, (Skill - biased Technological Change) Wood (1995), Thoenig and Verdier (2003),,, (Defensive Innovation),

Transcription

1 : 3 :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,(, ),,, (Robbins, 1996 ; Feenstra and Hanson, 1996 ;Wood, 1997 ; Hanson and Harrison, 1999 ;Attanasio et. al., 2004),1995, 1117 ;2000, 1164,5, 9 %,,,,, (Skill - biased Technological Change) Wood (1995), Thoenig and Verdier (2003),,, (Defensive Innovation),, Krusell et al (2001),20 70, Acemoglu (1998, 2003),,, Pissarides (1997) 3,, :310027, com,, Li and Xu (2003), Goldberg and Pavcnik (2006) 98

2 2007 6,,,,,,,,Pissarides (1997),,, Acemoglu, :, Acemoglu (1998, 2003),, Krusell et al (2001), Fuentes and Gilchrist (2005),,,,,,,Pissarides (1997),,, :Acemoglu (2003) Pissarides (1997),,:,,,, ;,,, Pissarides, Acemoglu (2003),,Acemoglu (2003),,, Acemoglu,,,,, :,,, Acemoglu (2003) Pissarides (1997) ;,, ; (), 1,: U [ ( C ) / (1 - ) ] e - t dt (1) 0, C( t) t,1π, : gcπc ( r - )Π (2) Pissarides (1997), 99

3 :, r (2), r 1Π,, ;,,,: C ( C l ) (1 - ) ( C h ) (3), C l, C h, (1, ) (2),, : p p h 1 -. C h C l, p h, p (), : Y h N h x h ( i) 1- d ( i) ( H Y ) (5) 0,, : Y l x l ( i) 1- d ( i) L (6) 0, N s s, x s ( i) s i, s h, l, H Y,L, ( ), N s s, s h, l N h ΠN s,,,,,,,,,, s ( i) s i, s h, l (5) i : x h ( i) (1 - ) p h h ( i),(6), i : () x l ( i) (1 - ) h ( i) - 1 (4) 1Π H Y (7) 1Π L (8),,,,,,,, > 1 100

4 Romer (1990),, : gn h <N h H R (9), <,, R,, : gn h N h H R (10),, > <,,,,,,,,,, : g X (11), X, :,,(1 - ) 2 (7) (8), 1 - h ( i) l ( i) 1 - (7) (8), i x h x h ( i) p 1Π h H Y, i x l x l ( i) p 1Π l L,(5) (6),:, (3) (12) (13) : p p h Y h Y l 1- ( p h ) / N h H Y (12) 1- ( ) / L (13) N h H Y L - 1+( - 1) (14) :,( ),,( ) ( ) ;,( ) ( ) ( ),,, (14),,,Acemoglu (2003),,, Fuentes and Gilchrist (2005),,,, 101

5 : () (7) (8) h ( i) l ( i) 1 -, N h ( ) ( ) : h ( ) (1 - ) ( p h ( ) ) 1Π H Y (15) l ( ) (1 - ) ( ( ) ) 1Π L (16),,t : V s ( t) t e - t r( ) d s ( ) d, s h, l (17), ( ),,,, P : (18) t, : (15), (17) (19) : P( t) V s ( t) (18) h ( t) r( t) e - t t r( m) dm h ( ) d (19) P( t) s ( t)πr( t) (20) (15) (20),: P h Πr (1 - ) ( p h ) 1Π H Y Πr (21),, (10),, : (5),,:,,: (21) (22) (23) (24) : w N <PN h (22) w h ( p h ) 1/ N h (23) w N A w N h (24) <H Y rπ(1 - ) (25),,,,(2) (9) (25) : (27) H R H Y : < R <(1 - ) ( H - H R) - (26),,, 102

6 H R (1 - ) H - / < + (1 - ) H + H Y / < + (1 - ) (27) (9),: <H - g + 1 1, (1 - ),,g,,,v l ( t), (16) (17) : ( ) 1/ Y L (<H + ) < L (1 - ) ( + 1),( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ;,,,, ;, ( ) 1,, (3) : ( ) 1- + (1 - ) ( p h ) 1-1/ 1-1 (31) (30) (31), : p h ( ) - 1-1Π1- (1 - ) p ( H Y ΠL) (32), (30), p ( ) < 0,,,;, (32) (14), : N h p h - [1+( (27) (28) (29) (30) - 1) ]Π 1 - L N ( H Y ΠL) (33) H Y,N ( ) > 0,,,,, ;, (6),, : ( ) 1/ (34) (23) (34), : w h Π ( p h Π ) 1/ ( N h Π ) (35),, ;, (35), HΠL,,,, HΠL? (14) (30) (31) : w h p h L H Y H Y L ( - 1) - H Y L, H Y (28) Acemoglu (2003),(- 1) > 1,(36) : 5 ( w h Π ) 5 ( HΠL) (36) > 0 (37) 103

7 : (- 1) > 1, HΠL () :,, p gp, : w h ( gp) 1Π N h (38),,,,,gp < p, p, (35) (38),,,, (9),,: H + gh Y / < H + (1 - ) Y (39),, (14) : N h ( gp) - [1+( - 1) ]/1 - L (40) gh Y (35) (40) N h > N h,,,,,, (40) (38) : w h L ( gp) (41) gh Y (36) (41),,: w h > w h (42),,,,,,,,, :,,,, (41) L gh Y > L H Y ;,, (41) ( gp) 1 - > 104 p h 1 - Pissarides (1997)

8 (14) (41),Pissarides, Acemoglu (2003) (34) (41),Acemoglu,,Acemoglu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Acemoglu, D,, 2003,Patterns of Skill Premia, Review of Economic Studies, 70, pp Attanasio, O., Goldberg P., and N. Pavcnik, 2004,Trade Reforms and Wage Inequality in Colombia, Journal of Development Economics, 74, Feenstra, R. C. and G. H. Hanson, 1996,Foreign Investment, Outsourcing, and Relative Wages, in R. C. Feenstra, G. M. Grossman, and D. A. Irwin (eds. ),The Political Economy of Trade Policy : Papers in Honor of Jagdish Bhagwati, Camridge, MA : MIT Press. Fuentes, Olga M. and Simon Gilchrist, 2005,Skill2biased Technology Adoption : Evidence for the Chilean Manufacturing Sector, http :ΠΠ people. bu. eduπsgilchriπresearchπskillbias pdf. Goldberg, Pinelopi and Nina Pavcnik, 2005,Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries, www. econ. yale. eduπpg87π J EL - Globalization. pdf. Hanson, G. and A. Harrison, 1999,Trade and wage inequality in Mexico, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 52, pp Krusell, Per, Lee Ohanian,, Victor Rios2Rull and Giovanni Violante, 2001,Capital Skill Complementary and Inequality, Econometrica 68, pp Li Wei and Xu Bin, 2003,Trade, Foreign Investment, and China s Wage Inequality, http :ΠΠwww. ceibs. eduπfacultyπxubinπchina03. pdf,. Pissarides, Christopher A., 1997,Learning by Trading and the Returns to Human Capital in Developing Countries, World Bank Economic Review, 11, pp ( 141 ) 105

9 An Evaluation of Employment Elasticity Based on Disguised Unemployment in China Jian Xinhua and Yu Jiang (Center for Economic Development Research, Center for Population, Resource and Environment Economic Research, Wuhan University) Abstract :Due to the Disguised Unemployment in the enterprises of China, it is necessary to consider the influence of excessive employment. Therefore the authors build a model to analyse the influence of excessive employment on employment elasticity. Based on the model, the authors re2evaluate the employment elasticity of china from 1980 to 2002 by relative statistics. The conclusion shows the employment elasticity of China since 1995 doesn t reduce. Key Words :Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Elasticity ; Economic Growth JEL Classification :J210,J630 ( : ) ( : ) ( 105 ) Robbins, Donald J., 1996,HOS Hits Facts : Facts Win ; Evidence on Trade and Wages in the Developing World, Harvard Institute for International Development, Development Discussion Paper No Thoenig, M. and Verdier, T., 2003,A Theory of Defensive Skill2based Innovation and Globalization, American Economic Review, 93, pp Wood, A.,,1995,How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers, Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, pp Wood,A., 1997,Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries : the Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom, World Bank Economic Review, 11, pp Trade Liberalization, Biased Learning Effect and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries Pan Shiyuan ( Zhejiang University) Abstract : In this paper, a model is developed to study the impact of trade liberalization on the wage inequality, so as to explain the puzzle of skill premium in developing countries. Developing countries come into contact with relatively more skill2biased technology knowledge, hence, the productivity of skill2complementary technology production increases relatively faster than the one of unskill2complementary technology production. That is, learning effect is biased. Because technology knowledge production is skill2intensive, the learning effect increases the demand for skilled labor and the wage inequality. Moreover the biased learning effect leads to more skill2biased technology change, therefore, in favor of skilled labor and raising skill premium. Key Words :Trade Liberalization ; Learning Effect ; Skill Premium JEL Classification :F160, O410, J310 ( :) ( : ) 141