An Interpretation of the Black Energy in Universe by Using a Hydro-Dynamical Analogy with Newton Gravity

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1 An Interpretation of the Black nergy in Universe by Using a Hydro-Dynamical Analogy with Newton Gravity Corneli BRBNT*,1, Sorin BRBNT *Corresponding athor *,1 POLITHNICA University of Bcharest, Faclty of Aerospace ngineering, Department lie Carafoli Aerospace Science, Poliz Street 1-, postal code 011, sector 1, Bcharest, berbente@yahoo.com INCAS National Institte for Aerospace Research lie Carafoli, B-dl Ili Mani 0, Sector, Bcharest 011, Romania berbente.sorin@incas.ro DOI:.13111/ Received: 8 October 018/ Accepted: 14 November 018/ Pblished: December 018 Copyright 018. Pblished by INCAS. This is an open access article nder the CC BY-NC-ND license ( International Conference of Aerospace Sciences AROSPATIAL October 018, Bcharest, Romania, (held at INCAS, B-dl Ili Mani 0, sector ) Section 3 Astronatics and Astrophysics Abstract: There are arments proving that what we see now as normal energy (inclding the eqivalent mass-energy) represents only 5% of the total energy of the Universe [1]. The rest is invisible meaning that no widely accepted experimental proof exits to pt it in evidence. In addition, there is no accepted theory to explain the natre of this so-called black energy. This paper deals with an interpretation of the black energy also giving the possibility to follow its evoltion in time by sing an athor hydro-dynamical model of the Newton gravity and a model of the early Universe; a connection between a part of this energy and the black holes is as well proposed. Key Words: flid of HD-gravitons, variable gravity coefficient, emission, absorption 1. INTRODUCTION The spposition that the known matter and energy observed in or Universe does not represent all the existing ones is probably old enogh. However, in the last time qantitative vales for the possible existing percentages of black energy (8.3%) and black matter (.8%) were given [1]. A possible interpretation of sch big percentages is sggested by or hydro-dynamical analogy with gravity []. The main idea of this model is the analogy between the Newton gravity force and the sorces interaction in an incompressible flid. In this case the flid is formed of photon-like particles that we call HD-gravitons. Or HDgraviton is the weakest possible particle in Universe having the wave length eqal to the radis of the Universe. Ths it is very hard (if not impossible) to detect. Therefore, at BIG BANG (better said BIG FLASH as the sond does not propagate throgh vacm) the whole energy of the Universe is in the form of a single HD-graviton; that means that in fact what is now called black energy is the very energy of the created Universe and what one has rather to do is to explain the formation of the visible energy. To this aim we se the simple INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018, pp (P) ISSN 0-801, () ISSN 4-458

2 Corneli BRBNT, Sorin BRBNT 14 physical- geometrical model of the early Universe given in [3]. In this model one attaches to any amont of energy a photon-like particle of the same energy whose wave length is sed to associate a radis of a sphere. Then by considering a simple geometrical model coming from the observation that the minimm nmber of eqal spheres that can enter in a sphere is eleven one attaches a strctring scheme where all the spheres are filled sccessively with 11 spheres. The nmber of the strctring steps shold be clearly integer. The qestion is whether following this process one can obtain spheres having the same radis and energy as their associated photon. This is possible as we shall prove frther. According to or hydro-dynamical analogy, if is an arbitrary amont of energy (other than HD-graviton) it can emit/absorb a rate of energy eqal to:, (1) g being the rate intensity ( g sec 1 ), which is positive for emission and negative for absorption. There is force of attraction for both emission and absorption, similar to the gravity force. By comparing the Newton and the sorce forces one obtains an expression for the intensity. The form given in Ref. [] is adapted to take into accont the dimintion of the HD-graviton intensity de to the Universe expansion and the variation of the niversal coefficient of gravity with the age of niverse. t g. DTRMINATION OF TH TOTAL NRGY OF TH UNIVRS. TRANSFORMATION OF HD-GRAVITONS IN SUBSTANC As mentioned above, according to or model of the early Universe [3], after the BIG BANG (BIG FLASH) the created primary spherical photon-like particle is sbmitted to a process of divisions in eleven eqal spheres (the minimm nmber of eqal spheres that can be inscribed in a given initial sphere, Fig. 1). By attaching to any amont of energy a photon of the same energy one obtains a vale for the radis of the 11 spheres eqal to the wave length of the associated photon. Then the radis of an inscribed sphere is increased 11 times, as the energy of the attached photon has been diminished 11 times. Fig. 1 Six of the eleven inscribed spheres (one confiration) INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018

3 15 An Interpretation of the Black nergy in Universe by Using a Hydro-Dynamical Analogy with Newton Gravity From Fig. 1 one can see that at each division the radis of the initial sphere becomes three times the radis of an inscribed sphere. Ths, the radis of the srronding sphere increases 33 times at each division. Let be the radis of the Universe at BIG FLASH, eqal to the wave length of the photon R 0 associated to the total energy. One can write: Frther let s take: R hc V 0. () U 0 11 S, (3) ne0 ne0 being the energy of the netron at rest and S a nmber of divisions. One can write the following relations: gs R 33 R ; t R / c ; h c / R 33 3, (4) S S S S 0 S S V gs V S ne0 being the energy of a HD-graviton at time t ts. The wave length of the photon attached to a sphere (energy) for S= divisions (having the energy of a netron at rest) is m, whereas the radis of netron as ncleon is very close: r 15 ne 1. m (possible smaller in ncles). Therefore one can consider that, for S=, the spheres obtained by division have the energies and the radii eqal to a netron at rest and this represents a form of resonance permitting the transformation of energy in sbstance. Ths one obtains a netron from HDgravitons. Of corse, the spheres are at different speeds and the transformation itself will take a certain time from. For S= one obtains: 11 t.30 Jole; R.18 m; 0 1 U0 t l ys t l ys sec..43..; act One leaves time for the transformation of all HD-gravitons in sbstance and one introdces a time t HD representing the age of the Universe from where the hydro-dynamical analogy with Newton gravity law can be applied. From time 3. QUATION OF TRANSFORMATION NRGY-MATTR VIA GRAVITY t HD the hydro-dynamical analogy with Newton gravity starts to work. One will consider at t t HD that almost the whole Universe contains normal matter. Then the first transformation will be emission of HD-gravitons. The global eqation of transformation via emission/absorption of the average HD-graviton energy is. 3 (5) INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018

4 Corneli BRBNT, Sorin BRBNT 1 d dt ( t )( ), () g The soltion of the differential eqation () depends on the intensity pt nder the form: N ref gu g tu thd t 5 ct V ref ( t ) g which can be 3 f 5 ( ). () where is the exponent of variation of the gravity coefficient We have sed the expression: f N with the age of Universe. ; 1 f t f N Nref t t ref. (8) To obtain the vale 1 we have sed information regarding the body systems with stable confiration on large time intervals. Sch is the system is the Sn- (arth-moon) known as being maintained for abot 4 billion years. The vale 1 is a very good approximation that will be extrapolated back in time p to t HD. The eqation () has the analytical soltion given bellow: 1 X 1 X At ( ) ref HD ref ln (1 ( ) ); 1X 1X ref tref t t (9-a) A t t 3 f t HD Nact act ( HD ) ; 5 cv X U0, (9-b) t ref being a reference (initial) time. The signs ( ) correspond to emission and absorption, respectively. One does not know exactly the critical vales of the ratio for the emission or the absorption to start. U 0 Anyhow the emission shold start when there is lack of HD-gravitons and the absorption, when there is excess of HD-gravitons. Therefore for the critical ratios at emission and absorption one writes: A t t 3 f t HD Nact act ( HD ) ; 5 cv X U0, () As regards t HD one takes two vales larger then t given in relation (5), namely: INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018

5 1 An Interpretation of the Black nergy in Universe by Using a Hydro-Dynamical Analogy with Newton Gravity t ys.; t ys. (11) HD1 HD One interesting aim is to see whether the vales for the black energy and black matter given in Ref. [1] are possible by sing or model, staring from. The t HD1 and t HD calclations given in Table 1 indicate that several cycles emission-absorption are necessary to come in the neighborhood of a state from where one can arrive at the proposed vales at tact 1.38 ys. In Table 1the critical ratio / em was taken eqal for emission and absorption. This way, one cold execte an integer nmber of cycles emission- absorption: 9 for t thd1 ys. and 1 for t thd ys. The next transformations are emissions leading to a vale close enogh to nity in order to start absorptions at times capable to lead to the actal ratios / of the black energy (see Table 1). t HD, ys. act X 0.95 t absref X ref Table 1. voltions to the actal vales of the black energy X t 9em em, 8 8 ys Cycle nmber 1 X ref act t absref ( ys.) Remark. As one can see from the Table 1, the evoltion in cycles emission-absorption are taking place only in the early age of the Universe, representing at most 1% of the actal age, The transformation becomes more and more slow: only one transformation (absorption: there are reasons to consider that the Universe is now in absorption) takes place to arrive at the actal age. 4. CONSIDRATIONS RGARDING TH BLACK MATTR. FUTUR VOLUTION According to Ref. [1] the black matter wold represent now.8% of the total energy of the Universe ( ). We consider that a part of this black matter cold be associated to black holes. ven in the vicinity of the critical vale of the ratio mass/ radis ((M/R) cr =.4 Kg/m, see [5]) for their formation, the black holes are srronded by a high density flid of HD-gravitons absorbed at their frontier. This cold have been considered black matter being in fact black energy. The high density form of energy cold be also connected to what is considered particles creation by black holes, in Ref. [4]. In conclsion the black energy percentage is in or opinion larger than 8.3%. In order to see the ftre evoltion of the black energy as well as the intensity of HDgraviton flx certain data are given in Table. INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018

6 Corneli BRBNT, Sorin BRBNT 18 t HD, ys. Table. Absorption of HD-gravitons after ref - gref tact gfin ys. fin 5 5 From Table one can see that the rate of absorption increases with increasing of the intensity g proportionally with time the same dimintion of the total energy of HD-gravitons, t HD t HD t fin, ys becase of the. This shorts the time interval for. One also can see that small redctions of the black energy from now on reqires hndred millions or even billions of years, the transformation being more and more slow. As regards the intensity of the flx of HD-gravitons at the srface of a black hole, one can estimate for a black hole of mass M and radis R the vale: Mc c g g V g M V ( Watt / m ) R R R CR R R R, (1) where the critical (minimm) vale of ratio ( M / R) for the black hole formation was considered. The ratio (1) can be compared with the thermal energy flx at or Sn srface which is.3 Watt / m. For R RSUN 8m one obtains at least twelve orders of magnitde! 5. CONCLUSIONS The black energy in Universe is interpreted as the flid of HD-gravitons which is emitted or absorbed by bodies and particles (other then HD-gravitons). It is essential for the creation of gravity in Universe. A HD-graviton is a photon-like particle having a wave length eqal to the radis of Universe ths directly non-detectable. In fact, the existence of the flid of HD-gravitons is proved by the gravity itself. As regards the black matter a possible explanation of the percentage given in [1] is via the black holes even at the limit vale of the ratio mass/radis M / R for their formation CR Ths the mass of sch black holes cold be over - estimated de to the high intensity flid of HD-gravitons absorbed at their frontier. Therefore the main part of what is invisible comes to black energy. A balance eqation for the behavior of the black energy is given. Calclations proving the possibility of its existence even in larger percentages than reported are also given. INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018

7 19 An Interpretation of the Black nergy in Universe by Using a Hydro-Dynamical Analogy with Newton Gravity RFRNCS [1] * * * [] C. Berbente, A Hydro-Dynamical Model for Gravity, INCAS Blletin, (online) ISSN 4 458, (print) ISSN 0 801, ISSN L 0 801, vol. 8, Isse 1, DOI:.13111/ , p.39-4, Jan.- March. 01. [3] C. Berbente, A Physical - Geometrical Model of an arly Universe, INCAS Blletin, (online) ISSN 4 458, (print) ISSN 0 801, ISSN L 0 801, vol., Isse 4, DOI:.13111/ , p. 3-1, Bcharest, Romania, 014. [4] S. W. Hawking, Particle Creation by Black Hole, Commnications in Mathem. Physics, 43, (3), p.199-0, 195. [5] C. Berbente, S. Berbente, Possible Simple Strctres of the Universe to Inclde General Relativity ffects, INCAS Blletin, (online) ISSN 4 458, (print) ISSN 0 801, ISSN L 0 801, vol. 9, Isse 4, p.11-0, Oct.- December, 01. INCAS BULLTIN, Volme, Isse 4/ 018