Juliane Rönsch Hamburg University. Investigations of the longitudinal phase space at a photo injector for the X-FEL
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1 Juliane Rönsch Hamburg University Investigations of the longitudinal phase space at a photo injector for the X-FEL Juliane Rönsch 1/15/28 1
2 Contents Introduction PITZ Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Measurements and simulations of longitudinal phase space at PITZ Summery and outlook 2
3 Contents Introduction PITZ Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Measurements and simulations of longitudinal phase space at PITZ Summery and outlook 2
4 Introduction 3
5 Introduction gun: - beam of a few MeV -> space charge forces play a major role on emittance growth -> the initial electron bunch length: 2ps -> peak current: about 5 A bunch compressor: - energy is high enough to neglect space charge forces - bunch compression increases peak current - optimum compression: only for a linear long. phase space -> 3rd harmonic -> knowledge of longitudinal phase space is of particular interest 3
6 Introduction gun: - beam of a few MeV -> space charge forces play a major role on emittance growth -> the initial electron bunch length: 2ps -> peak current: about 5 A bunch compressor: - energy is high enough to neglect space charge forces - bunch compression increases peak current - optimum compression: only for a linear long. phase space -> 3rd harmonic -> knowledge of longitudinal phase space is of particular interest 3
7 Contents Introduction PITZ Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Measurements and simulations of longitudinal phase space at PITZ Summery and outlook
8 PITZ 4
9 PITZ 4
10 PITZ 4
11 PITZ PITZ1 setup PITZ2 setup 5
12 1 Setup of PITZ GUN cavity BOOSTER cavity 6
13 Setup of PITZ charge measurement: faraday cup ICT GUN cavity BOOSTER cavity 7
14 Setup of PITZ beam size measurement: view screens combined with CCD Cameras wire scanners BPMs GUN cavity BOOSTER cavity 8
15 Setup of PITZ beam size measurement: view screens combined with CCD Cameras wire scanners BPMs GUN cavity transverse emittance measurement: EMSYs: slit scan method tomography module BOOSTER cavity 8
16 Setup of PITZ slice emittance measurement: RF-deflector and tomography module dipole, slit and quadrupole quadrupole, aerogel and streak camera GUN cavity BOOSTER cavity 9
17 Setup of PITZ longitudinal phase space measurement: Beam momentum distribution longitudinal distribution longitudinal phase space GUN cavity BOOSTER cavity 1
18 Contents Introduction PITZ Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Measurements and simulations of longitudinal phase space at PITZ Summery and outlook
19 Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector head tail 1 nc 4 MeV/m.5m after the cathode laser: long.: flat-top FWHM : 2 ps risetime : 7 ps transv.: flat-top Ø : 2 mm projections of longitudinal phase space: momentum distribution longitudinal distribution area of longitudinal phase space: emittance εz εz = <( pz)2> <( z)2> - < pz z>2 11
20 Contents Introduction PITZ Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Measurements and simulations of longitudinal phase space at PITZ Summery and outlook
21 Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Beam momentum distribution: dipole magnet and a view screen Bunch length: - aerogel or OTR as radiators and a streak camera - RF deflector Longitudinal phase space: - dipole magnet, radiator and streak camera - RF deflector and dipole magnet 12
22 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera empty tube tilted quartz TVcamera mirror OTR YAG eaerogel mirror 3 m optical transmission line to streak camera 13
23 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera e- Silica aerogel n =
24 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera e- Silica aerogel n = Cherenkov radiator electron bunch is transformed into a light pulse with approximately the same temporal distribution by the Cherenkov effect 14
25 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera Silica aerogel n = Cherenkov radiator electron bunch is transformed into a light pulse with approximately the same temporal distribution by the Cherenkov effect 14
26 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera Silica aerogel n = Cherenkov radiator electron bunch is transformed into a light pulse with approximately the same temporal distribution by the Cherenkov effect 14
27 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera electron bunch is transformed into a light pulse with approximately the same temporal distribution by the Cherenkov effect Silica aerogel n = Cherenkov radiator 14
28 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera e- Silica aerogel n = Cherenkov radiator electron bunch is transformed into a light pulse with approximately the same temporal distribution by the Cherenkov effect light transport streak camera measurement 14
29 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera e- electron bunch is transformed into a light pulse with approximately the same temporal distribution by the Cherenkov effect light transport streak camera measurement advantage compared to RF-deflector: measurement at several positions along the beamline disadvantage compared to RF-deflector: poor resolution Silica aerogel n = Cherenkov radiator 14
30 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera 15
31 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera The amount of light produced by silica aerogel is several order of magnitude higher than the the one of an OTRscreen. 15
32 measurement of longitudinal distribution using streak camera The amount of light produced by silica aerogel is several order of magnitude higher than the the one of an OTRscreen. 15
33 momentum measurement DISP1.Scr1 DISP2.Scr1 DISP3.Scr1 16
34 momentum measurement DISP1.Scr1 y y' x x' t p/p DISP2.Scr1 R11 R12 R21 R22 R51 R52 = R33 R34 R43 R44 1 R16 R26 R56 1 DISP3.Scr1 y y' x x' t p/p 16
35 momentum measurement DISP1.Scr1 DISP2.Scr1 DISP3.Scr1 p = e / α Bdipole (l) dl pc = e Bdipole leff / α p = pc y / R16 R16 = (leff / α + LDA tanβout) (1-cosα ) + LDA sinα. LDA y y' x x' t p/p R11 R12 R21 R22 R51 R52 = R33 R34 R43 R44 1 R16 R26 R56 1 y y' x x' t p/p 16
36 momentum measurement DISP1.Scr1 DISP2.Scr1 HEDA1 deflection angle α βin βout r (mm) LDA (mm) leff (mm) gap width (mm) Disp1.Scr1 6 Disp2.Scr1/2 18 Disp3.Scr1 6 spare dipole > to be defined > 25 ~15 -> >~ >~16 2 -> / to be defined to be defined to be defined to be defined 43 2 ~
37 Measurement of longitudinal phase space YAGscreen light pulse radiator equivalent to temporal distribution of the electron bunch (produced by a radiator) spatial p1 p2 distribution of the momenta in the p1 > p2 bunch of mea of lo surem pha ngitu ent se s dina pac l e ent rem th asu ng me ch le bun radiator / YAGscreen dipole electron bunch p= e α Bdipole (l) dl momentum measurement CCD-camera light distribution equivalent to temporal and spatial distribution of the electron bunch behind the dipole (produced by a radiator) with optical transmission line transported to streak camera 18
38 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 Booster Q2 S2 Gun L2 D S1 Q1 Dump Slit deflecting angle: 18 deflecting radius: 3 mm Leff = 1/B Bx dz Leff = mm geometrical length: Lgeom = mm 19
39 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ M D= 1 1 deflecting angle: 18 deflecting radius: 3 mm Leff = 1/B Bx dz Leff = mm geometrical length: Lgeom = mm 19
40 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ M D= 1 1 R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' 2
41 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 without focussing S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ M D= 1 1 focus on S2 21
42 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 without focussing S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' correction by deconvolution S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ M D= 1 1 focus on S2 21
43 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ M D= 1 1 R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' temporal distribution: t = R51 y + R52 y' + t + R56 p /p correction by deconvolution 22
44 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ on S2 M D=focus 1 1 R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' temporal distribution: t = R51 y + R52 y' + t + R56 p /p correction by deconvolution 23
45 spectrometer magnet without HEDA1 focussing L1 L2 S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p S1 Q1 Dump Slit 1 L 1 L2 2ρ on S2 M D=focus 1 1 R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' temporal distribution: t = R51 y + R52 y' + t + R56 p /p correction by deconvolution 23
46 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 S2 1 L1 +L2 M S= 1 1 Gun Booster Q2 L2 D vertical distribution S1 Q1 Dump Slit y = R11 y + R12 y' + R16 p /p 1 L 1 L2 2ρ M D= 1 1 R16 dp /p R11 y + R12 y' temporal distribution: t = R51 y + R52 y' + t + R56 p /p correction by deconvolution correction by shearing the image 24
47 spectrometer magnet HEDA1 L1 L2 Booster Q2 S2 Gun L2 D S1 Q1 Dump Slit Silica aerogel n = 1.5 thickness: 2 mm Silica aerogel n = 1.5 thickness: 5 mm 25
48 optical transmission line 26
49 optical transmission line the optical system is the major limitation of resolution, a system consisting of reflective optics is under development 27
50 Influence of the streak camera (C568) resolution is limited by: streak camera slit width and space charge slit width of 1 m: t = 1.75 ps correction: deconvolution (signal without RF-field) RF and laser jitter: 1 pulses: t =.99 ps diff. momentum of photo electrons for diff. wavelength with 1 nm: t =.16 ps, without filter: t =.55 ps from Hamamatsu home page, C568 series ( 28
51 Influence of the streak camera (C568) Background of the streak camera with closed shutter curvature-effect horizontal sensitivity 29
52 Contents Introduction PITZ Longitudinal phase space of a photoinjector Devices of longitudinal phase space measurement at PITZ Measurements and simulations of longitudinal phase space at PITZ Summery and outlook
53 momentum measurement Gradient: ~4MV/m mean momenta are similar for different charge highest mean momentum: 4.8 MeV/c lunch phase: 35 3
54 momentum measurement Gradient: ~4MV/m mean momenta are similar for different charge highest mean momentum: 4.8 MeV/c lunch phase: 35 3
55 momentum gain 31
56 influence of charge momentum measurement Gradient: ~4MV/m mean momenta are similar for different charge highest mean momentum: 4.8 MeV/c lunch phase: 35 minimum momentum spread: 3 pc: 5 kev/c at lunch phase: 35 1 nc: 13 kev/c at lunch phase: 3 for high phase the momentum distribution is cut by the screen at 1nC space charge effects increase momentum spread at 3 pc phase of maximum momentum gain is equal to phase of minimum momentum spread -> space charge forces small 32
57 longitudinal phase space simulations 33
58 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
59 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
60 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
61 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
62 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
63 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
64 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
65 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
66 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
67 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
68 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
69 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
70 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
71 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
72 longitudinal phase space simulations 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
73 longitudinal phase space simulations Beam density distribution for: 1 nc transv. laser diameter = 2mm Flat-top laser opt. gun phase 4MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 7ps 6MV/m rise time = 2ps 33
74 simulations for optimum phase, 1 nc, flat-top laser distribution at different positions (~4MV/m).31 m.66m 1.1m 1.36m 1.71m 2.5 m 2.4m 2.75m 3.1m 3.45m 34
75 simulations for optimum phase, 3 pc, flat-top laser distribution at different positions (~4MV/m).31 m.66m 1.1m 1.36m 1.71m 2.5 m 2.4m 2.75m 3.1m 3.45m 35
76 optimum phase, 3 pc, flat-top laser distribution ASTRA streak YAG SS DA ASTRA for optimum phase accelerating field reaches its maximum during emission time this means electrons emitted in the middle of the bunch receive the highest acceleration due to the field due to space charge effects the particles in the beginning of the bunch become accelerated and the ones in the end decelerated 36
77 ASTRA streak YAG ASTRA SS DA ASTRA streak YAG ASTRA SS DA ASTRA streak YAG ASTRA SS DA ASTRA streak YAG ASTRA SS DA ASTRA streak YAG ASTRA SS DA 37
78 ASTRA streak YAG ASTRA SS DA optimum phase, 1 nc, flat-top laser distribution measured FWHM / ps StSe: /- 1.3; DA: /- 3.3 long. emittance / π kev mm /-6.8 momentum / MeV /-.6 momentum spread / kev 46. +/- 5.1 Astra 25 26,6 5,19 42,2 38
79 momentum measurement after the booster cavity 39
80 bunch length after the booster cavity Bunch length and arrival time as a function of the booster phase Beam density distribution for: 8 pc transv. laser diameter = 1.5mm Flat-top laser opt. Gun phase 15.9 MeV/c 4
81 momentum measurement after the booster cavity Beam density distribution for: 1 nc transv. laser diameter = 2mm Flat-top laser opt. Gun phase Beam density distribution for: 1 nc transv. laser diameter = 1.5mm Flat-top laser opt. gun and booster phase 41
82 momentum measurement after the booster cavity Beam density distribution for: 1 nc transv. laser diameter = 1.5mm Flat-top laser opt. gun and booster phase 56 peak current (A) laser diameter (mm) 41
83 Summery and outlook The PITZ setup and its diagnostics was presented A method to measure the longitudinal phase space and its projection used at PITZ was presented Resolution of this method was analysed, the major limitation of the temporal resolution is the optical transmission, an replacement by reflective optics is ongoing Examples of longitudinal phase space, bunch length and momentum measurement at PITZ and simulations were presented 42
84 Thanks for your attention
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