Index. Symbols , 143

Transcription

1 Index Symbols , 143 A Absorption, lenses, 137 AC 277VAC, 101 bridge rectifier, 103 brownout, 102 frequency, 103 Japan, 102 peak voltage, 102 rectification, 103 capacitance, 104 half-wave, 104 safety, 99 recommendations, 100 source impedance, 102 voltage, 101 voltage range, 101, 102 Accelerated life tests, 203 Accuracy, 197 AC LED, 105 AC power meter, 200 AIM-Spice, 208 Alkaline battery, 83 Ambient, definition, 74 ANSI C78.377, 40, 59 ANSI/IEEE C62.41, 119 ASSIST, 40, 193 B Ballast AC, nonisolated, 109 boost, introduction, 88 buck charge pump, 88 details, 108 buck-boost, introduction, 89 component temperature ratings, 80 DC vs. AC, 81 dimmers, triac, 121 dimming, 120 IC keep-alive circuit, 121 efficiency, 79 EMI common mode filter, 115 current loops, 115 heatsink, 116 normal mode filter, 115 recommendations, 116 fluorescent, 23 flyback, 111 continuous vs. discontinuous, 111 forward, 111 inductor current in, 86 isolation, 110 isolation transformer, 110 lifetime, AC factors, 125 lightning, 119 nonswitching, 106 opto-isolator, 112 overview, 85 PFC definition, 117 simple circuits, 118 two-stage converter, 118 second meaning, 95, 106 switching frequency, 109 thermal analysis, 79 Practical Lighting Design With LEDs, First Edition. Ron Lenk, Carol Lenk the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 233

2 234 Index Ballast (cont d) three types, 81 topologies, 86 Bases, 21 pin base, 21 Battery aging, 85 alkaline, 83 comparison example, 146 energy storage capability, 83 impedance example, 151 introduction to, 82 I-V, 83 lithium, 83 circuitry, 83 model, 84 self-discharge, 84 shelf life, 150 temperature effects, 84 Batwing, 56 Biax, 21 Binning can t buy just one bin, 59 human perception, 59 Black body, 39 Boost, when used, 82 Brownout, 102 Buck, when it should be used, 82 Buck-boost, when it should be used, 82 C Candela, definition, 32 Candlepower, definition, 34 Capacitor lifetime, 94, 125 ripple current rating, 95 series connection for higher voltage, 114 UL limit, 115 voltage rating, 113 CCT. See correlated color temperature Cell, battery, 82 Center beam candle power, definition, 34 CFLs dimmers, 18 flicker, 17 problems high temperature, 24 turn-on delay, 17 Cheater, 100 Chromaticity coordinates, 37 CIE, 28 Circadian rhythm, 44 Color rendition index (CRI), 42, 43 Color temperature, 39 Conduction, 75 Convection, 75 Correlated color temperature (CTT), 16, 39 Cosine corrected, 187 Crest factor, definition, 200 CRI. See color rendition index Current-mode control, 91 D DALI, 142 DC drive circuit, 81, 82 Dimmers, 18, 120 minimum wattage, 18 problems, 18 Divide-by-Three Rule, 150 DMX512, 143 Drive circuit, 81 Driver, 24 Dust depreciation, 25, 140 E Efficacy change of, with thermal aging, 62 definition, 51 drive current, 53 human perception, 51 limit, 9 Ohno, 9 real limit, 9 roll-off, current, 52 Stokes law, 9 temperature effects, 63 EMI, measurement of, 202. See also under ballast Encapsulant, 62 Energy Star, 193 Epoxy, 62 Examples, 145 AC EMI filter design, 183 flashlight, 145 LED light bulb, 175

3 Index 235 taillight, 165 USB light, 157 Excel, 207 F Fan, 78 issues, 78 noise, 79 power, 79 Fixture, definition, 13 Flicker, 17 Floodlights, 20 Fluorescent bulb(s) aging, 19 ballast, 14 electronic, 24 switching frequency, 24 instant start, 23 magnetic, 24 rapid start, 23 CCT and CRI, 16 dimmers, 18 efficacy system, 17 tube, 17 efficiency, 4 failure modes, 15 filament, 23 dimming, 24 power, 24 flicker, 17, 104 lifetime, 19 numbering system, 21 plasma temperature, 14 pre-heat, 17 problems dust, 25 fixture losses, 25 shapes, 20 start time, 24 temperature, 15 Foot candle, definition, 35 Fuse, 100 G Glass optical transmission, 137 types of, 137 Goniometer, 192 Goniophotometer, 192 H Haitz s Law data, 8 deviations from, 8 Halogen, vs. incandescent, 14 Harsh environments, 139 Heatsink, 76 attachment, 77 EMI, 116 HID definition, 15 restart time, 17 turn-on time, 17 Human eye response, 555 nm, 51 I IC supply current, 92 voltage rating, 91 IEEE587, 119 Illuminance, 32 Incandescent bulb(s) aging, 19 daylight white CCT, 16 dimmers, 18 dimming, 14 efficacy, 17, 30 failure mode, 14 filament, 13 flicker, 17 gas mixture, 14 lifetime, 19 safety, 14 temperature, 14 turn-on time, 17 Included angle, 57 Induction lighting, 15 Integrating sphere, 189 IR, 28 Isolation transformer, 100 Isolation, 110 Isotemperature, definition, 39 Isotropic light, 30

4 236 Index L Lambertian, 35, 56 Lamp, definition, 13 LED(s) 5 mm, nm, 3 absolute maximum temperature, 64 AC, 105 aging, 19 Arrhenius, 66 application checklist, 7 array, 95 binning, 58 brightness, temperature effects, 63 constant current, 62 constant power, 63 cost example, 148 CRI, 54 current absolute max, 50 overdrive, 50, 57 x,y variation with, 55 definition, 1 designing for the future, 141 dimmers, 18 dimming analog, 92 duty cycle, 93 flicker, 93 PWM, 92 dust depreciation, 140 efficacy, 10, 51 temperature effects, 63 Energy Star, 128 eye safety, 128 flicker, 18 floating above ground, 90 forward voltage, 48 temperature effects, 62 typical, 49 future of, 9 harsh environments, 139 humidity, 139 included angle, 57 industry, 10 I-V equation, 47 I-V model parameters, 47 lifetime, 19 catastrophic failure, 67 lumen degradation, 66 light emission distribution, 56 materials, 5 measurement accuracy, 60 optical emission angle, 56 optical spectrum, 54 blue spike, 54 optics, 6 paralleling, 67 parameters, 58 phosphor, saturation, 50 power, 2 problems, 10 high temperature, 24 traffic light, 21 R9, 54 reverse breakdown, 49 fixes, 49, 50 ripple current effects, 122 salt fog, 139 selection, 58 size of die, 5 small, vs. power, 2 standards, 126 UL, 129 T1 3 / 4, 2 thermal aging die, 62 epoxy, 62 package, 62 silicone, 62 thermal cycle, 139 thermal effects, forward voltage, 62 thermal shift encapsulant, 62 mechanisms, 61 thermal time constant, 65 tolerance, 60 unsuitablity, 22 usages, 2 vibration, 140 viewing angle, 57 Lenses, 137 absorption, 137 Life tests, 203 Lifetime, system, 94 determined by input capacitor, 94

5 Index 237 Light binning, 40 blackbody, 39 candela, definition, 32 candlepower, definition, 34 CCT, definition, 39 center beam candle power, definition, 34 chromaticity coordinates, definition, 37 circadian rhythm, 44 color names, 39 color rendition, 41 color spaces, 41 RGB, 37 color temperature, 39 cones, 43 CRI color samples, 43 definition, 42 eye response curve, 29 foot candle, definition, 35 illuminance, 34 definition, 32 examples, 37 IR, 28 isotropic, definition, 30 Lambertian, 35 luminance, 36 definition, 32 luminous flux, definition, 28, 32 luminous intensity, definition, 32 lux, definition, 35 MacAdam ellipses, 39 steps, 40 mesoscopic vision, definition, 29 monochromatic, 28 nit, definition, 37 perceived vs. measured, 43 photometric, definition, 27 photopic vision definition, 28 efficacy, 29 radiant and luminous flux conversion, 29 radiant flux, definition, 28 radiometric, definition, 27 radiometric vs. photometric, 28 rods, 43 scotopic vision definition, 28 efficacy, 29 solid angle formula, 33 UV, 28 view angle, definition, 33 visible wavelength, 27 Light bulbs; see also fluorescent bulb(s); incandescent bulb(s); LED(s) A, 19 bases, 21 BR, 20 brightening, 66 definition, 13 economics, 23 energy usage, 23 floodlight, 20 G, 20 halogen, 20 most common type, 19 numbering system, 19 number of, 1, 23 PAR, 20 specialty, 21 spotlight, 20 types, 19 Lighting control, 142 future of, 22 industry, 10 systems, 23 upward drift in brightness, 22 Lightning, 103, 119, 140 measurement of, 202 Lithium battery, 83 LM-79, 192 LM-80, 66, 193 Lumens 555 nm, lumens, 9 definition, 9 Luminance, 32 Luminous flux, 28 Luminous intensity, 32 Lux, definition, 35 Lux meter, 187 M MacAdam ellipses, 39 MCPCBs, 77

6 238 Index Measurement, 187 accelerated life test, 203 accuracy and precision, 197 AC power meter, 200 angular light distribution, 192 ASSIST, 193 ballast efficiency, 201 bi-modal life data, 205 crest factor, 200 cross-measurements, 202 EMI, 202 Energy Star, 193 goniometer, 192 goniophotometer, 192 integrating sphere, 189 baffle, 189 calibration, 190 collector, 189 sizing, 191 jitter, 199 LED(s) lifetime, 193 self-heating, 192 standards, 192 temperature, 194 life test, 203 estimating life, 204 number of units, 203 lightning, 202 LM-79, 192 LM-80, 193 luminaire light output, 192 luminous flux, 189 lux meter, 187 background light, 188 distance sensitivity, 187 mechanical life test, 206 meter ranges, 200 MTTF, 204 power AC, 200 DC, 197 power factor, 201 power-of-two rule, 205 rounding and truncation, 199 spectroradiometer, 191 thermal resistance, 195 Mesoscopic vision, 29 Metal-Core PCBs, 77 Model/modeling, 207 B, 211 convergence, 229 diode, 211 LED complete model, 225 forward voltage, 214 optical output, 221 resistor, 209 reverse breakdown, 219 temperature effects, 224 thermal transient, 228 overview, 209 problems, 212, 213 subcircuit, 211 thermal environment, 227 timer, 212 X, 211 Monte Carlo, 208 MOV, 120 aging, 120 MTTF, 204 N Nit, definition, 37 O OLEDs, 11 Optimization, of design, 208 Opto-isolator, 112 P Package, aging, 6, 62, 66 PCB(s) (printed circuit boards), 131, 134 checklist, 136 circular, 155 good schematic = good PCB, 131 grounding, 134 high-frequency traces, 136 high-voltage traces, 136 power connections, 136 Peak current control, 91 Phosphor, 3 efficiency, 3 fluorescent light, 4 red, 62 saturation, 50

7 Index 239 thermal effects, 62 tri-band, 3 Photometric light, 27 Photopic vision, 28 Planck line, 39, 59 Planck, 39 Plastics optical transmissivity, 138 problems, 140 properties, 138 temperature limit, 138 yellowing, 139 Power factor correction, 117 measurement of, 201 Powerline communication, 143 Precision, 197 Price, estimating, 150 Printed circuit boards. See PCB(s) Production yield, 208 R Radiant flux, 28 Radiation, 75 Radiometric light, 27 Rectification, 103 Reverse battery protection, 150 Rounding, 199 S Safety, 99, 128 recommendations, 100 Schematic, 131 checklist, 134 color coding, 133 connection with good layout, 131 reference numbering, 132 Scotopic vision, 28 Side-emitting, 56 Silicon/silicone, 62 Sil-Pad, 172 SMPS, definition, 85 Solar radiation spectrum, 31 Solid angle, formula, 33 Specification guaranteed, 148 typical, 148 Spectroradiometer, 191 Spice, 207 Spotlights, 20 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 75 Steradians, 32 Switch-mode power supplies, 85 T Temperature electrical analogy, 72 units, 72 Temperature compensation circuit, 166 Thermal analysis ambient, 74 analogy with electrical, 72 ballast, 79 conduction, 75 convection, 75 fan, 78 heatsink, 76 introduction to, 71 MCPCBs, 77 radiation, 75 radiation enhancement, 79 temperature estimate, 75 Thermal capacitance definition, 71 electrical analogy, 72 estimating, 74 measurement of, 196 units, 72 Thermal cycle, 139 condensation, 139 Thermally conductive insulators, 172 Thermal power electrical analogy, 72 units, 72 Thermal resistance definition, 71 electrical analogy, 72 measurement of, 195 parallel, 72 units, 72 wires, 162 Thermal time constant, definition, 72 Title 24, 21, 23 Touch temperature, 149 Track lighting, 20 Triax, 21

8 240 Index Truncation, 199 Tsao, 22 Typical, definition of in specification, 148 U UL AC safety tests, 100 capacitor limit, 115 glass, 138 isolation, 110 safe voltage, 81 standards list, 129 USB specification, 157 UV light, 28 V View/viewing angle, 57 definition, 33 W White light, creating, 3 Worst Case Analysis, 208 X X-ray, PCB, 163 Z ZigBee, 143