MAX IV, NSLS II, PLS II, LCLS, SACLA, European XFEL,

Transcription

1 3 rd rd and 4 th Generation Light Sources Prapong Klysubun March 4, Accelerator Seminar no. 1 Khao Yai Paradise on Earth, Khao Yai, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand P. Klysubun

2 Outline 1. History of synchrotron light sources 2. 3 rd Generation synchrotron sources 3. 4 th Generation synchrotron sources Free electron laser (FEL) Energy recovery linac (ERL) 4. Notable examples MAX IV, NSLS II, PLS II, LCLS, SACLA, European XFEL, P. Klysubun

3 History of synchrotron light sources P. Klysubun

4 History of light sources 1 st Generation synchrotron sources Parasitic mode with storage ring/collider for high energy physics and particle physics studies A few photon beamlines as synchrotron light is just by product For e.g. DORIS (DESY, Germany), PEP (SLAC, US), PETRA (DESY, Germany), TRISTAN (KEK, Japan / 25.5 GeV per beam) 2 nd Generation synchrotron sources Dedicated storage ring for synchrotron radiation generation Several photon beamlines For e.g. NSLS VUV ring (USA), SORTEC ring (Japan), SRC (USA), SURF (USA) P. Klysubun

5 History of light sources 3 rd Generation synchrotron sources Storage ring with small emittance to increase brilliance Several straights for insertion devices For e.g. SPring 8 (Japan), APS (USA), ESRF (France), ALS (USA), NSLS X ray ring (USA), NSLS II (USA), SSRL (USA), CLS (Canada), SOLEIL (France), DIAMOND (UK), PETRA III (Germany), MAX III & MAX IV (Sweden), SLS (Switzerland), ELETTRA (Italy), ALBA (Spain), PLS & PLS II (South Korea), TLS & TPS (Taiwan), SAGA (Japan), PF (Japan), AS (Australia) etc. P. Klysubun

6 History of light sources 4 th Generation synchrotron sources Extremely high brightness Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) Combine advantages of synchrotron light (high brightness & tunability) with that of laser (coherence) Free electron laser (FEL) & energy recovery linac (ERL) Storage ring based FEL SASE FEL For e.g. LCLS (USA), SACLA (Japan), European XFEL (Germany), FLASH (Germany) In development: PLS (South Korea), SSRF (China), SLS (Switzerland), etc. P. Klysubun

7 1 st generation light sources P. Klysubun

8 DORIS / DORIS III III DORIS (DOppel RIng Speicher) S ih Positron storage ring Part of DESY (Deutsches Elektronen SYnchrotron German Electron Synchrotron) Built during as electron positron collider 3.5 GeV/beam 289 m circumference Upgraded to 5 GeV/beam in 1978 (but eventually run at 4.5 GeV/beam) Used for both particle physics studies and synchrotron light source from the beginning until 1992 Used as dedicated synchrotron light source from 1993, name changed to DORIS III Major upgrade undertaken in 1984, 10 wigglers & undulators installed Notable achievements: Proved the existence of heavy quarks (top & bottom) Notable achievements as synchrotron light source: X ray lithography process Very large beam emittance: 410 nm rad (High energy with small ring) P. Klysubun

9 DORIS / DORIS III III Type of particle Beam energy Beam current Circumference Positron 4.45 GeV 140 ma m Harmonic number 482 Horizontal beam emittance Vertical beamemittance emittance Energy loss per turn RF frequency RF cavity voltage Critical energy (from BM) 410 nm rad 12 nm rad MeV 499,666,500 Hz 7.2 MV 16 kev P. Klysubun

10 2 nd generation light sources P. Klysubun

11 NSLS VUV Ring One of the first 2 nd generation synchrotron sources. 750 MeV electron energy. 1 A beam current (design) Lattice design completed in First stored beam in 1981 (albeit at 600 MeV) Operation began in Electron energy increased to 750 MeV in Electron energy increased further to 825 MeV, with 2 IDs installed, during Phase II upgrade. 4 superperiod Green Chasman (DBA)lattice. 51 m circumference. P. Klysubun

12 NSLS VUV Ring 1.4 Ab beam current achieved din 1989 after addressing Coupled bunch instability (with longitudinal feedback system, and higher order mode damping) Ion trapping (by improving vacuum conditions, not by increasing the number of clearing electrodes) P. Klysubun

13 NSLS VUV Ring Type of particle Beam energy Beam current Circumference Electron 800 MeV 1.4 A 51.0 m Harmonic number 9 Horizontal beam emittance Vertical beamemittance emittance Radiated power RF frequency RF cavity voltage Critical energy (from BM) 160 nm rad 4nm rad 19.8 kw/amp of beam MHz 80 kv 612 ev P. Klysubun

14 SORTEC Ring 40 MVli MeV linac, 1 GVb GeV booster, and d1 GV GeV storage ring 200 ma stored current Tsukuba Research Laboratory of SORTEC Soft x ray lithography application Construction completed in March 1989 First stored beam in September 1989 Linac Booster Storage ring P. Klysubun

15 SORTEC Ring Type of particle Beam energy Beam current Circumference Electron 1.0 GeV 200 ma 45.7 m Harmonic number 18 Horizontal beam emittance Radiated power RF frequency RF cavity voltage Critical wavelength (from BM) 510 nm rad 637kW MHz 100 kv 15.5 Angstrom P. Klysubun

16 3 rd generation light sources P. Klysubun

17 rd generation light source 3 rd Storage ring with small emittance to increase brilliance < a few nm rad Several straights for insertion devices In vacuum undulator Superconducting undulator Cryogenic permanent magnet undulator (CPMU) Top up operation Thermal stability for both accelerator components and beamline optical components P. Klysubun

18 MAX IV 300 m, 3 GVli GeV linac: SPF&FEL FEL 1.5 GeV storage ring: IR & UV 3.0 GeV storage ring: X ray Ultra low emittance 6 nm rad for 1.5 GeV ring (DBA) < 0.3 nm rad for 3.0 GeV ring (MBA) MAX III: 700 MeV MAX I: 550 MeV MAX II: 1.5 GeV P. Klysubun

19 MAX IV Evolution of MAX IV design GeV ring 285m circumference MBA 1.2 nm rad Combined function o magnets Integrated magnet 2007 (CDR version) 1.5 & 3.0 GeV stacked rings MBA (MBA) 0.4 nm rad (0.83 nm rad) Integrated magnet accommodating both rings 2009 (Final version) 1.5 &3 GeV separated rings 528 m circumference (96 m for 1.5 GeV ring) MBA (DBA) < 0.3 nm rad (6 nm rad) Gradient dipoles, discrete sextupoles & octupoles Fully integrated magnet P. Klysubun

20 MAX IV 1.5 GeV ring 3.0 GeV ring Beam energy 1.5 GeV 3.0 GeV Beam current 500 ma 500 ma Circumference 96 m 528 m Lattice DBA MBA Number of achromats Number of straights 12 ( inj. + 1 RF) 20 ( inj.) Harmonic number Horizontal beam emittance 6 nm rad nm rad Energy loss per turn kev 360 kev RF frequency MHz MHz RF voltage 250 kv (x 2) 250 kv (x 6) P. Klysubun

21 MAX IV MAX IV lattice 1.5 GeV ring 3.0 GeV ring E 2 x 3 Nd C P. Klysubun

22 MAX IV MAX IV lattice P. Klysubun

23 MAX IV design: stacked rings P. Klysubun

24 MAX IV design: Integrated magnets P. Klysubun

25 MAX IV design: Integrated magnets P. Klysubun

26 MAX IV design: Soft bends Rd Reduce radiation i load on downstream superconducting IDs P. Klysubun

27 MAX IV design: Support Magnets and BPMs are in 2 solid iron magnet blocks No need for realignment Stable Concrete support Stable Inexpensive P. Klysubun

28 MAX IV design: Vacuum chamber Integrated magnets very few space for vacuum pumps NEG coated OFHC vacuum chamber Very small aperture No absorbers Fewer vacuum pumps p needed P. Klysubun

29 MAX IV Construction started d GeV ring commissioning in 2014 User operation in 2015 P. Klysubun

30 4 th generation light sources P. Klysubun

31 th generation light source 4 th 4 th Generation synchrotron sources Extremely high brightness Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) Combine advantages of synchrotron light (high brightness & tunability) with that of laser (coherence) 2 types of 4GLS 1. Free electron laser (FEL) Storage ring based FEL SASE FEL HGHG FEL 2. & energy recovery linac (ERL) For e.g. LCLS (USA), European XFEL (Germany), FLASH (Germany), SACLA (Japan) In development: PLS (South Korea), SSRF (China), SLS (Switzerland), etc. P. Klysubun

32 Free electron laser (FEL) v z 2 1 K c K 93.4 B u 1957E 0 For 1.2 GeV SPS storage ring, γ = 2,348.4 For U60 undulator (λ u = 6.0 cm, B 0 = 0.56 T), K = v z = c ( v z = c elsewhere in the ring ) P. Klysubun

33 Free electron laser (FEL) Consider a bunch of electrons travelling through an undulator. It emits photons at point A, then travels via a sinusoidal path to point B. The path difference between photons from A and B is d v u c z cos To have to photons/em waves interfere constructively, this path difference must be equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength: v u z u 2 2n u c cos u 2 1 K 2 Interference e e condition o n 2 2 P. Klysubun

34 Free electron laser (FEL) Conventional laser ( Bound electron laser ) Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Optical resonator Laser emission Mirror Active medium (Optical amplifier, Laser medium) Semi reflective mirror Working principle Optical pumpingp Population inversion stimulated emission coherent radiation P. Klysubun

35 Free electron laser (FEL) Conventional laser ( Bound electron laser ) Limitations 1. Laser wavelength depends on type of active media ( allowed transitions ) He Ne laser 1,152 nm (near infrared) Argon laser 1,090 nm (near infrared) Nd 3+ :YAG laser 1,064 nm (near infrared) Ruby laser 694 nm (red) He Ne laser 633 nm (red) He Ne laser 543 nm (green) Krypton laser 416 nm (violet) Argon laser 364 nm (near ultraviolet) 2. Optical cavity necessitates a reflecting mirror at that wavelength no x ray laser P. Klysubun

36 Free electron laser (FEL) Free electron laser ~ kev MeV electron travelling through an undulator Mirror Bending magnet Undulator Bending magnet Semi reflective mirror FEL output Accelerator Electron beam Active medium Optical resonator Oscillator FEL / Multi pass FEL P. Klysubun

37 Free electron laser (FEL) Mirror Bending magnet Undulator Bending magnet Semi reflective mirror FEL output Accelerator Electron beam Working principle First electron bunch travelling through the undulator SR emitted SR, reflected twice, meets with 2 nd electron bunch acceleration (in the transverse direction) Higher intensity SR emitted This emitted SR interferes constructively with the previous (reflected) SR Higher intensity SR repeating the process P. Klysubun

38 Free electron laser (FEL) Need of optical cavity limits multi pass FEL within infrared to UV spectral region Examples: o Duke University Infrared FEL (40 MeV linac based) UV FEL (1.2 GeV storage ring based) P. Klysubun

39 Free electron laser (FEL) For x rays, optical cavity is no longer plausible Single pass FEL Single pass FEL o Self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) o High gain harmonic generation (HGHG) Bending magnet Undulator Bending magnet FEL output Accelerator Electron beam SASE FEL / Single pass FEL P. Klysubun

40 Free electron laser (FEL) Bending magnet Undulator Bending magnet FEL output Accelerator SASE FEL / Single pass FEL Electron beam Working principle Actual electron bunch hdoes not possess perfect Gaussian distribution ib i density fluctuation Coherent SR Coherent SR meets with preceded electron bunch Energy modulation Density modulation Bunch compression Higher intensity SR emitted Process repeats resulting in exponential increase in SR brightness from left to right of the undulator P. Klysubun

41 Free electron laser (FEL) Requirements Long, high performance, undulator(s) High quality electron beam (low emittance, short bunch, low energy spread) P. Klysubun

42 Free electron laser (FEL) High gain harmonic generation (HGHG) FEL Employs laser as seed radiation 2 undulators 1 for electron energy modulation Modulator 1 for amplification of the harmonic of the seed radiation Radiator Wavelength & pulse of CSR defined by that of seed radiation Energy bandwidth 10 times narrower than that of SASE FEL (energy bandwidth defined by electron energy) Shorter pulse P. Klysubun

43 Free electron laser (FEL) SASE & HGHG FEL: CLARA project (Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications), UK P. Klysubun

44 Free electron laser (FEL) P. Klysubun

45 SACLA Spring 8 Angstrom Compact Free Electron LAser 700 m total length Began with 250 MeV SPring 8 8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) in 2005 First lasing on June 7, 2011 User operation began in March nd XFEL in the world, after LCLS P. Klysubun

46 SACLA Unique features Low emittance thermionic cathode electron gun 8 GeV C band linac Short period (18 mm) in vacuum undulators P. Klysubun

47 SACLA SACLA under construction, in 2010 P. Klysubun

48 European XFEL Site: Hamburg, Germany DESY Bahrenfeld Osdorfer Born Schenefeld Electron energy: 17.5 GeV (expandable to 20 GeV) Photon wavelength: nm Pulse duration: < 100 fsec Brilliance: 5 x (peak), 1.6 x (avg) phs/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1% BW Total length: 3.4 km Length of linac: 1.7 km Tunnel depth: 6 to 38 m Very high repetition rate: 27,000 Hz, due to superconducting linacs Construction: Commissioning: 2016 User operation: 2017 P. Klysubun

49 European XFEL P. Klysubun

50 European XFEL P. Klysubun

51 European XFEL European XFEL under construction, in 2012 P. Klysubun

52 European XFEL European XFEL (DESY Bahrenfeld) under construction & cryomodule fabrication, in 2012 P. Klysubun

53 LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) Site: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center California, USA Electron energy: GeV Photon wavelength: Angstrom Pulse duration: fsec Brilliance: x (peak) phs/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1% BW Repetition rate: 120 Hz User operation: 2009 P. Klysubun

54 LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) P. Klysubun

55 LCLS vs. SACLA vs. European XFEL 1,000,000x P. Klysubun

56 MAX IV MAXIV XFEL P. Klysubun

57 XFEL around the world FLASH (Free Electron LASer in Hamburg), DESY, Hamburg, Germany CLARA (Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications), ASTeC, UK P. Klysubun

58 XFEL around the world Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy HGHG FEL Extreme UV range P. Klysubun

59 XFEL around the world SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland Hard X ray First lasing: Jan 15, 2014 P. Klysubun

60 XFEL around the world CLIO (Centre Laser Infrarouge d Orsay), Paris, France Infrared FELBE (Free Electron Laser (FEL) at the Electron Linear accelerator with high Brilliance and Low Emittance (ELBE)), Dresden Rossendorf, Germany Mid far infrared P. Klysubun

61 XFEL around the world FELIX, Netherlands Infrared SDUV (Shanghai Deep Ultra Violet) FEL, Shanghai, China EEHG (Echo Enabled Harmonic Generation) FEL 2 modulator undulators 2 laser seeds 1 long radiator undulator Better than HGHG FEL Deep UV range SXFEL (Shanghai Soft X ray Free Electron Laser) 295 m Photo injector A linac with C band and S band structures Next to SSRF P. Klysubun

62 Energy recovery linac (ERL) Energy recovery linac (ERL) In a storage ring, electron emittance increases as energy increases x C E N 2 3 d In a linac, electron emittance does not depend on the energy, but on the characteristics of the electron source However, using a linac for CSR production is cost prohibitive due to energy consumption (cost of electricity) Energy recovery Cornell University /JLab ERL P. Klysubun

63 Energy recovery linac (ERL) Energy recovery linac (ERL) Inserting a linac into a storage ring Electron beam from an injector is accelerated by the (superconducting) linac High energy electron traversing undulators, producing CSR Electron beam returning to the linac at the opposite phase, releasing energy to the linac The energy is used to accelerate the next group of electrons Cornell University /JLab ERL P. Klysubun

64 Energy recovery linac (ERL) Cornell University ERL Laser driven photocathode electron gun 5 MeV injector 5 7 GeV linac Cornell University /JLab ERL P. Klysubun

65 th generation light source 5 th LUNEX5 (Free Electron Laser Using a New Accelerator for the Exploitation of X ray Radiation of 5 th Generation), SOLEIL, France LUNEX5 inside the SOLEIL booster P. Klysubun

66 Thank you 15/11/2012 P. Klysubun BL3.2b 2014 : Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) 66