordertoincludethemmostfluidlyinyourtext. Keepingwithourexample,thisishowyouwouldwanttoincludea figureproperly: ThenweplottedourforcecalculationsinFigure1. Force+vs+Mass Force+(N) Mass+(kg)+ Figure1:Ourresultsshowthatforceincreaseslinearlywithmass. 10
11 Again,everystatementisacompletesentence.Noticethatthefigure hasatitle,axeslabeledwithunits,andappropriatelyscaledaxes.all graphsrequireallofthesecomponents. Theimportantpartsoftheresultssectionareexplainingcalculations, displayingtables,anddisplayingfigures.usually,wewilldosome calculations,thenorganizethemintoatable,thenplotourresultsina figure.wealwayswanttoexplainourmanipulationsofdataina logicalorder,startingwithwhatweobtainedfromtheexperimental procedureandbuildingupfromthere.sometimes,youmaycreatea figureduringtheexperimentthenmanipulateyourdatafromthere;it dependsontheexperiment. Discussion+and+Conclusions:+Thissectiondiscussestheexperimentalfindingsof theexperimentandaddressesanyrelevantconclusions.here,the question Whatdotheresultsmean? shouldbeanswered. Essentially,whathasthestudentlearnedfromtheexperiment?These questionsshouldbeansweredscientifically,keepingtheobjectivesof theexperimentinmind.alwaysbesuretodirectlyaddressyour objectivesandhowwellyouachievedthem.thissectionshouldalso addressexperimentalerror(not'uncertainty).sourcesof experimentalerroraresystematicflawsinthedataacquisition processthatmaketheexperimentslightlynotideal.thestudent shouldstatethesourcesofexperimentalerrorandhow'theyaffected theresults. Humanerror isnotasourceofexperimentalerror.if therewas humanerror inanexperiment,thestudentwillbe requiredtoredotheexperimentbeforereceivingagradeonthelab report.thisisnotapaperforenglishorhistoryclasswherethe conclusionissimplyajumbleofrandomthoughtsthrownintothe paperjusttofinishitlateatnightthedaybeforeitisdue.conclusions writteninthismannerwillscoreverylow.donotshootforquantity here,trytobecompletewhilebeingasconciseaspossible.neatly writtenortypedanswerstothequestionsattheendofthelabmanual pagesshouldbeincludedaftertheconclusion. 11
12 Chris Johnson Physics Professor Michael Vineyard Bragg Reflection: Using X-Ray Diffraction Spectra to Determine the Lattice Constants of NaCl and KBr Monocrystals 4/15/2011 Partners: Arkadiy Norkin, Ana Mikler and Hillary Bauer 12
13 Abstract We used a Bragg x-ray reflection apparatus to detect the angles at which x-rays interfered constructively after they reflected off of NaCl and KBr crystals. From the interference peaks on the Bragg diffraction spectra, we were able to extract the lattice constant a 0 for each crystal. We calculated a 0 to be equal to 570 ± 30 pm and 660 ± 30 pm for NaCl and KBr respectively. The actual values of these lattice constants, a 0 = pm for NaCl and a 0 = pm for KBr, do fall within our range of uncertainty from our measured values (Atomic and nuclear physics 2). Introduction Bragg reflection is a way of measuring the interatomic spacing of a monocrystal by detecting and analyzing the interference pattern caused by the x-rays reflected off of the lattice planes of the crystal. This concept is very similar to slit diffraction of visible light, but in this case the uniform structure of the atoms in the crystals serves as the slit and we detect the angles at which constructive interference occurs. William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg first proposed Bragg reflection in 1913 when they found that crystal solids produced defined patterns of reflected x-rays. The Braggs explained this phenomenon by modeling the structures of these crystals as uniform parallel planes of atoms arranges in a lattice. Bragg diffraction is ideal for measuring interatomic spacing using x-rays because x-ray wavelengths are comparable to interatomic distances. The Braggs idea confirmed the existence of real particles at the atomic level and also provided a useful tool for measuring interatomic distances (Wikipedia). Figure 1 illustrates this concept. 13
14 Figure 1: Two x-rays reflecting off of successive lattice planes in a crystal will reflect and cause constructive interference when they reflect off of the planes at the correct angles. Here, λ is the wavelength of the x-rays, d is the lattice plane spacing and θ is the incident and reflected angle. The first and second planes correspond to n = 1 and n = 2 respectively. Image courtesy of Bragg Law. The x-rays will interfere constructively when the Bragg condition is satisfied, n λ = 2 d sin (θ ) (1) Changing the angle can cause displacement of the wavelengths; destructive interference occurs when the waves are out of phase by half of a wavelength. In a cubic crystal with NaCl structure, the d-spacing corresponds to half of the lattice constant, d = a 0 / 2 (2) This allows us to write Equation 1 in terms of a 0, n λ = a 0 sin (θ ) (3) In order to determine the lattice constant, a 0, we must therefore determine the sines of the angles that correspond to constructive interference caused by x-rays of a certain wavelength reflecting off of the n th lattice plane. The slope of a graph of sin (θ ) vs. n λ 14
15 will give a value for a 0. In our experiment, we used molybdenum x-rays of two wavelengths λα = pm and λβ = pm at the Kα and Kβ lines respectively. This causes the interference pattern to have two peaks (Kα and Kβ) for each diffraction order; one is caused by interference of x-rays of each wavelength (Solid-state physics 1). Procedure We used a Bragg diffraction apparatus called the Rontgenerat X-ray Apparatus to adjust the incident and reflected angles of x-rays incident on crystal samples as shown in Figure 2. Fig. 3 Experiment setup in Bragg configuration Figure 2: 2Our Bragg diffraction apparatus allowed us to sweep through a range of incident and reflected angles in order to find constructive interference. In our apparatus, we had an x-ray machine to the left of the collimator (part a in Figure 2). The x-ray source produced both Kα and Kβ x-rays that passed through the 15
16 collimator to get a direct, uniform beam of x-rays heading toward the crystal sample. The x-rays then reflected off of the sample held on the target stage (part f in Figure 2). After reflecting off of the sample, the x-rays moved toward the Geiger-Müller counter tube (part e in Figure 2) that detected the intensity of the x-rays. When we swept through ranges of angles, the machine electronically pivoted the detector and the crystal with respect to the incident x-ray beam in 2θ coupling in order to maintain equal incident and reflected angles. The detector was connected to a computer program that plotted the spectra of detected x-rays. Our machine had knobs on the side of it that controlled the voltage, U, the current, I, the increments of θ by which the system rotated, Δθ, the time step spent on detecting each angle, Δt and the range of angles over which the machine would scan. For both of our runs we used U = 35.0 kv, I = 1.00 ma, Δθ = 0.1 and Δt = 5 s. For the NaCl crystal, we scanned over a range of For the KBr crystal, we scanned over a range of Before each data acquisition, we set the machine back to the zero point (where the lattice planes and the counter tube are parallel to the incident x-ray beam) by pressing the reset button to calibrate it. After zeroing the apparatus and programming our desired rotation parameters, we ran the experiment, started the data acquisition and recorded the spectra searching for interference peaks. We then used a peak-fitting program to analyze the peaks to find their centroids and σ values. We took various safety measures including using lead-impregnated glass in the machine to block radiation and using the appropriate voltage and current. 16
17 Results We produced spectra of the Kα and Kβ interference peaks caused by x-rays reflecting off of NaCl and KBr crystals. Figures 3 and 4 show these plots of θ vs. the log of the counting rate, R. 700" 600" NaCl$Bragg$Spectrum$ 500" 400" Log$R$ 300" 200" 100" 0" 0" 5" 10" 15" 20" 25" 30" 35" 40" 45" θ( )$$ Figure 3: This shows the peaks produced by the interference of x-rays after reflecting off of the lattice planes of the NaCl crystal. 17
18 450" 400" KBr$Bragg$Spectrum$ Log$R$ 350" 300" 250" 200" 150" 100" 50" 0" 0" 5" 10" 15" 20" 25" 30" 35" 40" θ( )$$ Figure 4: This shows the peaks produced by the interference of x-rays after reflecting off of the lattice planes of the NaCl crystal. After analyzing our data with a peak-fitting program, we found values for the centroids of the peaks, θ and the σ value for each peak from which we extracted an uncertainty in θ, Δθ. The uncertainty in Δθ is equal to 3σ because 99.8% of data points lie within three standard deviations from the mean of a normal distribution. We then calculated the sine of each angle and propagated the uncertainty in θ by taking the sign of each Δθ. We then determined the diffraction order, n, for each set of peaks and the line (Kα or Kβ) to which each peak corresponded. Each of these combinations was associated with a certain wavelength (λα = pm and λβ = pm) that we multiplied by the diffraction order to get values for n λ. 18
19 Crystal n Line θ ( ) σ ( ) Δθ (± ) sin (θ) Δ sin(θ) (±) λ (pm) nλ (pm) NaCl 1 Kβ Kα Kβ Kα Kα KBr 1 Kβ Kα Kβ Kα Kα Table 1: This shows the angles at which we found constructive interference along with the diffraction order, line, and n λ to which each corresponds for each crystal. All uncertainties are shown. After we accumulated this data, we made a plot of sin (θ ) vs. n λ for each crystal s data set. From there, we fit a linear regression line to each set of data points and used the slope of each line to determine the lattice constant, a 0 for each crystal. Figure 5 shows this plot. 19
20 Linear$Plot$of$Sin(θ$)$vs.$nλ$$ 250" 200" 150" nλ"" (pm)" 100" 50" 0" 0" 0.05" 0.1" 0.15" 0.2" 0.25" 0.3" 0.35" 0.4" 0.45" Sin(θ$)$ Figure 5: This is the linear plot of sin (θ ) vs. n λ for each crystal s data set. The data points for NaCl are circular and the data points for KBr are diamond-shaped. Each data point is shown with error bars. The KBr error bars are difficult to see because they are so small. The equations of the regression lines for NaCl and KBr were n λ = (sin (θ )) pm and n λ = (sin (θ )) pm respectively. Propagating our uncertainties into the slopes by finding the maximum and minimum slopes within our uncertsainties, we get a 0 = 570 ± 30 pm for NaCl and a 0 = 660 ± 30 pm for KBr. This means we found the sum of ion radii to be d = 285 ± 15 pm for NaCl and d = 330 ± 15 pm for KBr. Discussions and Conclusion We were able to observe x-ray interference with our Bragg diffraction machine to determine the interatomic spacing in NaCl and KBr crystals. We calculated a 0 to be equal to ± pm and 660 ± 30 pm for NaCl and KBr respectively. The actual values of 20
21 these lattice constants, a 0 = pm for NaCl and a 0 = pm for KBr, do fall within our range of uncertainty from our measured values. This means we found the sum of ion radii to be d = 285 ± 15 for NaCl and d = 330 ± 15 for KBr. The NaCl lattice shows a significantly smaller lattice constant than the KBr lattice, as the radii of the ions involved are smaller. Although or data does appear to be accurate, there must be some error associated with our measurements that makes it imperfect. For instance, the linear regression lines of the plots of sin (θ ) vs. n λ for each crystal s data set are supposed to pass through the origin. Our equations, however, have n λ - intercepts just above and below the origin. Because the slopes appear to be correct, this must means that each set of data has been shifted by the sin (θ ) values (slightly high sin (θ ) values for NaCl and slightly low sin(θ) values for KBr). These discrepancies in the θ values were caused by imperfections in the crystal and imperfect calibration of the Bragg diffraction machine. Also, our spectra only show five peaks even though they cover the n = 1 to n = 3 diffraction orders. The β peak is invisible at the n = 3 diffraction order for both crystals because we did not acquire perfect spectra. This could also be attributed to imperfections in our samples. We could improve our data by setting a higher time step, Δt so that the detector could spend more time at each angle. This technique for measuring interatomic distances can be very useful for determine the composition of materials; it is often use to test the validity of diamonds (Wikipedia). It is incredible that we can learn so much about the composition of crystals by observing the behavior of x-rays reflected off of them. 21
22 Works Cited Atomic and nuclear physics. Leybold Physics Leaflets. Germany. Copyright Leybold Didactic GmbH. < "Bragg law." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Web. 09 May < Bragg s Law. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. < Solid-state physics. Leybold Physics Leaflets. Germany. Copyright Leybold Didactic GmbH. 22
23 Atomic'Energy'Levels'Lab'Grading'Rubric' Name: Grade: /100 Pre9Lab: /10 ' Cover'Page/Lab'Manual'Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ' Objective'Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentence(s)inthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. ' Results: /50 Usetheappropriateobjects(figures,tables,andexplanationsofcalculations)to explainhowyouaccomplishedyourobjectivestothereader.includethemina logicalorderandwithproperformaccordingtothelabrwritingguide. Answerthequestionsattheendofthelabmanualpagesforthisexperiment.Donot numberyouranswersormentionthelabmanual.simplyexplainyouranswersas thoughyouaregenuinelyinterestedincommunicatingyoufindingstothe reader. Conclusion: /25 Addressyourobjectives Explainhowsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults 23
24 Atomic'Energy'Levels'Pre3Lab'Quiz Name: Score: /10 Section#: 1. Explainthesignificanceoftheequation = ".".Besuretoaddressthe sign,theunits,andthesymboln. 2. Whataretheobjectivesoftoday sexperiment? 24
25 Capacitors*and*RC*Delay*Lab*Grading*Rubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre8Lab: /10 * Cover*Page/Lab*Manual*Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder * Objective*Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentenceinthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. * * Results*and*Analysis: /50 Explainhowyoucalculatedtheinternalresistanceofthevoltmeter Explainhowyoucalculatedthecapacitanceofthelargercapacitor Explainhowyoucalculatedthecapacitanceofthesmallercapacitor Explainhowyoucalculatedthecapacitanceofthecapacitorsinseries Explainhowyoucalculatedthecapacitanceofthecapacitorsinparallel(youcould coverthisstepandafewofthepreviousstepsinonesentencetoavoidrepetition) Explainhowyoupredictedthecapacitanceofthecapacitorsinseries Explainhowyoudeterminedthepercentdifferencebetweenyourexperimental valueandthevalueyoupredictedforthecapacitorsinseries Explainhowyoupredictedthecapacitanceofthecapacitorsinparallel Explainhowyoudeterminedthepercentdifferencebetweenyourexperimental valueandthevalueyoupredictedforthecapacitorsinparallel 25
26 Includeatableincludingtheresultsofallthecalculationsyoujustexplained Includeagraphofthevoltageacrossthecapacitoragainsttime Explainhowyoudeterminedthecapacitanceofthelargerresistorfromyourgraph Includeanaturallogplotinordertolinearizetherelationshipbetweenthevoltage acrossthecapacitorandtime Explainhowyoudeterminedthecapacitancefromyourplot Discussion/Conclusions: /25 Commentonhowwellyouachievedyourobjective(s). Doyourresultsverifytheoreticalpredictions?Howdoyourvaluesforthe capacitancecompare? Explaintheconceptattheendofsectionxiiintheprocedure Identifysourcesofexperimentalerrorandexplainhowtheyaffectedyour results. Answerthequestionsattheendofthelabmanualpages.Makesuretoshowyour work Additional*Comments:* 26
27 Capacitance)and)RC)Decay)Pre0Lab)Quiz Name: Score: /10 Section#: Circleallappropriateanswers,theremaybemorethanone. 1.Youcandeterminetheequivalentcapacitanceforcapacitorsinseriesusing: a. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentresistancefor resistorsinseries. b. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentresistancefor resistorsinparallel. c. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentspringconstantfor springsinseries. d. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentspringconstantfor springsinparallel. e. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminethepowerdissipatedthrougha groundedresistor. 2.Youcandeterminetheequivalentcapacitanceforcapacitorsinparallelusing: a. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentresistancefor resistorsinseries. b. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentresistancefor resistorsinparallel. c. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentspringconstantfor springsinseries. d. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminetheequivalentspringconstantfor springsinparallel. e. thesamemethodyouusetodeterminethepowerdissipatedthrougha groundedresistor. 3.Whencapacitorsaredisconnectedfromtheirvoltagesupply,theydischarge: a. linearly b. periodically c. sinusoidally d. exponentially 4.TrueorFalse.Toagoodapproximation,thevoltmeterintoday sexperiment behavesasanidealvoltmetersowecanignoreitsresistancecompletely. 27
28 Circular(Motion(and(Centripetal(Force(Lab(Grading(Rubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre7Lab: /10 ( Cover(Page: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Lab(Manual(Pages: /5 Present InOrder Objective(writeyourownobjectivenotcopiedfromthelabmanual) Results(and(Analysis: /60 Explainhowyoucalculatedthelinearforces. Explainhowyoufoundtheperiods.Eventhoughthisisatrivialcalculation,show theequationandasamplecalculationproperlytopracticegoodlabwriting techniques. Explainhowyoufoundtheangularvelocities. Explainhowyoucalculatedthecentripetalforces. Explainhowyoucalculatedthepercentdifferences. Statethatyourepeatedallofthesecalculationswhilevaryingdifferentparameters (statewhichparametersyouvaried). Showatable(s)ofyourdata.Includethetableproperly. Discussion/Conclusions: /20 Howwelldidyouachieveyourobjective?Thisshouldoneormaybetwoconcise statements. Whatsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults? 28
29 Clearlyexplainhowtheexperimentalerroraffectedyourrawdataandpropagate thatflawtoyourendresult(conceptually,notmathematically). Answerthequestionsattheendofthelabmanual.Showallworkclearlyandwrite answersincompletesentences.thereadershouldbeabletotellwhatthequestion isaskingbyreadingyouranswer. Additional(Comments:( 29
30 Centripetal*Force*Pre/Lab*Quiz Name: Section#: 1.ShowthatFr=mrω 2 isnewton ssecondlawinradialform.hint:startwiththe usualformofnewton ssecondlawandmakesubstitutionsforathensimplifythe expression. 2.Clearlyexplainthefunctionoftheorangediskintoday sexperiment. 30
31 Converging)Lenses)Lab)Grading)Rubric) Name: Grade: /100 Pre4Lab: /10 ) Cover)Page/Lab)Manual)Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ) Objective)Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentenceinthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. ) Results: /35 CylindricalLens Includeafigureforeachlensorientation Statethefocallengthyouobtainedforeachlensorientation Includeafigure(s)thatindicateaberration SphericalLens Explainhowyoucalculatedthefocallength Explainhowyoucalculatedthemagnificationfromtheobjectandimage distances Explainhowyoucalculatedthemagnificationfromtheobjectandimage heights Explainhowyoucalculatedthepercentdifferencebetweenthemagnifications Includeatableofthevariousobjectdistancesandtheircorrespondingimage distances 31
32 Stateyouraveragefocallengthyouobtainedfromyourtable Plot1/dovs1/di Determinethefocallengthfromtheaverageoftheinterceptvaluesonthetwo axes Compareyourfocallengths Answerquestion#4attheendofthelabmanualpages Conclusion: /30 Addressyourobjectives Explainhowsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults(whydowehave percentdifferences?) Answerquestions1,2,3,and5attheendofthelabmanualpages 32
33 Converging)Lenses)Pre-Lab)Quiz Name: Score: /10 Section#: Drawaraydiagramforanobjectlocateddo=10cminfrontofaconverginglens whosefocallengthisf=30cm Determinetheimagedistance,di,usingthethinlensequation. Determinethemagnification(remembertoconsiderthe+/Gsign). 33
34 Electric(and(Potential(Fields(Lab(Grading(Rubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre6Lab: /10 ( Cover(Page/Lab(Manual(Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ( Objective(Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentenceinthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns(we). ( ( Results(and(Analysis: /40 Properlyincludeafigurethatrepresentsyourmapofthepotentialfield. Properlyincludeafigurethatrepresentsyourmapoftheelectricfield. Discussion/Conclusions: /35 Commentonhowwellyouachievedyourobjective(s). AnswerthequestionsattheendoftheMappingPotentialFieldsproceduresection (partiv)inthelabmanual. AnswerthequestionsattheendoftheMappingElectricFieldsproceduresections (partsv,vi,andvii)inthelabmanual. Identifysourcesofexperimentalerror 34
35 Explainhowsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults. Answerthequestionsattheendofthelabmanualpages.Showworkclearlyand neatly. Additional(Comments:( 35
36 Electric(and(Potential(Fields(Pre0Lab(Quiz Score: /10 Name: Section#: Fillinyournameandsectionnumberoryouwillloseapointforeach. Question1 a).drawtheelectricfieldlinescomingoutoftheconductingsphereinthepicture. Useanappropriatenumberoffieldlinesanddonotattempttomakeathree7 dimensionaldrawing.(2pts.) b).afteryoudrawthefieldlines,drawtheequipotentiallines.twoorthree equipotentiallineswillsuffice.(2pts.) Question2 Whatisthenameoftheidealized,non7physicalentitythatweusetodeterminethe forceassociatedwithanelectricfieldatacertainpointinspace?(2pts.) Question3 Thediagramonthechalkboardrepresentsauniformelectricfieldpointedinthe positivexdirection.whichpath(a,b,orc)wouldrequirethemostworktomovea positivetestchargealong?whichpathwouldrequiretheleastamountofwork? Most: (2pts.) Least: (2pts.) 36
37 Impulse(and(Momentum(in(Collisions(Lab(Grading(Rubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre9Lab: /10 ( Cover(Page/Lab(Manual(Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ( Objective(Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentence(s)inthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. Results(and(Analysis: /60 Properlydisplayafigure(s)thatpertainstooneofyourtypescollisions. Explainhowyoucalculatedtheimpulse. Explainhowyouobtainedtheimpulsewithoutdoinganycalculations.Youshould explainthisconceptuallyanddisplayanequation.youdonotneedtoshowasample calculation,butyoumuststatewhattheimpulseisbasedonthefigureyouhave shown. Properlyexplainhowyoufoundthepercentdifferencebetweenthevaluesyou obtainedfortheimpulse. Statethatyourepeatedthesecalculationsforvarioussituationsandstatewhat thesesituationswere. Includeallofyourcalculationsinatable(s)andbesuretoshowafigureforeach typeofcollision. 37
38 ( Discussion/Conclusions: /20 Directlyaddressyourobjective. Compareimpulseinelasticcollisionstoimpulseininelasticcollisionsbasedonyour results Whatsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults? Howdidthesesourcesaffectyourresults? Answerthequestionsattheendofthelabmanual. Additional(Comments:( 38
39 Impulse(and(Momentum(in(Collisions(Pre3Lab(Quiz Name: Section#: 1.Indicatewhetherthecollisionbetweenthefollowingobjectsiselactic(E)or inelastic(i).considercollisionsthatareapproximatelyelastictobeelastic: Twobilliardballstravelingtowardeachother Ajavelincollideswiththegroundandsticksintoit Aballofclaythrownataconcretewallhitsthewallandfallsstraightdownto theground Alabcartonatrackcollideswithasprig Alabcartonatrackcollideswithaplasticairbag 2.Aforceisappliedtoanobjectforatotaltimeof10seconds.Duringthefirst3 seconds,themagnitudeoftheforceis6n.duringthelast7seconds,theforceis5n. Whatisthetotalimpulsefeltbytheobjectduringthetenseconds? 39
40 MotioninFree*FallLabGradingRubric Name: Grade: /100 CoverPage/LabManualPages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ObjectiveStatement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentence(s)inthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. ResultsandAnalysis: /55 Displaytables12 Explainhowyoufoundthevelocities Explainwhythetimeassociatedwitheachvelocityisatthemidpointofthe correspondingtimeintervalforposition Displayvelocityvs.timeplot Explainhowyoufoundvoanda#intheequationv=vo+at# Displaypositionvs.timeplot 40
41 Explainhowyoufoundv*,theinstantaneousvelocites,byfindingtheslopeofthe tangentlinesandcomparethemtothevelocitiesinthetable Discussion/Conclusions: /30 Addresstherelationshipsbetweenposition,velocityandacceleration Addressexperimentalerror(whywasyourvalueforanotexactlyequaltothe acceptedvalueforg?).statesource(s)oferrorandexplainhowtheyaffectedyour results Howcouldweminimizeexperimentalerror? Answerdiscussionquestionsclearlyandneatly AdditionalComments: 41
42 Ohm slawlabgradingrubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre6Lab: /10 CoverPage/LabManualPages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ObjectiveStatement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentenceinthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. ResultsandAnalysis: /50 Properlyincludeafigurethatgraphsthecurrentvs.thevoltageforthe10Ω resistor. Statetheresistanceyoufindfromthefigureandcalculatethepercentdifference betweenyourresistanceand10ω. Calculatethemaximumpowerfromyourgraph. Includeafigurethatgraphsthecurrentvs.voltageforthe100Ωresistorsin series Explainhowyoucalculatedthetheoreticalresistanceduetothetworesistorsin series. Explainhowyoucalculatedthepercentdifferencebetweenyourresistanceandthe theoreticalvalue. Includeafigureforthecurrentvs.voltageforthetwo100Ωresistorsin parallel. Explainhowyoucalculatedthetheoreticalresistanceduetothetwo100Ωresistors inparallel. 42
43 Explainhowyoucalculatedthepercentdifferencebetweenyourvalueandthe theoretical. Includethegraphofthecurrentvs.voltageforthelightbulb.Stateyourvaluefor theresistancefromthe straightline region. Explainhowyoucalculatedthemaximumresistancevalue. Explainhowyoucomparedthisvaluetothelightbulb sresistancerating. Includeafigureforthevoltageandcurrentvs.timeforthediode. Explainhowyoucalculatedtheratioofvoltage/current. Explainhowyoucalculatedthepowerandcomparedittothediode srating. Includeatableofyourcurrentcalculationsforvariousresistances. Includeafigure,plottingoftheinformationinthetable. Discussion/Conclusions: /25 Commentonhowwellyouachievedyourobjective(s). Doyourresultsverifytheoreticalpredictions?. Explainhowsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults. Skipthequestionsattheendofthelabmanualpagesforbothexperiments. AdditionalComments: 43
44 Ohm slawprelabquiz Name: Score: /10 Section#: Eachcircuitshownbelowcontainstwo5Ωresistorsconnectedtoa2voltpower supply.incircuita,theresistorsareconfiguredinaseries,whileincircuitb,they areconfiguredinparallel. a)determinetheeffectiveresistance(req)foreachcircuit. b)usingohm slaw,determinethemagnitudeofthecurrentineachcircuit. TrueorFalse:Theslopeofthegraphofivs.Visequalto1/R,or1/Reqforasystem ofmultipleresistors. 44
45 Projectile*Motion*Lab*Grading*Rubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre5Lab: /10 * Cover*Page/Lab*Manual*Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder * Objective*Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentence(s)inthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. Results*and*Analysis: /55 Explainhowyoucalculatedtheinitialvelocityforeachofthethreepossibleinitial velocities. Explainhowyoucalculatedtheoreticalvaluesfort,Randymax. ExplainhowyoucalculatedtheΔt%,Δx%,andΔymax%values. Displayatableshowingallofthesevalues. Explainhowyouusedequation3fromthelabmanualtocalculatetheoreticaly positionvaluesforeachcorrespondingxpositionvalue. Explainhowyoucalculatedthepercentdifferencebetweenthetheoreticaland actualypositions. Displayatableofthedatafrompart2. Explainthefirst iftimepermits part. 45
46 Explainthemathbehindwhetherornotyoucanusethe2Wclickvelocitytoreachthe rangeyoufoundforthe70 launchwith3wclickvelocityusing.isitpossibletotake thesineofanumberthatisnotbetweenzeroandone?showmanipulationsof equationswithnumbershere. Discussion/Conclusions: /20 Commentonhowwellyouachievedyourobjective(s). Identifysourcesofexperimentalerror(whydowehavepercentdifferencesinthe firsttwopartsoftheexperiment?) Explainhowsourcesofexperimentalerroraffectedyourresults. Answerthequestionattheendofthelabmanualpages.Showworkclearlyand neatly. Additional*Comments:* 46
47 Projectile*Motion*Experiment*Pre1Lab*Quiz* Name: Section#: ThediagramshowsaballthathasbeenlaunchedfromlaunchpointLwithinitial velocityvoatanangleθ#relativetothehorizontalflatground.thetotaltimeofflight oftheballwast.duringthistime,theballcoveredahorizontaldistanced.theballis picturedatpositionsa,bandc.positionatookplaceattimet/4,positionbtook placeattimet/2andpositionctookplaceattime3t/4.theballisatitshighest pointatpositionb. B# # # # A C GGGGGGGGGL##)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGdGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Onthediagram,drawvectorswithmagnitudeslabelednexttothemforthe following: a) Theball snetinitialvelocityatthelaunchpoint(vo).alsoshowtheangleθ b) ThexGcomponentoftheball sinitialvelocityatthelaunchpoint(vox) c) TheyGcomponentoftheball sinitialvelocityatthelaunchpoint(voy) d) ThexGcomponentoftheball svelocityatpositionsa,#bandc(vxa,b,c) e) TheaccelerationoftheballatpositionsA,#BandC(aA,B,C) f) TheyGcomponentoftheball svelocityatpositionb(vyb) Usingvox=dx/txwheredxisthedistancetraveledinthexGdirectionandtxisthe amountoftimeittooktogetthere,howfarhastheballtraveledhorizontallyat positionsa,#bandc? 47
48 Properties)of)a)Vertical)Spring2Mass)System)Lab)Grading)Rubric Name: Grade: /100 Pre2Lab: /10 ) Cover)Page/Lab)Manual)Pages: /5 Name CourseSection# Instructor sname TitleofExperiment DateExperimentwasPerformed Partner sname Labmanualpagespresentandinorder ) Objective)Statement: /10 Completelyandconciselyaddressallofyourobjectives Writeacompletesentence(s)inthepasttenseandactivevoicethatusesfirstperson pronouns. Results)and)Analysis: /60 Explainhowyoudeterminedthespringconstantkbyplottingthedisplacementdue tovariousmasses.thisinvolvesdisplayingafigureproperly. Explainhowyoudeterminedtheperiodsbasedonthespringconstantk. Explainhowyoufoundtheperiodsfromoneoftheplotsofthemass soscillation. Thisinvolvesshowingafigurethenexplainingacalculation. Explainhowyoufoundthepercentdifferencesbetweentheperiods. Displayatablethatshowsallcalculationsthatwentintodeterminingthepercent differences. Displayasetofmoredetailed(zoomedRin)plots(position,velocity,acceleration, forcevs.time)representingthemass soscillation. Explainhowyoudeterminedthekineticenergyatsomepointintime. Explainhowyoudeterminedthepotentialenergyatthesamepointintime. Explainhowyoudeterminedthetotalenergyatthesamepointintime. 48
49 Explainhowyoudeterminedtheforceusingtwodifferentmethods(Hooke slaw andnewton slaw)atthesamepointintime. Explainhowyoufoundthepercentdifferencebetweentheforcesyou calculated. Explainthatyoudidthesecalculationsforvariousmasseswhenthedisplacement wasatamaximum,aminimum,andsomewhereinbetween. Displayatableoftheenergyandforcecalculations. Discussion/Conclusions: /15 Directlyaddressyourobjectives. Whatdidyoudetermineabouttherelationshipsbetweenpotentialenergy,kinetic energy,totalenergyandforceinaverticalspringrmasssystem?makeafewconcise, wellthoughtroutstatements. Addresssourcesofexperimentalerrorthatlimitedyourabilitytoachieveyour objectives. Additional)Comments:) 49
50 Properties)of)Energy)in)a)Vertical)Spring4Mass)System)Pre4Lab)Quiz) ) Name: Section#: 1.WritedownHooke slawfortheforceexertedbyaspringonamassbasedonits displacementfromequilibrium. 2.Indicatewhetherthefollowingaretrue(T)orfalse(F) Whenamassattheendofaspringisoscillatingaboutequilibrium,thetotal energyofthesystematsomemomentintimeisalwaysequaltothetotalenergyof thesystematsomeothermomentintime. Whenamassattheendofaspringisoscillatingaboutequilibrium,the potentialenergyofthesystematsomemomentintimeisalwaysequaltothe potentialenergyofthesystematsomeothermomentintime. Whenamassattheendofaspringisoscillatingaboutequilibrium,thekinetic energyofthesystematsomemomentintimeisalwaysequaltothekineticenergy ofthesystematsomeothermomentintime. Thespringforceisatamaximumvaluewhenthedisplacementfrom equilibriumisataminimumvalue. 3.Intoday sexperiment,whatdoesthepositionsensormeasure?(circleanoption) a) Themass sdisplacementfromequilibrium b) Themass skineticenergy c) Themaximumdisplacementofthemass d) Thedistancefromthesensortothemass 50
Lab Manual: Determination of Planck s constant with x-rays
Lab Manual: Determination of Planck s constant with x-rays 1. Purpose: To obtain a better understanding on the production of X-rays, the bremsstrahlung radiation and the characteristic radiation of a Molybdenum
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Atomic and nuclear physics X-ray physics Physics of the atomic shell LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets Moseley s law and determination of the Rydberg constant P6.3.3.6 Objects of the experiment Measuring the K-absorption
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Atomic and nuclear physics X-ray physics Attenuation of x-rays LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P6.3.2.2 Investigating the wavelength dependency of the coefficient of attenuation Objects of the experiment To measure
More informationX-RAY SPECTRA. Theory:
12 Oct 18 X-ray.1 X-RAY SPECTRA In this experiment, a number of measurements involving x-rays will be made. The spectrum of x-rays emitted from a molybdenum target will be measured, and the experimental
More informationAndrew D. Kent. 1 Introduction. p 1
Compton Effect Andrew D. Kent Introduction One of the most important experiments in the early days of quantum mechanics (93) studied the interaction between light and matter; it determined the change in
More informationBragg reflection :determining the lattice constants of monocrystals
Bragg reflection :determining the lattice constants of monocrystals Objectives: 1-Investagating Bragg reflection at Nacl monocrystal -determinig the lattice constant a 0 of NaCl. Theory: Bragg's law of
More informationX-ray Spectroscopy. Danny Bennett and Maeve Madigan. October 12, 2015
X-ray Spectroscopy Danny Bennett and Maeve Madigan October 12, 2015 Abstract Various X-ray spectra were obtained, and their properties were investigated. The characteristic peaks were identified for a
More informationTEP Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations
Examination of the structure of NaCl TEP Related topics Characteristic X-radiation, energy levels, crystal structures, reciprocal lattices, Miller indices, atomic form factor, structure factor, and Bragg
More informationCharacteristic X-rays of molybdenum
Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum TEP Related Topics X-ray tubes, bremsstrahlung, characteristic X-radiation, energy levels, crystal structures, lattice constant, absorption of X-rays, absorption edges,
More informationprint first name print last name print student id grade
print first name print last name print student id grade Experiment 2 X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) may be used to determine the constituent elements and the crystalline
More informationX-ray practical: Crystallography
X-ray practical: Crystallography Aim: To familiarise oneself with the operation of Tex-X-Ometer spectrometer and to use it to determine the lattice spacing in NaCl and LiF single crystals. Background:
More informationX-Rays Edited 2/19/18 by DGH & Stephen Albright
X-Rays Edited 2/19/18 by DGH & Stephen Albright PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT: To investigate the production, diffraction and absorption of x-rays. REFERENCES: Tipler, 3-6, 4-4; Enge, Wehr and Richards, Chapter
More informationSolid-state physics. Laue diagrams: investigating the lattice structure of monocrystals. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P
Solid-state physics Properties of crystals X-ray structural analysis LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P7.1.2.2 Laue diagrams: investigating the lattice structure of monocrystals Objects of the experiment Evaluating
More informationX-ray Spectroscopy. c David-Alexander Robinson & Pádraig Ó Conbhuí. 14th March 2011
X-ray Spectroscopy David-Alexander Robinson; Pádraig Ó Conbhuí; 08332461 14th March 2011 Contents 1 Abstract 2 2 Introduction & Theory 2 2.1 The X-ray Spectrum............................ 2 2.2 X-Ray Absorption
More informationX-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Nikki Truss November 26, 2012 Abstract In these experiments, some aspects of x-ray absorption spectroscopy were investigated. The x-ray spectrum of molybdenum was recorded
More informationAbsorption of X-rays
Absorption of X-rays TEP Related topics Bremsstrahlung, characteristic X-radiation, Bragg scattering, law of absorption, mass absorption coefficient, absorption edges, half-value thickness, photoelectric
More informationPhysical Structure of Matter. K a doublet splitting of molybdenum X-rays / fine structure Physics of the Electron.
Physics of the Electron Physical Structure of Matter K a doublet splitting of molybdenum X-rays / fine structure What you can learn about Characteristic X-ray radiation Energy levels Selection rules The
More informationPh 3455/MSE 3255 Experiment 2: Atomic Spectra
Ph 3455/MSE 3255 Experiment 2: Atomic Spectra Background Reading: Tipler, Llewellyn pp. 163-165 Apparatus: Spectrometer, sodium lamp, hydrogen lamp, mercury lamp, diffraction grating, watchmaker eyeglass,
More informationDiffraction of Electrons
Diffraction of Electrons Object: Apparatus: Verify that electrons are waves; i.e., that they diffract just like light waves. This lab is then used to measure their wavelength or, alternatively, measure
More informationPhysical structure of matter. Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action X-ray Physics. What you need:
X-ray Physics Physical structure of matter Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action What you can learn about X-ray tube Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-ray radiation Energy levels Crystal
More informationDetermining the distance between the planes of a model crystal lattice using Bragg s Law. Abstract
1 2 3 4 Determining the distance between the planes of a model crystal lattice using Bragg s Law Meena Sharma University of the Fraser Valley, Department of Physics, Abbotsford, V2S 7M8 5 6 7 Esther Campbell
More informationThe University of Hong Kong Department of Physics
The University of Hong Kong Department of Physics Physics Laboratory PHYS3551 Introductory Solid State Physics Experiment No. 3551-2: Electron and Optical Diffraction Name: University No: This experiment
More informationCrystal Structure and Electron Diffraction
Crystal Structure and Electron Diffraction References: Kittel C.: Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8 th ed. Wiley 005 University of Michigan, PHY441-44 (Advanced Physics Laboratory Experiments, Electron
More informationThis experiment is included in the XRP 4.0 X-ray solid state, XRS 4.0 X-ray structural analysis, and XRC 4.0 X-ray characteristics upgrade sets.
The intensity of characteristic X-rays as a TEP Related topics Characteristic X-radiation, energy levels, Bragg s law, and intensity of characteristic X-rays Principle The X-ray spectrum of an X-ray tube
More informationProbing Atomic Crystals: Bragg Diffraction
1 Probing Atomic Crystals: Bragg Diffraction OBJECTIVE: To learn how scientists probe the structure of solids, using a scaled-up version of X-ray Diffraction. APPARATUS: Steel ball "crystal", microwave
More informationThe Solid State. Phase diagrams Crystals and symmetry Unit cells and packing Types of solid
The Solid State Phase diagrams Crystals and symmetry Unit cells and packing Types of solid Learning objectives Apply phase diagrams to prediction of phase behaviour Describe distinguishing features of
More informationLAB 01 X-RAY EMISSION & ABSORPTION
LAB 0 X-RAY EMISSION & ABSORPTION REPORT BY: TEAM MEMBER NAME: Ashley Tsai LAB SECTION No. 05 GROUP 2 EXPERIMENT DATE: Feb., 204 SUBMISSION DATE: Feb. 8, 204 Page of 3 ABSTRACT The goal of this experiment
More informationDouble-Slit Interference
Double-Slit Interference 1. Objectives. The objective of this laboratory is to verify the double-slit interference relationship. 2. Theory. a. When monochromatic, coherent light is incident upon a double
More informationComplete all the identification fields below or 10% of the lab value will be deduced from your final mark for this lab.
Physical optics Identification page Instructions: Print this page and the following ones before your lab session to prepare your lab report. Staple them together with your graphs at the end. If you forgot
More informationIMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF RIETVELD-DERIVED LATTICE PARAMETERS BY AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
Copyright (c)jcpds-international Centre for Diffraction Data 2002, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 45. 158 IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF RIETVELD-DERIVED LATTICE PARAMETERS BY AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE B. H.
More informationRajesh Prasad Department of Applied Mechanics Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi
TEQIP WORKSHOP ON HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY AND ELECTRON DIFFRACTION, FEB 01, 2016, IIT-K. Introduction to x-ray diffraction Peak Positions and Intensities Rajesh Prasad Department of Applied Mechanics Indian
More informationParticles and Waves Particles Waves
Particles and Waves Particles Discrete and occupy space Exist in only one location at a time Position and velocity can be determined with infinite accuracy Interact by collisions, scattering. Waves Extended,
More informationCASSY Lab. Manual ( )
CASSY Lab Manual (524 202) Moseley's law (K-line x-ray fluorescence) CASSY Lab 271 can also be carried out with Pocket-CASSY Load example Safety notes The X-ray apparatus fulfils all regulations on the
More informationPhysical Chemistry I. Crystal Structure
Physical Chemistry I Crystal Structure Crystal Structure Introduction Crystal Lattice Bravis Lattices Crytal Planes, Miller indices Distances between planes Diffraction patters Bragg s law X-ray radiation
More informationX-Ray Emission and Absorption
X-Ray Emission and Absorption Author: Mike Nill Alex Bryant February 6, 20 Abstract X-rays were produced by two bench-top diffractometers using a copper target. Various nickel filters were placed in front
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SURREY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS. Level 1: Experiment 2F THE ABSORPTION, DIFFRACTION AND EMISSION OF X- RAY RADIATION
UNIVERSITY OF SURREY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Level 1: Experiment 2F THE ABSORPTION, DIFFRACTION AND EMISSION OF X- RAY RADIATION 1 AIMS 1.1 Physics These experiments are intended to give some experience
More informationLab report 30 EXPERIMENT 4. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
30 EXPERIMENT 4. REFRACTION OF LIGHT Lab report Go to your course homepage on Sakai (Resources, Lab templates) to access the online lab report worksheet for this experiment. The worksheet has to be completed
More informationExperiment 2 Deflection of Electrons
Name Partner(s): Experiment 2 Deflection of Electrons Objectives Equipment Preparation Pre-Lab To study the effects of electric fields on beams of fast moving electrons. Cathode-ray tube (CRT), voltage
More informationPHYSICS 122/124 Lab EXPERIMENT NO. 9 ATOMIC SPECTRA
PHYSICS 1/14 Lab EXPERIMENT NO. 9 ATOMIC SPECTRA The purpose of this laboratory is to study energy levels of the Hydrogen atom by observing the spectrum of emitted light when Hydrogen atoms make transitions
More information3.012 Fund of Mat Sci: Structure Lecture 18
3.012 Fund of Mat Sci: Structure Lecture 18 X-RAYS AT WORK An X-ray diffraction image for the protein myoglobin. Source: Wikipedia. Model of helical domains in myoglobin. Image courtesy of Magnus Manske
More informationActivities at the Laboratory of the Nuclear Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Valencia
7 th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Protection Bruxelles, Belgique 30 May - 1 June 2011 Activities at the Laboratory of the Nuclear
More informationOptics. Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer. LD Physics Leaflets P
Optics Spectrometer Prism spectrometer LD Physics Leaflets P5.7.1.1 Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer Objects of the experiment Adjusting the prism spectrometer.
More informationTHE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007
B2-1 THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How does the energy of a scattered photon change after an interaction with an electron? INTRODUCTION: When a photon is
More informationDiffraction: spreading of waves around obstacles (EM waves, matter, or sound) Interference: the interaction of waves
Diffraction & Interference Diffraction: spreading of waves around obstacles (EM waves, matter, or sound) Interference: the interaction of waves Diffraction in Nature What is Interference? The resultant
More informationObservation of Atomic Spectra
Observation of Atomic Spectra Introduction In this experiment you will observe and measure the wavelengths of different colors of light emitted by atoms. You will first observe light emitted from excited
More informationPHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory
PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory Laboratory Advanced Sheet Photon Attenuation 1. Objectives. The objectives of this laboratory exercise are: a. To measure the mass attenuation coefficient at a gamma
More informationThe EYE. Physics 1502: Lecture 32 Today s Agenda. Lecture 4. Announcements: Optics. Midterm 2: graded after Thanks Giving
Physics 1502: Lecture 32 Today s Agenda Announcements: Midterm 2: graded after Thanks Giving Homework 09: Friday December 4 Optics Eye interference The EYE ~f o objective I 2 L I 1 ~f e eyepiece 1 2 Compound
More informationAnnouncements. Lecture 8 Chapter. 3 Wave & Particles I. EM- Waves behaving like Particles. The Compton effect (Arthur Compton 1927) Hypothesis:
Announcements HW3: Ch.3-13, 17, 23, 25, 28, 31, 37, 38, 41, 44 HW3 due: 2/16 ** Lab manual is posted on the course web *** Course Web Page *** http://highenergy.phys.ttu.edu/~slee/2402/ Lecture Notes,
More informationKeble College - Hilary 2012 Section VI: Condensed matter physics Tutorial 2 - Lattices and scattering
Tomi Johnson Keble College - Hilary 2012 Section VI: Condensed matter physics Tutorial 2 - Lattices and scattering Please leave your work in the Clarendon laboratory s J pigeon hole by 5pm on Monday of
More information3.012 Structure An Introduction to X-ray Diffraction
3.012 Structure An Introduction to X-ray Diffraction This handout summarizes some topics that are important for understanding x-ray diffraction. The following references provide a thorough explanation
More informationAtomic and Nuclear Physics
Atomic and Nuclear Physics Introductory experiments ualism of wave and particle L Physics Leaflets P6.1.5.1 iffraction of electrons in a polycrystalline lattice (ebye-scherrer diffraction) Objects of the
More informationElectron Diffraction
Electron iffraction o moving electrons display wave nature? To answer this question you will direct a beam of electrons through a thin layer of carbon and analyze the resulting pattern. Theory Louis de
More informationde Broglie Waves h p de Broglie argued Light exhibits both wave and particle properties
de Broglie argued de Broglie Waves Light exhibits both wave and particle properties Wave interference, diffraction Particle photoelectric effect, Compton effect Then matter (particles) should exhibit both
More informationModern Physics Laboratory MP2 Blackbody Radiation
Purpose MP2 Blackbody Radiation In this experiment, you will investigate the spectrum of the blackbody radiation and its dependence on the temperature of the body. Equipment and components Tungsten light
More informationThe Spectrophotometer and Atomic Spectra of Hydrogen Physics 246
The Spectrophotometer and Atomic Spectra of Hydrogen Physics 46 Introduction: When heated sufficiently, most elements emit light. With a spectrometer, the emitted light can be broken down into its various
More information1 Photoelectric effect - Classical treatment. 2 Photoelectric effect - Quantum treatment
1 OF 5 NOTE: This problem set is to be handed in to my mail slot (SMITH) located in the Clarendon Laboratory by 5:00 PM Tuesday, 10 May. 1 Photoelectric effect - Classical treatment A laser beam with an
More informationLaboratory Manual 1.0.6
Laboratory Manual 1.0.6 Background What is X-ray Diffraction? X-rays scatter off of electrons, in a process of absorption and re-admission. Diffraction is the accumulative result of the x-ray scattering
More informationP6.5.5.4 Atomic and nuclear physics Nuclear physics γ spectroscopy Identifying and determining the activity of radioactive samples Description from CASSY Lab 2 For loading examples and settings, please
More informationLecture PowerPoints. Chapter 27 Physics: Principles with Applications, 7th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 27 Physics: Principles with Applications, 7th edition Giancoli This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching
More informationUpdated 2013 (Mathematica Version) M1.1. Lab M1: The Simple Pendulum
Updated 2013 (Mathematica Version) M1.1 Introduction. Lab M1: The Simple Pendulum The simple pendulum is a favorite introductory exercise because Galileo's experiments on pendulums in the early 1600s are
More informationV 11: Electron Diffraction
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Physics Advanced Practical Lab Course V 11: Electron Diffraction An electron beam conditioned by an electron optical system is diffracted by a polycrystalline,
More informationHigh-Resolution. Transmission. Electron Microscopy
Part 4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy 186 Significance high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM): resolve object details smaller than 1nm (10 9 m) image the interior of
More informationAutomated Determination of Crystal Reflectivity in the X-ray Laboratory
Automated Determination of Crystal Reflectivity in the X-ray Laboratory Bradley Wideman University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics 2008 High School Summer Research Program INTRODUCTION The
More informationExperiment 6 1. The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado
Experiment 6 1 Introduction The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado In some situations, electromagnetic waves can act like particles, carrying energy and momentum, which
More informationDetermination of the Rydberg constant, Moseley s law, and screening constant (Item No.: P )
Determination of the Rydberg constant, Moseley s law, and screening constant (Item No.: P2541001) Curricular Relevance Area of Expertise: ILIAS Education Level: Physik Topic: Hochschule Subtopic: Moderne
More informationTHE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIMEN DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION IN RIETVELD PATTERN FITTING WITH SYMMETRIC REFLECTION-OPTICS DIFFRACTION DATA
Copyright(c)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2001,Advances in X-ray Analysis,Vol.44 96 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIMEN DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION IN RIETVELD PATTERN FITTING WITH SYMMETRIC REFLECTION-OPTICS
More informationDiffraction of light by a grating
(ta initials) first name (print) last name (print) brock id (ab17cd) (lab date) Experiment 5 Diffraction of light by a grating In this Experiment you will learn the geometical analysis of a diffraction
More informationM2 TP. Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)
M2 TP Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) Guide for report preparation I. Introduction: Elastic scattering or diffraction of electrons is the standard technique in surface science for obtaining structural
More informationSetting The motor that rotates the sample about an axis normal to the diffraction plane is called (or ).
X-Ray Diffraction X-ray diffraction geometry A simple X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment might be set up as shown below. We need a parallel X-ray source, which is usually an X-ray tube in a fixed position
More informationX-rays. X-ray Radiography - absorption is a function of Z and density. X-ray crystallography. X-ray spectrometry
X-rays Wilhelm K. Roentgen (1845-1923) NP in Physics 1901 X-ray Radiography - absorption is a function of Z and density X-ray crystallography X-ray spectrometry X-rays Cu K α E = 8.05 kev λ = 1.541 Å Interaction
More informationElectron Diffraction
Exp-3-Electron Diffraction.doc (TJR) Physics Department, University of Windsor Introduction 64-311 Laboratory Experiment 3 Electron Diffraction In 1924 de Broglie predicted that the wavelength of matter
More informationAny first year text, sections on atomic structure, spectral lines and spectrometers
Physics 33 Experiment 5 Atomic Spectra References Any first year text, sections on atomic structure, spectral lines and spectrometers Any modern physics text, eg F.K. Richtmeyer, E.H. Kennard and J.N.
More informationQuantum Mechanics Tutorial
Quantum Mechanics Tutorial The Wave Nature of Matter Wave-particle duality and de Broglie s hypothesis. de Broglie matter waves The Davisson-Germer experiment Matter wave packets Heisenberg uncertainty
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12 There are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry X-ray Techniques include:
More informationSpeed of Light in Glass
Experiment (1) Speed of Light in Glass Objective:- This experiment is used to determine the speed of propagation of light waves in glass. Apparatus:- Prism, spectrometer, Halogen lamp source. Theory:-
More informationEXPERIMENT 12 THE GRATING SPECTROMETER AND ATOMIC SPECTRA
OBJECTIVES Learn the theory of the grating spectrometer Observe the spectrum of mercury and hydrogen Measure the grating constant of a diffraction grating Measure the Rydberg Constant EXPERIMENT THE GRATING
More informationX-ray absorption. 4. Prove that / = f(z 3.12 ) applies.
Related topics Bremsstrahlung, characteristic radiation, Bragg scattering, law of absorption, mass absorption coefficient, absorption edge, half-value thickness, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering,
More informationX-RAY SCATTERING AND MOSELEY S LAW. OBJECTIVE: To investigate Moseley s law using X-ray absorption and to observe X- ray scattering.
X-RAY SCATTERING AND MOSELEY S LAW OBJECTIVE: To investigate Moseley s law using X-ray absorption and to observe X- ray scattering. READING: Krane, Section 8.5. BACKGROUND: In 1913, Henry Moseley measured
More informationScience Curriculum Matrix
Science Curriculum Matrix Physics Version 1.0 beta June 2, 2008 This curriculum (core matrix) document will eventually become part of the Science Curriculum Matrix. We envision the Science Curriculum Matrix
More informationb) Connect the oscilloscope across the potentiometer that is on the breadboard. Your instructor will draw the circuit diagram on the board.
Geiger Counter Experiments and The Statistics of Nuclear Decay Using a Geiger Mueller tube, there are a number of experiments we can do. In the classroom there are two different types of Geiger Counters:
More informationLab M1: The Simple Pendulum
Spring 2003 M1.1 Introduction. Lab M1: The Simple Pendulum The simple pendulum is a favorite introductory exercise because Galileo's experiments on pendulums in the early 1600s are usually regarded as
More informationParticles and Waves Homework One (Target mark 13 out of 15)
Particles and Waves Homework One (Target mark 13 out of 15) Display all answers to 2 significant figures. 1. A car covers a distance of 170m in a time of 18s. Calculate the average speed of the car. 2.
More informationNote to 8.13 students:
Note to 8.13 students: Feel free to look at this paper for some suggestions about the lab, but please reference/acknowledge me as if you had read my report or spoken to me in person. Also note that this
More informationRevision Guide. Chapter 7 Quantum Behaviour
Revision Guide Chapter 7 Quantum Behaviour Contents CONTENTS... 2 REVISION CHECKLIST... 3 REVISION NOTES... 4 QUANTUM BEHAVIOUR... 4 Random arrival of photons... 4 Photoelectric effect... 5 PHASE AN PHASORS...
More informationFROM DIFFRACTION TO STRUCTURE
3.012 Fund of Mat Sci: Structure Lecture 19 FROM DIFFRACTION TO STRUCTURE Images removed for copyright reasons. 3-fold symmetry in silicon along the [111] direction. Forward (left) and backward (right)
More informationThis lab was adapted from Kwantlen University College s Determination of e/m lab.
e /m: Charge to Mass Ratio of the Electron This lab was adapted from Kwantlen University College s Determination of e/m lab. Purpose To determine the charge to mass ratio of the electron, e /m, using Helmholtz
More informationEstablishing Relationships Linear Least Squares Fitting. Lecture 6 Physics 2CL Summer 2010
Establishing Relationships Linear Least Squares Fitting Lecture 6 Physics 2CL Summer 2010 Outline Determining the relationship between measured values Physics for experiment # 3 Oscillations & resonance
More informationEXPERIMENT 14. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
Name: Laboratory Section: Laboratory Section Date: Partners Names: Grade: Last Revised on March 18, 2003 EXPERIMENT 14 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 0. Pre-Laboratory Work [2 pts] 1. You will be using
More informationMeasurement of Charge-to-Mass (e/m) Ratio for the Electron
Measurement of Charge-to-Mass (e/m) Ratio for the Electron Experiment objectives: measure the ratio of the electron charge-to-mass ratio e/m by studying the electron trajectories in a uniform magnetic
More informationX-ray Diffraction. Diffraction. X-ray Generation. X-ray Generation. X-ray Generation. X-ray Spectrum from Tube
X-ray Diffraction Mineral identification Mode analysis Structure Studies X-ray Generation X-ray tube (sealed) Pure metal target (Cu) Electrons remover inner-shell electrons from target. Other electrons
More informationAbsorption and Backscattering of β-rays
Experiment #54 Absorption and Backscattering of β-rays References 1. B. Brown, Experimental Nucleonics 2. I. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics 3. E. Segre, Experimental Nuclear Physics 4. R.D. Evans, The Atomic
More informationPhysics 1000 Half Life Lab
Physics 1000 Half Life Lab Determination of Half-Life with a Geiger-Müller Counter Object: Apparatus: To understand the concept of half-life; to become familiar with the use of a Geiger-Müller counter;
More informationRADIOACTIVE DECAY - MEASUREMENT OF HALF-LIFE
MP9 OBJECT 17 RADIOACTIVE DECAY - MEASUREMENT OF HALF-LIFE The object of this experiment is to measure the half-life of the beta decay of Indium-116. THEORY Reference: Section 29.3, College Physics, Serway
More informationChapter 2. X-ray X. Diffraction and Reciprocal Lattice. Scattering from Lattices
Chapter. X-ray X Diffraction and Reciprocal Lattice Diffraction of waves by crystals Reciprocal Lattice Diffraction of X-rays Powder diffraction Single crystal X-ray diffraction Scattering from Lattices
More informationChemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy
Topic 2b: X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Text: Chapter 12 Rouessac (1 week) 4.0 X-ray Fluorescence Download, read and understand EPA method 6010C ICP-OES Winter 2009 Page 1 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry Fundamental
More informationFundamentals of X-ray diffraction
Fundamentals of X-ray diffraction Elena Willinger Lecture series: Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research Outline History of X-ray Sources of X-ray radiation Physics of X-ray scattering Fundamentals
More informationExperiment: Nuclear Chemistry 1
Experiment: Nuclear Chemistry 1 Introduction Radiation is all around us. There are two main types of radiation: ionizing and non-ionizing. We will focus on radioactivity or ionizing radiation (though non-ionizing
More informationPre-lab Quiz/PHYS 224. Your name Lab section
Pre-lab Quiz/PHYS 224 THE DIFFRACTION GRATING AND THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM Your name Lab section 1. What are the goals of this experiment? 2. If the period of a diffraction grating is d = 1,000 nm, where the
More informationChapter 37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom
Chapter 37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom Units of Chapter 37 37-7 Wave Nature of Matter 37-8 Electron Microscopes 37-9 Early Models of the Atom 37-10 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Atomic and nuclear physics X-ray physics Attenuation of x-rays LD Physics Leaflets P6.3.2.1 Investigating the attenuation of x-rays as a function of the absorber material and absorber thickness Objects
More information