DYNAMICS,OF DISCHARGE-EXCITED CO 2 lasers ~~.~.~,-
|
|
- Franklin Sanders
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 " I / J.;, ",' '....~.' ';I: DYNAMICS,OF DISCHARGE-EXCITED CO 2 lasers \ '. " CHINH BY liang, B'.Sc., M.Sc. ".' ~~.~.~,",- '~ ~ ; /' '\. \ -l.~ / \ -'( ',--_./, A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements "Y',.)for the Degree Doctor of P~ilosOR~,. ' -, ',J McMaster University October 19M2
2 ),. '. -~ '~.. "'-, " \,,/.,'\.~ 0- ( ~ " ~...., ~,, ~ I, '{)yn~ic~?f'disc~arge-e:cp~d~ers \,..., - \' \ l, ~ ~, ", ", ~'- r... - /l / ",.-J :. ".. " ~',., i 1 I
3 ..../ ~ DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Physics) 1. ~.. ). TITLE: ~namics (.~ p~ ~ of Discharg~-Excite~)C02Lasers McMAST~ UNIVERSITY Hamilto~, Ontario AUTHOR: Chinh Dang, B.Sc. (Universi1;e d~ Sherbrooke) \ M.Sc. (McMaster University). -" SUPERVISORS: Professor B.K. Garside, Professor J. Reid \ NUMBER OF pages: xiv. 132 ) \ ---. \.... / i i 1!,
4 ---~.., ABSTRACT.. ' A tunable diode laser (TOLl 'operating in the region of 2150 to -1 -, 2350 cm wavenumber is used in this work to investigate the dynamics of level pop'ulations in CO 2 lasers. The wide tunability ~f'the TOL is exploited in determfning the populations in any level of the CO 2 molecule. Thus, the vibrational populat3on distributions in a CW CO 2 laser d1s- -/ charge under both lasing and n~n-lasi~g conditions are measured and~., compared with the mode temperature model...,. The relaxation processes associated with the upper and lower;)' levels of CO 2 las~rs are also investigated. In particular, the electron excitation and de-excitation rat sof ~he upper las,er }evel 'i~ypic ',' r : CO 2, tlischargesare determined ~dir ctly from the experiment, and' ;\..,is shown that electron de-~xcitation is responsible for the saturation of ~, the V3 mode' temperature in e~ectric~d CO 2 lasers at high discharge currents, and imposes 'a~damental limitation on the gain attainable 'i n cb 2 1asers. / /' The relaxation of the lower laser leve~ 'is complicated by t~e occurrence of several competitive vibration-vibr~v-v) processes. The TOL measurements enable us, for the irs~ time, to monitor separately 'the population in all levels of cone rn t~ the relaxation of the lower laser level and to determine th rate constant of each of the available 2 \. decay channels. It is shown that the 02 level plays an important role in the relaxation of the lower laser, level. iii I 0' "
5 .;r-- (J ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, '. '\ ~/ I would lik~"to'express my deep appreciation to my 'supervisors, Dr. 'B.K. Garsidi:-~'nd Dr. J. Reid"jor their helpful'advitee\thr.oughout (/. "'-\, the course'~f thi s work. ' It is ~y Dr. J.S. C~ang pleasure to thank each of the following people: for the loan'bf the storage scope used in the experiment; Mr. R.K. Brimacombe fo~ ~is Ctiticai~~i~g. ~his ~anuscript; ~~d Mrs. G. Wang for her excellent typing of this thesis., ~ At last, to my parents, a very special thank-you for everything.. that they have done and given 0&0 me, throughout my 1He. J. > iv "
6 .. ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER TABLE of' CONTE~S 1.,INTRODUCTION 2. ENERGY:TRANSFER PROCESSES IN CO 2 LASERS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 CO Laser Transitions 2.3 El~ctron-Molecule Collisional Processes 2.4 Molecule-Molecule Collisional Processes 2.5 Radiation and Diffusion Ral~xation Processes 2.6, Sunrnary.l:--," f ' ".' 3. VIBRATIONAL POPULA1ION DISTRIBUTIONS IN CO 2 GLOW, DISCHARGES" ', , j Introduction Experimental Approac~ Theoretical Models,. 3.3.~ Boltimann Distribution Treanor.Distribution Measurements in a'.cw CO 2 Las~r AmPl(fier) Experimental Technique ( Vibrational Distributions CO? Dissociation Conclusion,Measurements 1n a CW CO - 2 Laser Oscillator Experimental Apparatus Vibrational Distributions Small-Signal Gain and Saturated G~in Vibrational Temperatur~ of CO ' Summary, v.. '. ' PAGE ii i iv "' -----, ":-- l.
7 -'0 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) -, CHAPTER 4. VIBRATION~ RELAXATION OF THE CO 2 UPPER LASER LEVEL 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Relaxation Model for the Upper Laser Level 4.3 Relationships Between Relaxation Rates and Electron Excitation and De-Excitation'Rates 4.4 Experimental Apparatus,f 4.5 Relaxation Rates of the v1 Mode in Pure CO 2 and in CO~:N2:He Mixtures in Thermal Equilibrium Pure CO 2. ' ~.5.2 CO,:N,: He Mlxtures Temper~ture Dependence of 00 1 PAGE, Relaxation Rates ~~ 4.6, Relaxation Rates of the v 3 Mode in a Discharge CO 2 :He Mixt~re C02:~:He Mlxture 4.7 Summary, " VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION.OF THE COol LOWER LASER,' LEVELS ~.1 Introduction 5.2 Experimental Apparatus 5.3, Relaxation Rate Measurements in the v l and v 2 Modes of CO 5.4 Six-L~Ye1 Kinetic Model 5.5 Determination of the V-V Rate Constants 5.6 Discussion and Conclusions' 5.7 Summary 6. CONCLUSIONS,. " APPENDIX A. RELATIONSHIp BETWEEN ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT ANBJVtBRATIONAL LEVEL POPULATIONS 123, CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN A CYLINDRIGAL DISCHARGE TUBE ' 126 REFE ENCES 128 vi
8 ( " \" FIGURE LIST OF FIGURES PAGE 2.1 Detailed transition diagram of laser oscillation in the 10.4 pm and 9.4 urn regular laser bands of CO 2, Summary of the collisional relaxation rates in a laser discharge of,lo% CO?:lO% N 2 :80% He mixture~at 20'Torr with an electron density ot 1010OR~3. The solid ~ arrowed lines indicate molecule-molecule collisional processes whereas the dashed arrowed lines represent the electron-molecule collisional processes. Also shown are the regular and sequence 10 urn laser transitions.' Simplified vibrational energy level diagram of CO showing the three fundamental modes with their 2 associated mode temperatures. Also show~ are some, typical transition bands in the 2300 cm- region which are probed with the tunable diode. laser. 21 ' 3.2 Photograph of the mounting of the tunable diode laser inside the cold head chamber Schematic diagram'of the apparatus. 27.; Typical TDl 'scans taken with the laser beam focussed through the discharge tube. The upper scan is taken with no discharge current, while the lower scan corresponds to a current of 10 rna in a 10% CO~:38% N~: 52% He mixture at 15 Torr. The more impo tant a sorption lines are labelled beneath the traces Vibrational population distributions in the v 3 mode of CO at discharge currents of 5 and 25 mao Data point& are experimental measurements made with the TDl, while the solid lines are calculated Treanor distributions. The dashed line represents a Boltzmann distribution at 1600 K, and appears as' a straight. line in this semi-log plot Repeat of Fig. 3.5 for*a 2% CO 2 :20% N 2 :78% He mixture. Note the increase in T 3 which occurs as the CO 2 34 ' content is decreased from 10% in Fig. 3.5., vii 1_..
9 , I LIST OF FIGURES (Cont'd).. FIGURE PAGE / 3.7 " Vibrational populafi~~ lstributions in the 'v l and v 2 modes of CO 2.at di scharge currents of. 5 and 25 mao Data points are experimental. measurements for the levels indicated in the figure while the solid lines represent Boltzmann distributions for given T l '= T 2 tempera:ures. 36, Vibrational pop~lation distributions in the combination levels Ollk, 02 0 k and look with k =0 to'3 at 25 mao The mode temperatures as indicated in the figure are dedu~d from the~combination levels shown. A good agr~ment with T 3 = 2250 K in Fig. 3.5 is clear~ seen. Experimental values of T, T (= T ) and T as a function of discharge cu~ren~. ThJ various measurements of T represent results calculated from different pairs of vibrational-rotational transitions in two different vibrational bands ~hematic diagram of the apparatus used to study vibrational populations in the presence of a strong laser field. The solid line indicates the path of the tunable diode laser beam, whereas the dashed line represents the CO? laser beam. The CO 2 laser cavity is formed by th~ grating G, and two highly reflecting 10 ~m mjrrors, M] and M 2.. The small absorber cell selectively adsorbs the 10 ~m radiation and prevents it from reaching the dqode ~., 43 \ Typical TDL laser scans showing the effect of 10 ~m laser radiation on the vibrational populations. lasing and no lasing refer; to the presence or absence of a saturating HI ~m P(22) field with intensity of 560 W/cm z. M0E)0f (the absorpti on lines are identified at the bottom f the fi~ure. Lines A and Bare associated with ~3.mode (upper 10 ~m laser level), while line C is coupled to the tower laser level. The short discharge tube contained a 9.2% CO 2 :1l%'N 2 :79,8% He mixture at 19.4 Torr total pressure. The dtscharge current was 10 mao ~.12 Vibrational populationjdistributions in the v 3 mode of CO for a discharg~-current of 25 mao Lasing and no la~ing refer.0 the presence or absence of a saturating 10 ~m P(22) field with intensity of 560 W/cm z. The dramatic reduction of the v3 mode level populations with lasing is clearly display~d. 46 vi i i 45
10 FIGURE LIST OF FIGURES (Cont'd).. PAGE 3.13 Vibrational population distributions in the v1 and v modes of CO at discharge current of 25 mao Again, l~sing and no fasing refer to the presence or absence of a saturating 10 pm P(22) field with intensity of 560 W/cm 2 Only a small increase of level populations is observed upon lasing Repeat of Fig with a much lower gas'pressure for two cases: (a) no laser field is present; (b) a 10 pm P(22) field with intensity of 500 W/cm 2 is present. Note that the upper laser level, , has a population smaller than that expected from a Boltzmann distribution Repeat of Fig with a much lower 9as pressure for three cases: (a) no laser field is present; (b) a 10 pm P(22) field with inten~ity of 500 W/cm 2 is present; (c) a 9 pm P(22) field with intensity of lob W/cm 2 is present. Note that the lower laser levels, and , have anomalously hi9h pop~ under the 10 pm and 9 pm 1asings respectively Vibrational and rotaticna1 temperatures as a function of discharge current in the presence of an intense 10 pm field with intensity of 560 W/cm B : Vibrational and rotational temperatures as a function of discharge current in the absence of ~ laser field. Note the saturation of T 3 at high discharge current. -~ Calculated small signal gain, Yo' and satur ed gao, Ys' as a function of discharge current using the red temperatures displayed in Figs and Also shown is the power density, P., extracted from the' short discharge due to stimu1~ted emission at 10 pm. Measured "values 'Of T::l and Tc; as ~'function of discharge current with and witnout the pre ence of a 10 pm laser field. Note the substantial cha ge in T::l with lasing; whereas T5 is only reduced by a ~ a11 amount. Compari son between Tin a CO : CO :He mi xture and Tin a CO 2 :N 2 :He mixture. 3 Note th~t the T 3 temperature~ in a CO:N:H mixture are clearly higher than those in a CO~:C~:H$ mixture for both lasing and no lasing conditions. ix ] ' ".:{ I,
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
HIGH SPEED INTERDIGITAL MSM PHOTODIODES. RICHARD JOHN SEYMOUR, B.Sc., M.Eng. A Thesis. Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies
HIGH SPEED INTERDIGITAL MSM PHOTODIODES '.S) By RICHARD JOHN SEYMOUR, B.Sc., M.Eng. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Doctor
More informationTHE DECO~WOSITION OF AMMONIA ON TUNGSTEN SURFACES
THE DECO~WOSITION OF AMMONIA ON TUNGSTEN SURFACES THE DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIA ON TUNGSTEN SURFACES by YU.KWANG PENG, DIPL. CHEM. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment
More informationSCALING OF PLASMA SOURCES FOR O 2 ( 1 ) GENERATION FOR CHEMICAL OXYGEN-IODINE LASERS
SCALING OF PLASMA SOURCES FOR O 2 ( 1 ) GENERATION FOR CHEMICAL OXYGEN-IODINE LASERS D. Shane Stafford and Mark J. Kushner Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Urbana, IL 61801 http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu
More informationSPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF m InGaAsP SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS JOSEPH EDWARD HAYWARD, B.ENG, M.ENG. A Thesis
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF 1.3 11m InGaAsP SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS By JOSEPH EDWARD HAYWARD, B.ENG, M.ENG A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for
More informationOptical Gain and Multi-Quantum Excitation in Optically Pumped Alkali Atom Rare Gas Mixtures
Physical Sciences Inc. Optical Gain and Multi-Quantum Excitation in Optically Pumped Alkali Atom Rare Gas Mixtures Kristin L. Galbally-Kinney, Wilson T. Rawlins, and Steven J. Davis 20 New England Business
More informationAbstract... I. Acknowledgements... III. Table of Content... V. List of Tables... VIII. List of Figures... IX
Abstract... I Acknowledgements... III Table of Content... V List of Tables... VIII List of Figures... IX Chapter One IR-VUV Photoionization Spectroscopy 1.1 Introduction... 1 1.2 Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Ionization
More informationTHE CLEANING OF lop SUBSTRATES FOR GROWTH BY MBE. PETER HOFSTRA, B.Sc. A Thesis. Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies
THE CLEANING OF lop SUBSTRATES FOR GROWTH BY MBE By PETER HOFSTRA, B.Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 5. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 5 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation High Intensities Narrow Bandwidths Coherent Outputs Applications CD/DVD Readers Fiber Optics Spectroscopy
More informationChapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS
Semiconductor Laser Diodes Chapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS The Road Ahead Lasers Basic Principles Applications Gas Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor Lasers in Optical Networks Improvement
More informationChapter 13. Phys 322 Lecture 34. Modern optics
Chapter 13 Phys 3 Lecture 34 Modern optics Blackbodies and Lasers* Blackbodies Stimulated Emission Gain and Inversion The Laser Four-level System Threshold Some lasers Pump Fast decay Laser Fast decay
More informationExternal (differential) quantum efficiency Number of additional photons emitted / number of additional electrons injected
Semiconductor Lasers Comparison with LEDs The light emitted by a laser is generally more directional, more intense and has a narrower frequency distribution than light from an LED. The external efficiency
More informationLaser Physics OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS SIMON HOOKER COLIN WEBB. and. Department of Physics, University of Oxford
Laser Physics SIMON HOOKER and COLIN WEBB Department of Physics, University of Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The laser 1.2 Electromagnetic radiation in a closed cavity 1.2.1
More informationLaser Excitation Dynamics of Argon Metastables Generated in Atmospheric Pressure Flows by Microwave Frequency Microplasma Arrays
Physical Sciences Inc. Laser Excitation Dynamics of Argon Metastables Generated in Atmospheric Pressure Flows by Microwave Frequency Microplasma Arrays W.T. Rawlins, K.L. Galbally-Kinney, S.J. Davis Physical
More informationComments to Atkins: Physical chemistry, 7th edition.
Comments to Atkins: Physical chemistry, 7th edition. Chapter 16: p. 483, Eq. (16.1). The definition that the wave number is the inverse of the wave length should be used. That is much smarter. p. 483-484.
More informationEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND SOFT X-RAY LASERS
Chapter 7 EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND SOFT X-RAY LASERS Hot dense plasma lasing medium d θ λ λ Visible laser pump Ch07_00VG.ai The Processes of Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, and Stimulated Emission Absorption
More informationSupporting Materials
Supporting Materials Figure S1 Experimental Setup Page Figure S (a) (b) (c) Feynman Diagrams Page 3-6 Figure S3 D IR Spectra Page 7 Figure S4 Kinetic Model Page 8 Figure S5 Van t Hoff Plots Page 9 1 k
More informationStimulated Emission. Electrons can absorb photons from medium. Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state
Lecture 15 Stimulated Emission Devices- Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser
More informationChemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling Dec. 12, pm SES
Chemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling Dec. 12, 2002 --4-8 pm -- 238 SES Please answer all questions in the answer book provided. Calculators, rulers, pens and pencils are permitted plus one 8.5 x 11 sheet
More informationLASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)
L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,
More informationCHAPTER 8. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 90 Under the operational conditions used in the present work the translation temperatures can be obtained from the Dopp
Chapter 8 Summary and outlook In the present work reactive plasmas have been investigated by comparing experimentally obtained densities with the results from a simple chemical model. The studies have
More information, MODELLING AND CONTROL OF SUSTAINED OSCILLATIONS IN THE CONTINUOUS EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE. by Mark James Pollock
, MODELLING AND CONTROL OF SUSTAINED OSCILLATIONS IN THE CONTINUOUS EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE by Mark James Pollock A Thesi s Submitted to the Schoo~ of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment
More informationObserving the Doppler Absorption of Rubidium Using a Tunable Laser Diode System
Observing the Doppler Absorption of Rubidium Using a Tunable Laser Diode System Ryan Prenger 5/5/00 Final Submission Purdue University Physics Department Abstract Using a tunable laser diode, Doppler absorption
More informationExcimer Lasers Currently best UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide which normally do not
Excimer Lasers Currently best UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide which normally do not bond But when excited/ionized these atoms attract Bound
More informationLight Emission. Today s Topics. Excitation/De-Excitation 10/26/2008. Excitation Emission Spectra Incandescence
Light Emission Excitation Emission Spectra Incandescence Absorption Spectra Today s Topics Excitation/De-Excitation Electron raised to higher energy level Electron emits photon when it drops back down
More informationLaser Induced Fluorescence of Iodine
Laser Induced Fluorescence of Iodine (Last revised: FMH 29 Sep 2009) 1. Introduction In this experiment we are going to study the laser induced fluorescence of iodine in the gas phase. The aim of the study
More informationEximer Lasers UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide When excited/ionized atoms attract
Eximer Lasers UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide When excited/ionized atoms attract Bound together separated by short distance Call this Excited
More informationBecause light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
More informationLasers PH 645/ OSE 645/ EE 613 Summer 2010 Section 1: T/Th 2:45-4:45 PM Engineering Building 240
Lasers PH 645/ OSE 645/ EE 613 Summer 2010 Section 1: T/Th 2:45-4:45 PM Engineering Building 240 John D. Williams, Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 406 Optics Building - UAHuntsville,
More informationVIBRATORY STRESS ANALYSIS AND FATIGUE LIFE ESTIMATION OF TURBINE BLADE
VIBRATORY STRESS ANALYSIS AND FATIGUE LIFE ESTIMATION OF TURBINE BLADE By NALINAKSH S. VYAS A Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirments of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. Z a xi UTE OR r o
More informationAnalytical Spectroscopy Review
Analytical Spectroscopy Review λ = wavelength ν = frequency V = velocity = ν x λ = 2.998 x 10 8 m/sec = c (in a vacuum) ν is determined by source and does not change as wave propogates, but V can change
More informationLASER. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser Fundamentals The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic, that is, it is of one color/wavelength. In contrast, ordinary white light
More informationPHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS
PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS JOHN E. MAHAN Colorado State University A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto CONTENTS
More informationFigure 1 Relaxation processes within an excited state or the ground state.
Excited State Processes and Application to Lasers The technology of the laser (Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) was developed in the early 1960s. The technology is based on an understanding
More informationFLUIDELASTIC INSTABILITY OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE ARRAYS
FLUIDELASTIC INSTABILITY OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE ARRAYS by METIN YETISIR, B.Sc., M.Eng. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor
More information22. Lasers. Stimulated Emission: Gain. Population Inversion. Rate equation analysis. Two-level, three-level, and four-level systems
. Lasers Stimulated Emission: Gain Population Inversion Rate equation analysis Two-level, three-level, and four-level systems What is a laser? LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
More informationPhys 2310 Mon. Dec. 4, 2017 Today s Topics. Begin supplementary material: Lasers Reading for Next Time
Phys 2310 Mon. Dec. 4, 2017 Today s Topics Begin supplementary material: Lasers Reading for Next Time 1 By Wed.: Reading this Week Lasers, Holography 2 Homework this Week No Homework this chapter. Finish
More informationMolecular spectroscopy
Molecular spectroscopy Origin of spectral lines = absorption, emission and scattering of a photon when the energy of a molecule changes: rad( ) M M * rad( ' ) ' v' 0 0 absorption( ) emission ( ) scattering
More informationPhys 2310 Fri. Dec. 12, 2014 Today s Topics. Begin Chapter 13: Lasers Reading for Next Time
Phys 2310 Fri. Dec. 12, 2014 Today s Topics Begin Chapter 13: Lasers Reading for Next Time 1 Reading this Week By Fri.: Ch. 13 (13.1, 13.3) Lasers, Holography 2 Homework this Week No Homework this chapter.
More informationX-Rays From Laser Plasmas
X-Rays From Laser Plasmas Generation and Applications I. C. E. TURCU CLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK and J. B. DANCE JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester New York Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto Contents
More informationPlasma Chamber. Fortgeschrittenes Praktikum I. Supervisors: Baran Eren, Dr. Marco Wisse, Dr. Laurent Marot. Abstract
Plasma Chamber Fortgeschrittenes Praktikum I Supervisors: Baran Eren, Dr. Marco Wisse, Dr. Laurent Marot Abstract The aims of this experiment are to be familiar with a vacuum chamber, to understand what
More informationThe Generation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses
The Generation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses The importance of bandwidth More than just a light bulb Two, three, and four levels rate equations Gain and saturation But first: the progress has been amazing!
More informationATOMIC AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
ALAN CORNEY ATOMIC AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD 1977 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Planck's radiation law. 1 1.2. The photoelectric effect 4 1.3. Early atomic spectroscopy 5 1.4. The postulates
More informationAr and Kr ion lasers
Types of Lasers Ar and Kr ion lasers Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF lasers CO 2 lasers Excimer lasers Dye lasers Transition metal lasers Optical parametric amplification Ar and Kr ion lasers Noble gas ions are created
More informationModel Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy
Model Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy Section I Q1. Answer (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (a) (vi) (b) (vii) (b) (viii) (a) (ix)
More informationSmall Signal Gain in DPAL Systems
Physical Sciences Inc. VG11-010 Small Signal Gain in DPAL Systems Kristin L. Galbally-Kinney, Daniel L. Maser, William J. Kessler, Wilson T. Rawlins, and Steven J. Davis 20 New England Business Center
More informationControl of gas discharge plasma properties utilizing nonlocal electron energy distribution functions DOE-OFS Plasma Science Center
1 Control of gas discharge plasma properties utilizing nonlocal electron energy distribution functions DOE-OFS Vladimir Demidov Current cooperation with: Mark Koepke (WVU), Igor Kaganovich (PPPL), Yevgeny
More information(b) Spontaneous emission. Absorption, spontaneous (random photon) emission and stimulated emission.
Lecture 10 Stimulated Emission Devices Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser
More informationMeasuring State Parameters of the Atmosphere
Measuring State Parameters of the Atmosphere Some Applications of Atmospheric Thermodynamics Earth Observing Laboratory, NCAR IDEAS-4 Tutorial Introduction Goals of This Presentation Present two complementary
More informationTemperature time-history measurements in a shock tube using diode laser absorption of CO 2 near 2.7 µm
23 rd ICDERS July 24-29, 2011 Irvine, USA Temperature time-history measurements in a shock tube using diode laser absorption of CO 2 near 2.7 µm Wei Ren, Sijie Li, David F Davidson, and Ronald K Hanson
More informationStimulated Emission Devices: LASERS
Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS 1. Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification E 2 E 2 E 2 hυ hυ hυ In hυ Out hυ E 1 E 1 E 1 (a) Absorption (b) Spontaneous emission (c) Stimulated emission The Principle
More informationPH300 Spring Homework 06
PH300 Spring 2011 Homework 06 Total Points: 30 1. (1 Point) Each week you should review both your answers and the solutions for the previous week's homework to make sure that you understand all the questions
More informationNonequilibrium discharges in air and nitrogen plasmas at atmospheric pressure*
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 337 347, 2002. 2002 IUPAC Nonequilibrium discharges in air and nitrogen plasmas at atmospheric pressure* Charles H. Kruger, Christophe O. Laux, Lan Yu, Denis M. Packan,
More informationWhat are Lasers? Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASER Light emitted at very narrow wavelength bands (monochromatic) Light
What are Lasers? What are Lasers? Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASER Light emitted at very narrow wavelength bands (monochromatic) Light emitted in a directed beam Light is coherenent
More informationFATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF OFFSHORE STEEL JACKET PLATFORMS
FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF OFFSHORE STEEL JACKET PLATFORMS by ASHOK GUPTA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Civil
More informationInstructor: Welcome to. Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy. Fall How can we produce EM waves? Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation and Light
Welcome to Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy Fall 2007 Instructor: Andrei Sirenko Associate Professor at the Dept. of Physics, NJIT http://web.njit.edu/~sirenko 476 Tiernan Office hours: After the classes
More informationLASERS. Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam
LASERS Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam General Objective To understand the principle, characteristics and types
More informationSecondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
CHEM53200: Lecture 10 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Major reference: Surface Analysis Edited by J. C. Vickerman (1997). 1 Primary particles may be: Secondary particles can be e s, neutral species
More informationFLow VISUALI ZATI ON AND DYNAMI CS
,- FLow VISUALI ZATI ON AND DYNAMI CS, OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE' ARRAYS IN WATER CROSS-~LOW y by AH~IED ALI ABD-RABBO, B.Sc., H~A:SC.,, A Thesis,,, Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial
More informationCHAPTER 7 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
161 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 7.1 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK Nonlinear optical materials are required in a wide range of important applications, such as optical
More informationESS15 Lecture 7. The Greenhouse effect.
ESS15 Lecture 7 The Greenhouse effect. Housekeeping. First midterm is in one week. Open book, open notes. Covers material through end of Friday s lecture Including today s lecture (greenhouse effect) And
More informationLASERS AGAIN? Phys 1020, Day 17: Questions? LASERS: Next Up: Cameras and optics Eyes to web: Final Project Info
LASERS AGAIN? Phys 1020, Day 17: Questions? LASERS: 14.3 Next Up: Cameras and optics Eyes to web: Final Project Info 1 Group Exercise Your pennies will simulate a two state atom; tails = ground state,
More informationQuantum Electronics Laser Physics. Chapter 5. The Laser Amplifier
Quantum Electronics Laser Physics Chapter 5. The Laser Amplifier 1 The laser amplifier 5.1 Amplifier Gain 5.2 Amplifier Bandwidth 5.3 Amplifier Phase-Shift 5.4 Amplifier Power source and rate equations
More informationSurvey on Laser Spectroscopic Techniques for Condensed Matter
Survey on Laser Spectroscopic Techniques for Condensed Matter Coherent Radiation Sources for Small Laboratories CW: Tunability: IR Visible Linewidth: 1 Hz Power: μw 10W Pulsed: Tunabality: THz Soft X-ray
More informationSpectroscopic investigations of Rb- and Cs- rare gas systems
Spectroscopic investigations of Rb- and Cs- rare gas systems S. J. Davis *, W. T. Rawlins, K. L. Galbally-Kinney, and W.J. Kessler Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810
More informationEXPERIMENT #5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment: Electron Collisions with Mercury
EXPERIMENT #5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment: Electron Collisions with Mercury GOALS Physics Measure the energy difference between the ground state and the first excited state in mercury atoms, and conclude
More informationOPTI 511, Spring 2016 Problem Set 9 Prof. R. J. Jones
OPTI 5, Spring 206 Problem Set 9 Prof. R. J. Jones Due Friday, April 29. Absorption and thermal distributions in a 2-level system Consider a collection of identical two-level atoms in thermal equilibrium.
More informationTitle: Ultrafast photocurrent measurement of the escape time of electrons and holes from
Title: Ultrafast photocurrent measurement of the escape time of electrons and holes from carbon nanotube PN junction photodiodes Authors: Nathaniel. M. Gabor 1,*, Zhaohui Zhong 2, Ken Bosnick 3, Paul L.
More informationTwo-electron systems
Two-electron systems Laboratory exercise for FYSC11 Instructor: Hampus Nilsson hampus.nilsson@astro.lu.se Lund Observatory Lund University September 12, 2016 Goal In this laboration we will make use of
More informationPRINCIPLES OF PLASMA DISCHARGES AND MATERIALS PROCESSING
PRINCIPLES OF PLASMA DISCHARGES AND MATERIALS PROCESSING Second Edition MICHAEL A. LIEBERMAN ALLAN J, LICHTENBERG WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC PUBLICATION CONTENTS PREFACE xrrii PREFACE
More informationReview: Conduction. Breaking News
CH EN 3453 Heat Transfer Review: Conduction Breaking News No more homework (yay!) Final project reports due today by 8:00 PM Email PDF version to report@chen3453.com Review grading rubric on Project page
More informationLasers PH 645/ OSE 645/ EE 613 Summer 2010 Section 1: T/Th 2:45-4:45 PM Engineering Building 240
Lasers PH 645/ OSE 645/ EE 613 Summer 2010 Section 1: T/Th 2:45-4:45 PM Engineering Building 240 John D. Williams, Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 406 Optics Building - UAHuntsville,
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
Main Requirements of the Laser Optical Resonator Cavity Laser Gain Medium of 2, 3 or 4 level types in the Cavity Sufficient means of Excitation (called pumping) eg. light, current, chemical reaction Population
More informationSCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES
SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES General Characteristics Introduction Luminescence Light emission without heat generation Scintillation Luminescence by radiation Scintillation detector Radiation detector
More informationAtomic Emission Spectra
Atomic Emission Spectra Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To build and calibrate a simple meter-stick spectroscope that is capable of measuring wavelengths of visible light.
More informationWhat Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationVisualization of Xe and Sn Atoms Generated from Laser-Produced Plasma for EUV Light Source
3rd International EUVL Symposium NOVEMBER 1-4, 2004 Miyazaki, Japan Visualization of Xe and Sn Atoms Generated from Laser-Produced Plasma for EUV Light Source H. Tanaka, A. Matsumoto, K. Akinaga, A. Takahashi
More informationSTUDIES OF SOMEd-l,3,4-0XADIAZOLINES -OXADIAZOLINONES
STUDIES OF SOMEd-l,3,4-0XADIAZOLINES AND -OXADIAZOLINONES THE SYNTHESIS AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF OXADIAZOLINES AND 5,5-DIPHENYL-2-(ARYLIMINO)-~-l,3,4 5,5-DIALKYL-~-l,3,4- OXADIAZOLIN-2-0NES by AUDREY
More informationLaser Dissociation of Protonated PAHs
100 Chapter 5 Laser Dissociation of Protonated PAHs 5.1 Experiments The photodissociation experiments were performed with protonated PAHs using different laser sources. The calculations from Chapter 3
More informationAcademic and Research Staff. Prof. R. Weiss. Graduate Students. G. D. Blum T. R. Brown S. Ezekiel
VII. GRAVITATION RESEARCH Academic and Research Staff Prof. R. Weiss Graduate Students G. D. Blum T. R. Brown S. Ezekiel RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Research in this group is concerned with an experimental investigation
More informationPulsed Laser Deposition; laser ablation. Final apresentation for TPPM Diogo Canavarro, MEFT
Pulsed Laser Deposition; laser ablation Final apresentation for TPPM Diogo Canavarro, 56112 MEFT Summary What is PLD? What is the purpose of PLD? How PLD works? Experimental Setup Processes in PLD The
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Title STABLE 1 --> 0 CARBON MONOXIDE LASER Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4w1948z8 Author Gerlach, R. Publication
More informationTheory of Gas Discharge
Boris M. Smirnov Theory of Gas Discharge Plasma l Springer Contents 1 Introduction 1 Part I Processes in Gas Discharge Plasma 2 Properties of Gas Discharge Plasma 13 2.1 Equilibria and Distributions of
More informationLast Lecture. Overview and Introduction. 1. Basic optics and spectroscopy. 2. Lasers. 3. Ultrafast lasers and nonlinear optics
Last Lecture Overview and Introduction 1. Basic optics and spectroscopy. Lasers 3. Ultrafast lasers and nonlinear optics 4. Time-resolved spectroscopy techniques Jigang Wang, Feb, 009 Today 1. Spectroscopy
More informationInterested in exploring science or math teaching as a career?
Interested in exploring science or math teaching as a career? Start with Step 1: EDUC 2020 (1 credit) Real experience teaching real kids! No commitment to continue with education courses Registration priority
More informationWolfgang Demtroder. Laser Spectroscopy. Basic Concepts and Instrumentation. Second Enlarged Edition With 644 Figures and 91 Problems.
Wolfgang Demtroder Laser Spectroscopy Basic Concepts and Instrumentation Second Enlarged Edition With 644 Figures and 91 Problems Springer Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Absorption and Emission of Light
More informationLaser Absorption Spectroscopy in Inductive Plasma Generator Flows
nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit -8 January, Reno, Nevada AIAA - AIAA - Laser Absorption Spectroscopy in Inductive Plasma Generator Flows Makoto Matsui, Georg Herdrich, Monika Auweter-Kurtz,
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy: Identification of Unknown Substances
Infrared Spectroscopy: Identification of Unknown Substances Suppose a white powder is one of the four following molecules. How can they be differentiated? H N N H H H H Na H H H H H A technique that is
More informationVibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules on Surfaces
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules on Surfaces Edited by John T. Yates, Jr. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Theodore E. Madey National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland
More informationStudy on Semiconductor Lasers of Circular Structures Fabricated by EB Lithography
Study on Semiconductor Lasers of Circular Structures Fabricated by EB Lithography Ashim Kumar Saha (D3) Supervisor: Prof. Toshiaki Suhara Doctoral Thesis Defense Quantum Engineering Design Course Graduate
More informationSurface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. By: Jonathan Massey-Allard Graham Zell Justin Lau
Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation By: Jonathan Massey-Allard Graham Zell Justin Lau Surface Plasmons (SPs) Quanta of electron oscillations in a plasma. o Electron gas in
More informationhigh energy state for the electron in the atom low energy state for the electron in the atom
Atomic Spectra Objectives The objectives of this experiment are to: 1) Build and calibrate a simple spectroscope capable of measuring wavelengths of visible light. 2) Measure several wavelengths of light
More informationQuadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry
Quadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry RAYMOND E. MARCH AND RICHARD J. HUGHES Trent University Peterborough, Ontario, Canada with a historical review by John F. J. Tbdd University of Kent Canterbury, Kent,
More informationPSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS WITH ROUGH COEFFICIENTS
PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS WITH ROUGH COEFFICIENTS By LUQIWANG B.Sc., M.Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy
More information08 - Miscellaneous and historical detectors
08 - Miscellaneous and historical detectors Jaroslav Adam Czech Technical University in Prague Version 2 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_08, Miscellaneous and historical detectors Version 2 1 / 25 Streamer
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures iso ( =2900 cm -1 ) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0-0.2-0.4 pump cm -1 3450 cm -1 cm -1 cm -1-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 delay [ps] Supplementary Figure 1: Raw infrared pump-probe traces.
More information5 questions, 3 points each, 15 points total possible. 26 Fe Cu Ni Co Pd Ag Ru 101.
Physical Chemistry II Lab CHEM 4644 spring 2017 final exam KEY 5 questions, 3 points each, 15 points total possible h = 6.626 10-34 J s c = 3.00 10 8 m/s 1 GHz = 10 9 s -1. B= h 8π 2 I ν= 1 2 π k μ 6 P
More informationInvestigation of Water Fragments
National Nuclear Research University MEPhI Federal State Autonomous Institution for Higher Education 31 Kashirskoe shosse 115409 Moscow, Russia VAT registration number, 7724068140 REG. No 1037739366477
More informationChapter 28 Assignment Solutions
Chapter 28 Assignment Solutions Page 770 #23-26, 29-30, 43-48, 55 23) Complete the following concept map using these terms: energy levels, fixed electron radii, Bohr model, photon emission and absorption,
More information[2] (b) An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 300 V.
1 (a) In atomic physics electron energies are often stated in electronvolts (ev) Define the electronvolt. State its value in joule.. [2] (b) An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference
More information