ADVANCED MOISTURE MODELING OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
|
|
- Shannon Porter
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of the 6th Annual ISC Graduate Research Symposium ISC-GRS 22 April 3, 22, Rolla, Missouri ADVANCED MOISTURE MODELING OF POLYMER COMPOSITES ABSTRACT Long term moisture exposure has been shown to affect the mechanical performance of polymeric composite structures. This reduction in mechanical performance must be accommodated for during product design in order to ensure long term structure survival. In order to determine the longterm moisture effects on composite components, representative parts are commonly tested after having been exposed to designed moisture conditioning environment. This moisture conditions are established in order to rapidly drive moisture into test specimens simulating worst-case long term exposure scenarios. Currently accepted methodologies for analyzing the time required to condition specimens are limited, allowing only simple geometry and an assumption that diffusivity rates are independent of the flow path or direction. Therefore, a more advanced finite element method is desired. In the current work, a three dimensional model is developed and implemented in commercial finite element code. The parametric study has been conducted for complex shapes, moisture diffusion pathways, and varying moisture and temperature conditions. Finite element results are validated with a one-dimensional analytical model and experimental results.. INTRODUCTION Composite materials due to the combination of multiphase materials, usually carbon or glass pre-impregnated with a resin system, have increasingly become the preferred building material over other materials such as aluminum by industries desiring high strength/stiffness to weight ratios and the high temperature tolerance []. The makeup of composites allows moisture to be absorbed from the environment, which can affect the structural integrity of composite structures [2-5]. Diffusion of this absorbed moisture is extremely slow so thin parts may reach moisture equilibrium while thick parts will never become fully soaked within their service life [6]. Industry determine the long-term moisture effects on the mechanical performance of components made from composite materials by placing representative parts in an accelerated moisture-conditioning chamber to simulate the worst-case real world exposure conditions or Design Moisture Content (DMC). Knowledge of the proper duration of time that a part remains in the chamber is crucial since a sample that is not soaked long enough to meet real world conditions will show overly optimistic test results, but a part that is over-soaked not only lengthens testing time but could produce overly conservative design values which can increase component weight. A predefined soak period based on one-dimensional calculations is currently used to derive the post-conditioning weight of the sample. When the sample reaches the targeted weight gain, the specimen is removed from conditioning and proceeds to test. Reaching the desired moisture content is achieved through the use of the weight equation when moisture equilibrium content is dependent upon the RH but not affected by temperature. Traditionally, the W8GAIN code which was developed by Springer [7] is used in industry for analysis in testing composite parts, but complex shaped composites require more in-depth analysis. The aim of the current research is the determination of the desired time soak period through exact analyses of thick composite using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS to accurately evaluate moisture diffusion in polymer composites. 2. MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND A comprehensive 3D model was developed and implemented in ABAQUS to simulate moisture diffusion from any surface and varying moisture/temperature conditions in complex shapes. The varying moisture/temperature conditions for this research will be defined as such: accelerated conditions will typically refer to 6 F (7. C), 95 % relative humidity (RH) while service conditions will refer to 8 F (26.7 C), 82 % RH. Parts placed in accelerated conditions were commonly soaked for 2 days while the service conditions were calculated to be soaked for years to reach the DMC. Parts in both of these conditions were analyzed using Fick s Equation. The analyses in this research were performed with the equation derived in Fick s second law, simply known as Fick s equation [8]. Fick s equation predicts how the concentrate will change with time based of the rate of diffusion. Fick s equation is written as: c c = D t z () z where c is the moisture concentration, D z is the moisture coefficient, z is the distance through the thickness, and t is the
2 time. The required soaking duration is determined by calculating the weight of the moisture that is absorbed into a sample. The use of the weight equation, shown below, allows for the calculation of the final weight of the sample, signifying it has reached the desired moisture content. M = W W W X (2) where W is the weight of moist material and Wd is the weight of dry material. Diffusivity coefficients for a glass epoxy have been provided for D x, D y, and D z, which are the diffusion coefficients parallel to the fiber direction, perpendicular to the fiber, and through the thickness of the laminate respectively. For the Fickian model to be implemented, the diffusion must be dependent only on temperature, thus the three diffusivities have values provided at two different temperatures shown in both standard and metric units in Table. As this research included analyzing the moisture diffusion at temperatures not shown in the tables, the values of the diffusivity coefficients at those temperatures were either interpolated or extrapolated using Equation 3. where c D T = d exp ( ) (3) T d = D e (. ) (4) c = ln( )(T )(T ) (5) (T ) (T ) where D TL is diffusivity at lower temperature, D TH is diffusivity at higher temperature, D T is diffusivity at desired temperature, T L is lower temperature [ F], T H is higher temperature [ F], T d is temperature at which diffusivity is needed. Moisture equilibrium of the glass epoxy at the desired RH is provided in Table 2. Given moisture equilibriums at two relative humidity, the moisture equilibrium can be interpolated or extrapolated using Equation 4. Meq = a RC RH b (6) where a = M RC RH (7) b = log ( ) ( M M ) (8) where M eq is moisture equilibrium, M eq_l is moisture equilibrium at the lower temperature, M eq_h is moisture equilibrium at the higher temperature, RC is the resin content, RH is the desired relative humidity. The capabilities of the W8GAIN code are limited to the D Fick s equation. The W8GAIN code is limited to a flat plate that is either considered infinite by being sufficiently large in length to width versus thickness dimensions or the edges are insulated. However, to overcome this limitation, a modified diffusivity coefficient can be obtained using the equations for edge effect properties, Equation 5 for a homogeneous material and Equation 6 for an orthotropic material. This research includes a comparison using a modified diffusivity coefficient and a true 3D analysis. D m = D z ( + h l + h w )2 (9) D m = D z ( + h l D D + h 2 w D ) D () where D m is the modified diffusivity coefficient through the thickness; D X, D Y, D Z are the diffusivity coefficients through the thickness and in the directions of exposed edges; h is the thickness of the part; and l and w are the part dimensions for length and width. Five varied sets of analyses were run in this research, the first three determined accuracy of the ABAQUS models. The three accuracy sets included a series of convergence analyses; a 2D model in ABAQUS using diffusion moving in only a single direction was compared to the output of the W8GAIN. And the other two further analysis use experimental data to compare ABAQUS results to laboratory tests with thin unidirectional laminate and thick unidirectional laminate, respectively. 3. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING The finite element formulation using Galerkin s Weighted Residual Method is as follows [9]: [K]{c} + [M]{c } = {F} () [M] = [N] T [N] dv (2) [K] = [B] T [D] [B]dV (3) {F} = q[n] T dγ (4) where [K] is moisture diffusivity matrix, [M] is moisture velocity matrix, [N] is shape functions, {F} is moisture flow vector, {c} is nodal moisture content and {c } is rate of change of nodal moisture content. The diffusivity matrix [D] is given by: D [D] = [ D 22 ] D 33 [B] is the matrix containing derivatives of shape functions: [N] x [N] [B] = y [N] [ z ] 4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4. SAMPLE PARAMETERS The moisture models used for comparison between W8GAIN and ABAQUS, for comparison of edge effects, and for designing an accelerated conditioning cycle were given the 2
3 Moisture Content (ppm) Moisture Content (ppm) dimensional parameters of 3.5 in. x.5 in. x.5 in. (88.9 mm x 6.35 mm x 6.35 mm). These measurements are representative of a laboratory test sample. The diffusivity coefficients for the three primary axes are given for two temperatures in SI and Standard units and are shown in Table. Table Diffusivity coefficients for two temperatures in the primary axes Elements 5 Elements Elements 33 Elements Temperature 8 F (26.7 C) 6 F (7. C) Dx mm 2 /hr (in. 2 /sec) 7.9 x -5 (3.4 x - ).9 x -3 (8.2 x - ) Dy mm 2 /hr (in. 2 /sec) 7.43 x -5 (3.2 x - ).77 x -3 (7.6 x - ) Dz mm 2 /hr (in. 2 /sec) 5.34 x -5 (2.3 x - ).5 x -3 (4.95 x - ) The second set of parameters required for the analyses moisture equilibrium at the RH that the composite experienced are given in Table 2 for two different relative humidity. Table 2 Moisture equilibrium constants for two relative humidities Relative Humidity Moisture equilibrium ppm (%).8,8 (.8).95 7, (.7) 4.2 CONVERGENCE STUDY A mesh convergence using a 2D model.5 in. (38. mm) in X-direction and 3 in. (76.2 mm) in Y-direction was run in ABAQUS. The diffusion was only considered in the X- direction therefore symmetry could be used resulting in a model half the width of the lab sample, and moisture boundary conditions were only applied to the left side of the model. The different runs used 3, 5,, 7, and 33 elements in the X- direction and only element in the Y-direction. Deviations were evident in the case of two elements, which had a higher concentration, and the case of five elements, which had a lower concentration nearer to the left edge. The remaining cases showed the results converging upon each other. Although the case of 33 elements converged producing an element width of.545 mm, the number of elements was increased to 6 to give a more standardized width of.635 mm, which was used throughout the remaining analyses Depth (mm) Figure Element convergence 4.3 COMPARISON OF ABAQUS WITH W8GAIN Output from the ABAQUS model for 2 days using the accelerated conditions and the parameters relating to that using the D x diffusivity with a half model thickness of.5 in. (38. mm) were compared to the W8GAIN output with the same conditions. The diffusivity coefficients and moisture equilibrium were obtained from Tables and Depth (mm) Figure 2 Comparison with Dx diffusivity (W8GAIN vs. ABAQUS) W8GAIN ABAQUS ABAQUS output for years with service conditions and the parameters relating to that using the D z diffusivity and a half model thickness of.5 in (2.7 mm) were compared to the W8GAIN output with the same conditions. When the moisture equilibrium was interpolated for the service conditions that have an 82 % RH the result was.24 % or 2,4 ppm. The diffusivity coefficients and moisture equilibrium were obtained from Tables and 2. The outputs from the W8GAIN code versus the ABAQUS model for accelerated and service conditions are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Both of these graphs show how the output from the ABAQUS model matched to the output of the W8GAIN verifying that the model was producing accurate results. 3
4 Moisture Content (%) Moisture content (%) Moisture Content (%) Moisture content (%) Two other convergence studies are also conducted under constant environmental and varying environmental conditions, respectively. All the parameters need are listed in Table 3 []. Table 3 coefficients for test coupons Properties Material Name Diffusivity Moisture Equilibrium Half thickness Length Width Diffusivity after Edge Correction Factor Initial Moisture Content Specifications Glass fiber/epoxy Tape.4726E-9 in 2 F (.976E-3 mm 2 7. C) % RH.25 in (6.35mm) 3.5 in (88.9 mm).5 in (2.7 mm) 2.7E-9 in 2 6 F (5.4E-4 mm 2 7. C). % ( ppm) Edge Correction Factor Figure 3 shows good convergence when the element size decreases. In this case, the glass/epoxy laminate with.5 inch thickness is exposed to 6 and 95% relative humidity for 68 days, which refers to constant environmental condition. Figure 4 shows the results of ABAQUS 2D matches well with W8GAIN under this constant environment. In the varying environmental condition, in which the specimen with same dimension is exposed to 6 and 95% relative humidity for 68 days, and then 82% relative humidity for 68 days, the good convergence is also shown as in Figure 5. Also, the results of ABAQUS 2D matches well with W8GAIN program results elements 4 elements elements 3 elements elements elements 4 elements elements 3 elements elements Depth position (in) Figure 5 Convergence study under varying environment.4.2 W8GAIN PROGRAM ABAQUS Depth position (in.) Figure 3 Convergence study under constant environment W8GAIN PROGRAM ABAQUS Depth position (in.) Figure 4 ABAQUS 2D comparison with W8GAIN under constant environment Depth position (in) Figure 6 ABAQUS 2D comparison with W8GAIN under varying environment 4.4 COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA Laboratory tests were conducted in which glass/epoxy thin composite coupons (thin laminate), measuring.5 in. x.5 in. x 3.5 in. (2.7 mm x 2.7 mm x 88.9 mm), were exposed to 6 F (7. C), at 95 % relative humidity for 75 days. The test results presented in are compared with a 2D ABAQUS model. 4
5 Total Moisture Absorption (%) TOTAL MOISTURE ABSORPTION (%) Properties used are given in Table 3. Figure 7 shows the close agreement of simulation results and the experimental findings..3 ABAQUS 3D RESULT EXPERIMENTAL DATA.9.8 ABAQUS Results Experimental Data EXPOSURE TIME (days) Figure 8 Thick Laminate experimental data vs. ABAQUS 3D Exposure Time (days) Figure 7 Thin Laminate experimental data vs. ABAQUS 2D Another test is conducted in which glass/epoxy thick composite coupons, measuring.75 in. x.75 in. x 2.25 in. (44.45 mm x mm x 3.5 mm), were exposed to 6 F (7. C), at 95 % relative humidity for 75 days. The test results presented are compared with 3D ABAQUS model. Properties used are given in Table 3. In this case, equations (5)-(9) are used to calculate the diffusivities since those parameters are not available in the technical documents. Firstly, use the modified diffusivity along z-direction divides the edge correction factor to get the transverse diffusivity D 22, then use the known fiber volume fraction and equations (5-6) to get D. And then use the transformation equations (7-8) and transformation angles α, β, γ (α = ; β = 9, γ = 9 in unidirectional laminates) to get the diffusivities along three directions. The final diffusivities we get is as follows: D Y = D Z = D 22 =.4954 E-9 in 2 /s, D X = D = E-9 in 2 /s. D = ( 2v f )D r (5) D 22 = ( 2 v f π ) D r (6) D x = D cos 2 α + D 22 sin 2 α (7) D y = D cos 2 β + D 22 sin 2 β (8) D z = D cos 2 γ + D 22 sin 2 γ (9) where D is longitudinal diffusivity, D 22 is transverse diffusivity, D r diffusivity in resin matrix, D X, D Y, D Z are diffusivities along X, Y, Z axis, respectively. α, β, γ are angles of the fiber direction with respect to X, Y, Z axis. After applying these parameters into the modeling, the 3D result is presented in Figure 8, in which the 3D result matches well with the experimental findings. The moisture concentration distribution along orthogonal sections is show in Figure 9. Figure 9 Moisture content distribution after 75 days exposure 5. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive 3D model was developed and implemented in ABAQUS to simulate the moisture absorption in composite materials during service conditions. A convergence study was performed to ensure the accuracy of the model. Results from D and 2D models were compared to the analytical and experimental findings. 3D analysis exhibited lower average moisture content in comparison with the prediction from the existing models. Furthermore, the traditional method did not give a true profile of the moisture content at different locations in the part. Conventional D moisture model has been reliable for moisture diffusion only in one direction. The present model can implement the Fick's equation in all directions resulting in accurate distribution of moisture in the composite part. Also, for thin composite laminate, the 2D results already match very well with experimental results since the moisture diffusion through thin laminate s edges is not significant. However, for thick composite laminate, the moisture diffusion through thickness area is significant thus we have to take it into account. In such case, the edge correction factor is not suitable 5
6 anymore; the diffusivities along all the directions should be defined. 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Partial support from Intelligent Systems Center is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Aaron Buchok from Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. for his helpful suggestions. 7. REFERENCES [] Agarwal, B. D., Broutman, L. J. and Chandrashekhara, K., 26, Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, Chap.. [2] Li, M., 2, Temperature and Moisture Effects on Composite Materials for Wind Turbine Blades, Master thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. [3] Browning, C. E., 977, The Mechanism of Elevated Temperature Property Losses in High Performance Structural Epoxy Resin Matrix Material after Exposure to High Humidity Environments, Ph. D. thesis, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio. [4] Loos, A. C. and Springer, G. S., 98, Moisture Absorption of Graphite-Epoxy Composition Immersed in Liquids and in Humid Air, Environmental Effects on Composite Materials, Vol. 9, pp [5] Shen, C. H. and Springer, G. S., 98, Effects of Moisture and Temperature on the Tensile Strength of Composite Materials, J. Composite Materials, Vol. 2, pp [6] Pierron F., Poireet, Y. and Vautrin, A., 22, A Novel Procedure for Identification of 3D Moisture Diffusion Parameters on Thick Composites: Theory, Validation and Experimental Results, J. Composite Materials, Vol. 36, pp [7] Shen, C. H. and Springer, G. S., 976, Moisture Absorption and Desorption of Composite Materials, J. Composite Materials, Vol., pp [8] Crank, J., 975, The Mathematics of Diffusion, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, Chap.. [9] Wondwose Ali, B. S. C. E., 2, Finite Element Temperature Development and Moisture Diffusion Prediction Models for Concrete at Early Ages using Matlab, Master thesis, Texas Tech University, Texas. [] Bell Helicopter, 997, Prediction of Moisture Absorption in Composite Materials, Report NO
NUTC R296. Advanced Moisture Modeling of Polymer Composites. K. Chandrashekhara Curators Professor Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Advanced Moisture Modeling of Polymer Composites by K. Chandrashekhara Curators Professor Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering NUTC R296 A National University Transportation Center at Missouri
More informationMoisture Absorption and Desorption
Moisture Absorption and Desorption of Composite Materials CHI-HUNG SHEN AND GEORGE S. SPRINGER Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (Received December
More informationEVALUATION OF THE COEFFICIENTS OF MOISTURE EXPANSION USING TRANSIENT SIMULATED LAMINATES METHODOLOGY (TSL)
EVALUATION OF THE COEFFICIENTS OF MOISTURE EXPANSION USING TRANSIENT SIMULATED LAMINATES METHODOLOGY (TSL) Takeshi Takatoya, Kimo Chung, Yi-Jui Wu, and James C. Seferis Polymeric Composites Laboratory,
More informationHygrothermal stresses in laminates
Hygrothermal stresses in laminates Changing environment conditions (temperature and moisture) have an important effect on the properties which are matrix dominated. Change in temperaturet and moisture
More informationComposites in the Sea: Sorption, Strength and Fatigue
Composites in the Sea: Sorption, Strength and Fatigue Y. J. Weitsman Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Science Department The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2030,
More informationMaterials and Structures. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Introduction to Composite Materials and Structures Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 16 Behavior of Unidirectional Composites Lecture Overview Mt Material ilaxes in unidirectional
More information3D Thermal-Diffusion Analysis on a Moisture Loaded Epoxy Sample
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 2010 Boston 3D Thermal-Diffusion Analysis on a Moisture Loaded Epoxy Sample S. Madduri* 1, W. Infantolino 2, and B.G.Sammakia 1 1 Department of Mechanical
More informationAccelerated Testing Methodology for Long Term Durability of CFRP
IFREMER-ONR Workshop on Durability of Composites in a Marine Environment August 23 24, 22 IFREMER Centre, Nantes, France Accelerated esting Methodology for Long erm Durability of CFRP Masayuki Nakada*,
More informationElastic Moduli of. Composite Materials. Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Michigan. (Received May 9, 1977) ABSTRACT SCOPE
Environmental Effects on the Elastic Moduli of Composite Materials CHI-HUNG SHEN AND GEORGE S. SPRINGER Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (Received
More informationMechanical Behavior of Composite Tapered Lamina
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.19-27 Mechanical Behavior of Composite Tapered Lamina
More informationInverse analysis for transient moisture diffusion through fiber-reinforced composites
Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 177 193 www.actamat-journals.com Inverse analysis for transient moisture diffusion through fiber-reinforced composites Pavankiran Vaddadi, Toshio Nakamura, Raman P. Singh Department
More informationComputational Analysis for Composites
Computational Analysis for Composites Professor Johann Sienz and Dr. Tony Murmu Swansea University July, 011 The topics covered include: OUTLINE Overview of composites and their applications Micromechanics
More informationMaterials and Structures. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Introduction to Composite Materials and Structures Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 34 Thermal Stresses in Plates Lecture Overview Introduction Mechanical and Thermal Strains
More informationMaterials and Structures. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Introduction to Composite Materials and Structures Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 15 Behavior of Unidirectional Composites Lecture Overview Mt Material ilaxes in unidirectional
More informationAn Investigation of Moisture and Leakage Currents in GRP Composite Hollow Cylinders
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 1, No. 5; October 005 1043 An Investigation of Moisture and Leakage Currents in GRP Composite Hollow Cylinders L. Kumosa, D. Armentrout,
More informationEFFECT OF THERMAL FATIGUE ON INTRALAMINAR CRACKING IN LAMINATES LOADED IN TENSION
EFFECT OF THERMAL FATIGUE ON INTRALAMINAR CRACKING IN LAMINATES LOADED IN TENSION J.Varna and R.Joffe Dept of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering Lulea University of Technology, SE 97187, Lulea,
More informationInverse Analysis to Determine Hygrothermal Properties in Fiber Reinforced Composites
Inverse Analysis to Determine Hygrothermal Properties in Fiber Reinforced Composites PAVANKIRAN VADDADI,* TOSHIO NAKAMURA AND RAMAN P. SINGH Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New
More informationEFFECTS OF MODELING ASSUMPTIONS ON THE ACCURACY OF SPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME PREDICTIONS FOR A FIBERGLASS LAMINATE
EFFECTS OF MODELING ASSUMPTIONS ON THE ACCURACY OF SPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME PREDICTIONS FOR A FIBERGLASS LAMINATE Neil Wahl Montana Tech of The University of Montana Butte, Montana 5970 Daniel Samborsky
More informationComposite Structures. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Mechanics of Laminated Composite Structures Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 21 Behavior of Ribbon Fiber Composites Ribbon Reinforced Composites: Introduction Quite often,
More informationTEMPERATURES OBTAINED IN TIMBERS WHEN THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE IS CHANGED AFTER VARIOUS PERIODS OF HEATING
TEMPERATURES OBTAINED IN TIMBERS WHEN THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE IS CHANGED AFTER VARIOUS PERIODS OF HEATING April 1946 No. R1609 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
More informationInternational Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN
Research Article INTEGRATED FORCE METHOD FOR FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE PLATE BENDING PROBLEMS Doiphode G. S., Patodi S. C.* Address for Correspondence Assistant Professor, Applied Mechanics Department,
More informationCOUPLING MOISTURE DIFFUSION AND INTERNAL MECHANICAL STATES IN POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES A THERMODYNAMICAL APPROACH
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS COUPLING MOISTURE DIFFUSION AND INTERNAL MECHANICAL STATES IN POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES A B.E. Sar 1, S. Fréour 1, P. Davies 2 et F. Jacquemin 1 * 1
More informationPHYSICAL AGING AND CREEP CHARACTERIZATION OF A CARBON/POLYIMIDE COMPOSITE
PHYSICAL AGING AND CREEP CHARACTERIZATION OF A CARBON/POLYIMIDE COMPOSITE I. M. Daniel 1, J. J. Luo 2, and Z. Sun 3 1 Walter P. Murphy Professor, Departments of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Robert
More informationMaterial Characterization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate Using Virtual Fields Method
Proceedings of ICTACEM 014 International Conference on Theoretical, Applied, Computational and Experimental Mechanics December 9-31, 014, IIT Kharagpur, India ICTACEM-014/39 Material Characterization of
More informationEXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION AND COHESIVE LAWS FOR DELAMINATION OF OFF-AXIS GFRP LAMINATES
20 th International Conference on Composite Materials Copenhagen, 19-24 th July 2015 EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION AND COHESIVE LAWS FOR DELAMINATION OF OFF-AXIS GFRP LAMINATES Esben Lindgaard 1 and Brian
More informationFactors Mfecting Moisture Absorption in Polymer Composites Part ll: Influence of External Factors
Factors Mfecting Moisture Absorption in Polymer Composites Part ll: nfluence of External Factors R. M. V. G. K. RAo MANAS CHANDA. AND N. BALASUBRAMANAN.. Materials Science Division National Aeronautical
More informationMoisture Induced Dimensional Changes in Composites
ID-1141 Moisture Induced Dimensional Changes in Composites Ernest G. Wolff Precision Measurements & Instruments Corporation 3665 SW Deschutes Street, Corvallis OR 97333 USA SUMMARY: All organic matrix
More informationSPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH FOR FIBERGLASS LAMINATES IN TENSION
AIAA-2-25 SPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH FOR FIBERGLASS LAMINATES IN TENSION Neil Wahl Montana Tech of The University of Montana Butte, Montana 597 Daniel Samborsky John Mandell Douglas
More informationDAMAGE MECHANICS MODEL FOR OFF-AXIS FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES AT ROOM AND HIGH TEMPERATURES
DAMAGE MECHANICS MODEL FOR OFF-AXIS FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES AT ROOM AND HIGH TEMPERATURES M. Kawai Institute of Engineering Mechanics University of Tsukuba,
More informationPREDICTION OF OPEN HOLE COMPRESSIVE FAILURE FOR QUASI-ISOTROPIC CFRP LAMINATES BY MMF/ATM METHOD
HE 19 H INERNAIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSIE MAERIALS PREDICION OF OPEN HOLE COMPRESSIVE FAILURE FOR QUASI-ISOROPIC CFRP LAMINAES BY MMF/AM MEHOD. Hioki 1*, M. Nakada 2, Y. Miyano 2, H. Katoh 3 1 Graduate
More informationDetermination of water and salt transport parameters of porous materials using methods of inverse modelling
Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIII 349 Determination of water and salt transport parameters of porous materials using methods of inverse modelling L. Fiala, Z. Pavlík, M. Pavlíková
More informationCOMPARISON OF WETTABILITY AND CAPILLARY EFFECT EVALUATED BY DIFFERENT CHARACTERIZING METHODS
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS COMPARISON OF WETTABILITY AND CAPILLARY EFFECT EVALUATED BY DIFFERENT CHARACTERIZING METHODS S.K. Wang*, M. Li*, Y.Z. Gu, Y.X. Li and Z.G. Zhang Key
More informationLecture 12: Finite Elements
Materials Science & Metallurgy Part III Course M6 Computation of Phase Diagrams H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Lecture 2: Finite Elements In finite element analysis, functions of continuous quantities such as temperature
More informationSIMULATION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS EXPOSED TO FIRE DEGRADATION
SIMULATION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS EXPOSED TO FIRE DEGRADATION A. Lozano Martín a*, A. Fernández López a, A. Güemes a a Department of Aerospace Materials and Manufacturing, School
More informationLecture 2: Finite Elements
Materials Science & Metallurgy Master of Philosophy, Materials Modelling, Course MP7, Finite Element Analysis, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Lecture 2: Finite Elements In finite element analysis, functions of
More informationNon-conventional Glass fiber NCF composites with thermoset and thermoplastic matrices. F Talence, France Le Cheylard, France
20 th International Conference on Composite Materials Copenhagen, 19-24th July 2015 Non-conventional Glass fiber NCF composites with thermoset and thermoplastic matrices. Thierry Lorriot 1, Jalal El Yagoubi
More information= π + sin π = π + 0 = π, so the object is moving at a speed of π feet per second after π seconds. (c) How far does it go in π seconds?
Mathematics 115 Professor Alan H. Stein April 18, 005 SOLUTIONS 1. Define what is meant by an antiderivative or indefinite integral of a function f(x). Solution: An antiderivative or indefinite integral
More informationSmart Materials, Adaptive Structures, and Intelligent Mechanical Systems
Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures, and Intelligent Mechanical Systems Bishakh Bhattacharya & Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 19 Analysis of an Orthotropic Ply References
More informationMoisture content in concrete
Universal Moisture Transport Model in Concrete under Natural Environment Takumi Shimomura Nagaoka University of Technology Moisture content in concrete Shrinkage and creep of concrete Transport of aggressive
More informationAnalysis of external and internal mass transfer resistance at steady state diffusion experiments on small clear wood specimens
COST FP0802 Workshop Experimental and Computational Micro-Characterization Techniques in Wood Mechanics, Vila Real, 27 28 April 2011 Analysis of external and internal mass transfer resistance at steady
More informationEffect of fibre shape on transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional composites
Sādhanā Vol. 4, Part 2, April 25, pp. 53 53. c Indian Academy of Sciences Effect of fibre shape on transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional composites B RAGHAVA RAO,, V RAMACHANDRA RAJU 2 and
More informationModelling the nonlinear shear stress-strain response of glass fibrereinforced composites. Part II: Model development and finite element simulations
Modelling the nonlinear shear stress-strain response of glass fibrereinforced composites. Part II: Model development and finite element simulations W. Van Paepegem *, I. De Baere and J. Degrieck Ghent
More informationOut life 30 days at 70 F (21 C) Shelf life 6 months at 40 F (4 C) 12 months at 0 F (-18 C)
4708 250-300 F (120-150 C) High T g Epoxy Resin System Typical applications General aviation Aerospace Industrial Sporting goods Out life 30 days at 70 F (21 C) Shelf life 6 months at 40 F (4 C) 12 months
More informationHydrothermal ageing effects on flexural properties of GFRP composite laminates
Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences Vol. 20, October 2013, pp. 415-424 Hydrothermal ageing effects on flexural properties of GFRP composite laminates P Sampath Rao* & M Manzoor Hussain Department
More informationFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS USING THE TANGENT STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR TRANSIENT NON-LINEAR HEAT TRANSFER IN A BODY
Heat transfer coeff Temperature in Kelvin International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS USING THE TANGENT STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR TRANSIENT
More informationMechanics of Composite Materials, Second Edition Autar K Kaw University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
Mechanics of Composite Materials, Second Edition Autar K Kaw University of South Florida, Tampa, USA What programs are in PROMAL? Master Menu The master menu screen with five separate applications from
More informationMaterials and Structures. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Introduction to Composite Materials and Structures Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 36 Hygrothermal Stresses in Plates Lecture Overview Introduction Hygrothermal Strains Stiffness
More informationEffects of Basalt Fibres on Mechanical Properties of Concrete
Effects of Basalt Fibres on Mechanical Properties of Concrete A. M. El-Gelani 1, C.M. High 2, S. H. Rizkalla 3 and E. A. Abdalla 4 1,4 University of Tripoli, Civil Engineering Department, Tripoli, Libya
More informationFailure analysis of serial pinned joints in composite materials
Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences Vol. 18, April 2011, pp. 102-110 Failure analysis of serial pinned joints in composite materials Alaattin Aktaş* Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationInfluence of the filament winding process variables on the mechanical behavior of a composite pressure vessel
Influence of the filament winding process variables on the mechanical behavior of a composite pressure vessel G. Vargas 1 & A. Miravete 2 1 Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica,
More informationMultilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitors
SELECTION OF CERAMIC CHIP CAPACITORS JARO Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitors offer the most complete range of characteristics and configurations available in the industry. We suggest your selection of
More informationModule III - Macro-mechanics of Lamina. Lecture 23. Macro-Mechanics of Lamina
Module III - Macro-mechanics of Lamina Lecture 23 Macro-Mechanics of Lamina For better understanding of the macromechanics of lamina, the knowledge of the material properties in essential. Therefore, the
More informationEffect of Specimen Dimensions on Flexural Modulus in a 3-Point Bending Test
Effect of Specimen Dimensions on Flexural Modulus in a 3-Point Bending Test M. Praveen Kumar 1 and V. Balakrishna Murthy 2* 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, P.V.P. Siddhartha Institute of Technology,
More informationJournal of Composite Materials. On Cyclical Hygrothermal Fields in Laminated Plates. Keywords: cyclical hygrothermal field, laminated plate
On Cyclical Hygrothermal Fields in Laminated Plates Journal: Journal of Composite Materials Manuscript ID: JCM--00 Manuscript Type: Original Manuscript Date Submitted by the Author: -Sep- Complete List
More informationHamid Abbasi This paper develops a series of expressions to predict the apparent strength and
A MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE PROPERTIES OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF A GLASS FIBRE REBAR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES SIMULATING A FIRE TEST. Hamid Abbasi e-mail:abbasihamid@hotmail.com *corresponding
More informationDynamic Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate Structure with Square Cut-Out under Hygrothermal Load
Dynamic Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate Structure with Square Cut-Out under Hygrothermal Load Arun Mukherjee 1, Dr. Sreyashi Das (nee Pal) 2 and Dr. A. Guha Niyogi 3 1 PG student, 2 Asst. Professor,
More informationModule 5: Laminate Theory Lecture 19: Hygro -thermal Laminate Theory. Introduction: The Lecture Contains: Laminate Theory with Thermal Effects
Module 5: Laminate Theory Lecture 19: Hygro -thermal Laminate Theory Introduction: In this lecture we are going to develop the laminate theory with thermal and hygral effects. Then we will develop the
More informationPermeation Measurement Testing Techniques. Michelle Stevens MOCON, Inc.
Permeation Measurement Testing Techniques Michelle Stevens MOCON, Inc. Permeation Permeation Permeation is simply the flux of molecules through a material normalized to the pressure drop across the film.
More informationISSN: ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2013
Delamination Studies in Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites K.Kantha Rao, Dr P. Shailesh, K. Vijay Kumar 1 Associate Professor, Narasimha Reddy Engineering College Hyderabad. 2 Professor, St. Peter s Engineering
More informationMOISTURE PERMEABILITY DATA PRESENTED AS A MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION APPLICABLE TO HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSPORT MODELS
MOISTURE PERMEABILITY DATA PRESENTED AS A MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION APPLICABLE TO HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSPORT MODELS Dr. Graham H. Galbraith Glasgow Caledonian University Mr. R. Craig McLean The University
More informationUniversity of Sheffield The development of finite elements for 3D structural analysis in fire
The development of finite elements for 3D structural analysis in fire Chaoming Yu, I. W. Burgess, Z. Huang, R. J. Plank Department of Civil and Structural Engineering StiFF 05/09/2006 3D composite structures
More informationTENSILE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE FIBRES AND FIBRE BUNDLES
TENSILE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE FIBRES AND FIBRE BUNDLES C. Qian 1 *, R. P. L. Nijssen 1, D. D. Samborsky 2, C.Kassapoglou 3, Z. Gürdal 3, G. Q. Zhang 4 1 Knowledge Centre Wind turbine Materials and
More informationSize Effects In the Crushing of Honeycomb Structures
45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference 19-22 April 2004, Palm Springs, California AIAA 2004-1640 Size Effects In the Crushing of Honeycomb Structures Erik C.
More informationASTM C STEADY-STATE HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENTS AND THERMAL TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES BY MEANS OF THE HEAT FLOW METER APPARATUS
Page 1 of 10 ASTM C 518 04 STEADY-STATE HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENTS AND THERMAL TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES BY MEANS OF THE HEAT FLO METER APPARATUS Rockwool Premium Plus Insulation Project No. 3194876SAT-001A
More informationPROMAL2012 SOFTWARE PACKAGE A USER GUIDE
PROMAL2012 SOFTWARE PACKAGE A USER GUIDE 1. This manual is only for VISTA, WINDOWS 7 and WINDOWS 8 users. The PROMAL2012 software and manual are available at http://www.eng.usf.edu/~kaw/promal2012/ 2.
More informationAdsorption boundary curve influenced by step interval of relative humidity investigated by Dynamic Vapour Sorption equipment
IRG/WP 11-40547 THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON WOOD PROTECTION Section 4 Processes and Properties Adsorption boundary curve influenced by step interval of relative humidity investigated by Dynamic
More informationPENETRATION OF FRAGMENTS INTO AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE STRUCTURES. G. Jenaro, F.Rey, G.Rosado and P. García
23 RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS TARRAGONA, SPAIN 16-20 APRIL 2007 PENETRATION OF FRAGMENTS INTO AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE STRUCTURES. G. Jenaro, F.Rey, G.Rosado and P. García Laboratorio Químico Central
More informationTHERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF A FIBER-EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIAL
HERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2011, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 559-563 559 HERMAL SRESS ANALYSIS OF A FIBER-EPOXY COMPOSIE MAERIAL by Radoljub P. OMI] a, Aleksandar S. SEDMAK b*, Dobrivoje M. ]AI] c, Marko V. MILOŠ b,
More informationAssessment of moisture absorption in marine GRP laminates with aid of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Assessment of moisture absorption in marine GRP laminates with aid of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging G. Kotsikos 1, A. G. Gibson* 1 and J. Mawella 2 The diffusion of water in an isophthalic polyester
More informationThe stiffness tailoring of megawatt wind turbine
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering OPEN ACCESS The stiffness tailoring of megawatt wind turbine To cite this article: Z M Li et al 2013 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 52 052008
More informationNP-180R. U.L. file number E98983
New: 2018/09/12 Flame retardant copper clad laminate NP-180R High Tg 175 (DSC) Excellent dimensional stability through-hole reliability Excellent electrical, chemical and heat resistance properties IPC-4101E
More informationCopyright 1997 by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Copyright 1997 by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. This paper was published in the proceedings of Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XIV, SPIE Vol. 3049, pp. 706-711. It
More informationSOME RESEARCH ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Mechanical Testing and Diagnosis ISSN 2247 9635, 2012 (II), Volume 3, 79-85 SOME RESEARCH ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS Valeriu DULGHERU, Viorel BOSTAN, Marin GUŢU Technical University
More informationTHE MATRIX: EVOLUTIONS II
THE MATRIX: EVOLUTIONS II Pearl Sullivan Composites and Adhesives Group Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Waterloo IPR 28 th Annual Symposium, 16 May 2006 Scope: Multi-scale Analyses Atomic/Nanoscale
More informationANALYSES OF DEFORMATION IN VISCOELASTIC SANDWICH COMPOSITES SUBJECT TO MOISTURE DIFFUSION
ANALYSES OF DEFORMATION IN VISCOELASTIC SANDWICH COMPOSITES SUBJECT TO MOISTURE DIFFUSION A Thesis by NIKHIL P. JOSHI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment
More informationTensile Stress Acoustic Constants of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Tensile Stress Acoustic Constants of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composites Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 9 (March, 1990) pp. 127-133 W. H. PROSSER NASA Langley Research Center
More informationHYGROTHERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUMICE AGGREGATE CONCRETE USED FOR MASONRY WALL BLOCKS
HYGROTHERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUMICE AGGREGATE CONCRETE USED FOR MASONRY WALL BLOCKS Kus, Hülya Dr.Eng., Assoc. Professor, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, kushu@itu.edu.tr In
More informationComposite Damage Material Modeling for Crash Simulation: MAT54 & the Efforts of the CMH-17 Numerical Round Robin
Composite Damage Material Modeling for Crash Simulation: MAT54 & the Efforts of the CMH-17 Numerical Round Robin 2014 Technical Review Bonnie Wade (UW) Prof. Paolo Feraboli AMTAS (JAMS) Crashworthiness
More informationCIGRE SC A2 & D1 JOINT COLLOQUIUM 2011, KYOTO JAPAN. Water Saturation Limits and Moisture Equilibrium Curves of Alternative Insulation Systems
CIGRE SC A2 & D1 JOINT COLLOQUIUM 2011, KYOTO JAPAN http://cigre2011-a2d1.org/ CIGRE A2 & D1 2011 Doshisha University, Kyoto PS2: Materials Water Saturation Limits and Moisture Equilibrium Curves of Alternative
More informationPrediction of Elastic Constants on 3D Four-directional Braided
Prediction of Elastic Constants on 3D Four-directional Braided Composites Prediction of Elastic Constants on 3D Four-directional Braided Composites Liang Dao Zhou 1,2,* and Zhuo Zhuang 1 1 School of Aerospace,
More informationEXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SPECTRAL AND ANGULAR DEPENDENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING GLASSES
CISBAT 2005, Proceedings, EPFL 2005, p. 441-446 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SPECTRAL AND ANGULAR DEPENDENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING GLASSES R. Steiner, P. Oelhafen, G. Reber and A. Romanyuk Institute
More informationIN-PLANE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLAT PLATES UTILIZING THE FOURIER HEAT CONDUCTION LAW
15801 Chemical Lane Huntington Beach, CA 9649 IN-PLANE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLAT PLATES UTILIZING THE FOURIER HEAT CONDUCTION LAW September 004 1. SCOPE This test method is used to determine the thermal
More informationWUFI Workshop at NTNU /SINTEF Fundamentals
WUFI Workshop at NTNU /SINTEF 2008 Fundamentals Contents: From steady-state to transient Heat storage and -transport Moisture storage and -transport Calculation of coupled transport Model limitations 2
More informationWith Autodesk Advanced Material Exchange and Abaqus to precise results of structural FEM for fiber reinforced polymers
With Autodesk Advanced Material Exchange and Abaqus to precise results of structural FEM for fiber reinforced polymers Case study of a comprehensive approach to prove that coupling structural FEM and process
More informationVIBRATION AND DAMPING ANALYSIS OF FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIAL CONICAL SHELLS
VIBRATION AND DAMPING ANALYSIS OF FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIAL CONICAL SHELLS Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India (Received 22 January 1992,
More informationUNCONVENTIONAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF BEAMS AND PLATES
UNCONVENTIONAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF BEAMS AND PLATES A Thesis by WOORAM KIM Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the
More informationInvestigation of transient heat transfer in composite walls using carbon/epoxy composites as an example
archives of thermodynamics Vol. 36(2015), No. 4, 87 105 DOI: 10.1515/aoter-2015-0035 Investigation of transient heat transfer in composite walls using carbon/epoxy composites as an example JANUSZ TERPIŁOWSKI
More informationMechanical and Thermal Properties of Coir Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using a Micromechanical Approach
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Coir Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using a Micromechanical Approach Sandhyarani Biswas Department of Mechanical Engineering, N.I.T Rourkela, INDIA Abstract: Now-a-days,
More informationStandard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials 1
Designation: D 5229/D 5229M 92 (Reapproved 2004) Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials 1 This standard is issued under
More informationKinetic enhancement of adsorbent for CO2 capture from atmosphere by porous material
Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives CO2 Summit II: Technologies and Opportunities Proceedings Spring 4-13-2016 Kinetic enhancement of adsorbent for CO2 capture from atmosphere by
More informationProduct Data Sheet PD-0037-B
Product Data Sheet PD-0037-B 3M Shielded Compact Ribbon (SCR) Connector 3M Shielded Compact Ribbon (SCR) Boardmount Right Angle 36110-2220 XX 3 Electronic Solutions Division Page: 1 of 12 Table of Contents
More information2510 PREPREG SYSTEM. Industry Database FAA approved design allowable values (AGATE methodology), results in a low cost one-batch equivalency.
PREPREG SYSTEM The 251 prepreg system is specifically formulated for out-of-autoclave (OOA) processing of aerospace primary structures. This prepreg system has excellent all-around structural properties
More informationEffective stress assessment at rectangular rounded lateral notches
Focussed on characterization of crack tip fields Effective stress assessment at rectangular rounded lateral notches Enrico Maggiolini, Roberto Tovo, Paolo Livieri University of Ferrara Enrico.maggiolini@unife.it,
More informationA Comparison of Service Life Prediction of Concrete Structures using the Element-Free Galerkin, Finite Element and Finite Difference Methods
Paper 64 Civil-Comp Press, 4. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, B.H.V. Topping and C.A. Mota Soares (Editors, Civil-Comp Press, Stirling, Scotland.
More informationStandard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation 1
Designation: D 1039 94 (Reapproved 1999) e1 An American National Standard Standard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation
More informationS HEAR S TRENGTH IN P RINCIPAL P LANE OF W OOD
S HEAR S TRENGTH IN P RINCIPAL P LANE OF W OOD By Jen Y. Liu 1 and Lester H. Floeter 2 ABSTRACT: In this study, the writers used Tsai and Wu s tensor polynomial theory to rederive a formula originally
More informationTechnical Data Sheet. Pb Free. Specification GR101 SSC. Customer. Rev. 02 January 서식번호 : SSC- QP (Rev.0.
Specification GR101 Pb Free Drawn SSC Approval Customer Approval [ Contents ] 1. Description 2. Absolute maximum ratings 3. Electro-Optical characteristics 4. Characteristic diagrams 5. Reliability result
More informationBending of Simply Supported Isotropic and Composite Laminate Plates
Bending of Simply Supported Isotropic and Composite Laminate Plates Ernesto Gutierrez-Miravete 1 Isotropic Plates Consider simply a supported rectangular plate of isotropic material (length a, width b,
More informationEVALUATION OF VACUUM DRYING FOR DETERMINATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HMA SAMPLES
Cross and Pokhrel 1 EVALUATION OF VACUUM DRYING FOR DETERMINATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HMA SAMPLES 6784 Equivalent Words by: Stephen A. Cross, Ph.D., P.E. Professor School of Civil and Environmental
More informationNPGN-150R. FEATURES Halogen, antimony, and red phosphorous free Flammability meets UL 94 V-0 NAN YA PLASTICS CORPORATION
NAN YA PLASTICS CORPORATION Issured : 2010-09-01 flame retardant copper clad laminate Flammability meets UL 94 V-0 Excellent long term reliability UV blocking type NPGN-150R Reactive type flame retardants
More information