Turbulent Flows. g u
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1 .4 g u t Figure 12.1: Effect of diffusion on PDF shape: solution to Eq. (12.29) for Dt =,.2,.2, 1. The dashed line is the Gaussian with the same mean () and variance (3) as the PDF at Dt = 1. v
2 1. g u.5 t Figure 12.2: Solutions (Eq ) to Eq.(12.32) for t/t L =, 1 2, 1. v
3 .8 g u.6 t Figure 12.3: PDF g u (v; t) evolving according to the simplified Langevin model, Eq. (12.36). The PDF is shown at times at which the standard deviations are 1,.99,.9,.75 and.5. (The constant C is taken to be 2.1.) v
4 U * (t) σ t/t L Figure 12.6: Sample paths of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process generated by the Langevin equation, Eq. (12.89)
5 ρ(s) s/t L Figure 12.7: Lagrangian velocity autocorrelation function. Line, Langevin model ρ(s) = exp( s/t L ); solid symbols, experimental data of Sato and Yamamoto (1987) R λ = 46, R λ = 66; open symbols, DNS data of Yeung and Pope (1989), R λ = 9.
6 (a) Y X + ( t,y ) (b) Y + ( t, x) x t t Figure 12.9: Sketches of forward (a) and backward (b) fluid particle trajectories (on different realizations of the turbulent flow). (a) Forward trajectories fluid particle paths originating at Y at time t. (b) Backward trajectories fluid particle paths that reach x at time t.
7 1 1 slope 1/2 σ X u T L slope t/t L Figure 12.1: Standard deviation σ X of dispersion from a point source given by the Langevin model (Eq ).
8 (a) 2. X * (t) u«t L t/t L (b) 4. X * (t) u«t L Figure 12.11: Samples of fluid particle paths given by the Langevin model, shown for (a) moderate times (b) long times. The dashed lines show ±σ X (t). t/t L
9 Grid x x w U Source wire y x y= M φ(x,y) x Figure 12.12: Sketch of a thermal line source experiment, showing a heated wire downstream of a turbulence generating grid.
10 σ y L 1.34 x w 1-1 x w x w x w /x Figure 12.13: Thermal wake thickness σ Y (normalized by the turbulence lengthscale L ) as a function of the distance x w downstream of the wire (normalized by the distance from the grid to the wire x ). Line, Langevin model Eq. (12.168); symbols, experimental data of Warhaft (1984), x /M = 2 ( ), 52 ( ), 6 ( ).
11 5 ω*(t) ω Figure 12.14: Sample paths of the lognormal stochastic model for turbulent frequency, Eq. (12.181). t/τ
12 4. 2. < v 3 >/< v 2 > 3/ < v 4 >/< v 2 > < u 3 >/< u 2 > 3/2 < u 4 >/< u 2 > Figure 12.15: Profiles of skewness and flatness of the axial (u) and lateral (v) velocities in the self-similar plane mixing layer. Lines, calculations by Minier and Pozorski (1995) based on the lognormal/refined Langevin model of Pope (1991a); symbols, experimental data of Wygnanski and Fiedler (197) ( ) and of Champagne et al. (1976) ( ). The abscissa is a normalized cross-stream coordinate. (From Minier and Pozorski (1995).)
13 ω*(t) ω t/τ Figure 12.16: Sample paths of the gamma-distribution model for turbulent frequency, Eq. (12.191).
14 f ω (θ) θ/ ω Figure 12.17: Stationary PDF s of turbulent frequency given by the lognormal model (dashed line) and the gamma-distribution model (solid line).
15 ω * ω ξ Figure 12.18: Scatter plot of turbulence frequency ω (normalized by ω at ξ = ) against normalized lateral distance in the self-similar temporal shear layer. The dashed line is the unconditional mean, ω. The solid line is the conditional mean, Ω, Eq. (12.193). (From Van Slooten Jayesh, and Pope (1998).)
16 y y U R y p V I U I y p V R U R U I x x Incident Reflected Figure 12.19: Incident and reflected particle velocities for wall functions imposed at y = y p.
17 5 k u τ y + Figure 12.2: Turbulent kinetic energy profile (in wall units) for fully developed channel flow at Re = 13,75. Symbols, DNS data of Kim et al. (1987); line, velocity-frequency joint PDF calculation using wall functions (from Dreeben and Pope 1997b).
18 .8 c f Re Figure 12.21: Skin friction coefficient c f τ w /( 1 2 ρu 2 ) against Reynolds number (Re = 2U δ/ν) for channel flow: symbols, experimental data compiled by Dean (1978); solid line, velocity-frequency joint PDF calculations using wall functions (Dreeben and Pope 1997a); dashed line, near-wall joint PDF calculations using elliptic relaxation (Section , Dreeben and Pope 1998).
19 .4 y +.3 y p t + d t + t + u Figure 12.22: Distance Y + (t + ) of a particle from the wall (in wall units) as a function of time: sample path of reflected Brownian motion, Eq. (12.293). For the given level y + p, there is a down-crossing at t + d and the subsequent up-crossing is at t+ u.
20 8 u i u j u τ y + Figure 12.23: Reynolds stresses in fully-developed turbulent channel flow at Re = 13,75. Symbols, DNS data of Kim et al. (1987), u 2, v 2, w 2, k; lines, near-wall velocity-frequency joint PDF calculations (from Dreeben and Pope 1998).
21 b ij Figure 12.24: Evolution of Reynolds-stress anisotropies in homogeneous shear flow with (Sk/ε) = Velocity-wavevector PDF model calculations of Van Slooten and Pope (1997) (lines) compared to the DNS data of Rogers and Moin (1987) (symbols): (, ), b 11 ; (---, ), b 12 ; (- -, ), b 22 ; (, ), b 33. t
22 2. f φ (ψ;t) f φ (ψ;t) ψ ψ Figure 12.25: Evolution of the PDF f φ (ψ; t) of a conserved passive scalar in isotropic turbulence from a double-delta-function initial condition: (a) DNS of Eswaran and Pope (1988a); (b) calculated from the mapping closure (Pope 1991b).
CHAPTER 11: REYNOLDS-STRESS AND RELATED MODELS. Turbulent Flows. Stephen B. Pope Cambridge University Press, 2000 c Stephen B. Pope y + < 1.
1/3 η 1C 2C, axi 1/6 2C y + < 1 axi, ξ > 0 y + 7 axi, ξ < 0 log-law region iso ξ -1/6 0 1/6 1/3 Figure 11.1: The Lumley triangle on the plane of the invariants ξ and η of the Reynolds-stress anisotropy
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