Modeling Microbiological And Chemical Processes In Municipal Solid Waste Bioreactor: Development And Applications Of A Three-pha

Transcription

1 Uvet of Cet Fod Eectoc Tee d Detto Docto Detto (Oe Acce) odeg cooogc Ad Cec Pocee uc od Wte Boecto: Deveoet Ad Acto Of A Tee t Gde Uvet of Cet Fod Fd o t: tt://t..ucf.edu/etd Uvet of Cet Fod Le tt://.ucf.edu Pt of te Evoet Egeeg Coo TAR Ctto Gde, t, "odeg cooogc Ad Cec Pocee uc od Wte Boecto: Deveoet Ad Acto Of A Tee-" (2009). Eectoc Tee d Detto tt://t..ucf.edu/etd/3854 T Docto Detto (Oe Acce) ougt to ou fo fee d oe cce TAR. t ee cceted fo cuo Eectoc Tee d Detto utoed dtto of TAR. Fo oe foto, ee cotct ee.doto@ucf.edu.

2 ODELG CROBOLOGCAL AD CHECAL PROCEE UCPAL OLD WATE BOREACTOR: DEVELOPET AD APPLCATO OF A THREE-PHAE UERCAL ODEL BOEOD-3P T A. GAWADE B.E. Vvev to ttute of Tecoog, gu (d), 992.Tec. d ttute of Tecoog u (d), 996 A detto utted t fufet of te equeet fo te degee of Docto of Poo te Detet of Cv, Evoet, d Cotucto Egeeg te Coege of Egeeg d Coute cece t te Uvet of Cet Fod Odo, Fod g Te 2009 o Pofeo: De R. Ret

3 2009 t A. Gde

4 ABTRACT Te uec coute ode tt ute uc od te (W) oecto df ve to cooet odegdto oce odue d ut-e fo odue. Te odegdto ode dece te cec d cooogc ocee of od te odegdto. Te ode ve to dte cude edefed od te odegdto ecto d tctg ece. oecto df eve ocee, uc eoc d eoc odegdto, toge d ufte ccg, ectto d douto of et, d doto d gfcto of vou toogec ogc cooud, occu uteou. Tee ocee vove ecto of eve ece d te ve ocec ode fo od te odegdto do ot ovde ue t te fet to eectve ute tee ocee. T eec o cude te deveoet of geeed ocec oce ode, BOEOD-3P, c c ccoodte ge ue of ece d oce ecto. T ode e to ute oecto df ocee coete ed codto; e coued t ut-e ode t e e to ute fu-ce oecto df. T geeed ocec ode c ute oto d ot-ce oeto c e ott to detee ocec ete ott fo uto of fu-ce oeto. To utte cto of BOEOD-3P, to et of oto W oecto ee uted t eec o. Te ft deotted uto of dt fo eoc odegdto of W eeet oecto. ote cto, uteou tfcto d detfcto ocee

5 W oecto ee uted. Te eut fo tee uto geeted foto out vou odeg ete tt oud e eet tee ocee fu-ce oecto df oeto. e Wod: Bodegdto odeg, oecto df, ut-e ode. v

6 To tece d et Cd d Ad Gde v

7 ACOWLEDGEET tfu to dve D. De R. Ret d ee dee ee of gttude to e fo ovdg e t te ootut to c out t eec o. He vue gudce tougout P.D. og d te to eed e ceve t go. tfu to D. Gou-T Ye fo vue gudce fo te deveoet of te coute ode d te coue o. Te gudce of D. C. Dvd Cooe d D. Ade Rd dug te coue o eed e t eec o, tfu to te. t D. o Co d D. Aede tevc og t ote ee of P.D. detto cottee fo te te d e to cco t eec o. t D. oto B d D. coe Bege fo og e to ue te eeet dt d vue dcuo. tfu to D. V Vv fo te vue dcuo o vou ect of ocec odeg. tfu to vou fudg gece fo oog eec oect of D. De R. Ret c fuded e fo te ot of t eec o. tfu to et. Cd d. Ad Gde o ed e to coe to te UA d ovdg e t fud e eve eeded. t fed, ot, D. Pdee J, D. A Loo, D. V Ptte, D. Rou, D. Pt de, D..R.. v, J Dd, e-lg Lu, te fed of oo gou, VRCECVL92, ote A d te Lee o ted touc dug t eec o. t A. Gde v

8 TABLE OF COTET ABTRACT... ACOWLEDGEET... v TABLE OF COTET... v LT OF FGURE... LT OF TABLE... CHAPTER : TRODUCTO.... Bcgoud foto....2 Detto Ogto... 4 Refeece... 5 CHAPTER 2: LTERATURE REVEW Bocec ode Te ocec ode fo od te odegdto Hdo Acetogee etogee Cec equu ecto Aqueou d g e ttog ecto Het d teetue uec ode ode Cto... 7 Refeece... 7 CHAPTER 3: ODELG CROBOLOGCAL AD CHECAL PROCEE UCPAL OLD WATE BOREACTOR, PART : DEVELOPET OF A THREE- PHAE UERCAL ODEL BOEOD-3P... 2 Atct toducto ode deveoet d cocet Pc d cec ocee cooogc ocee Dt ut Goveg Equto Cec ecto Te te fo t ecto c e eeeted Eq. (3.2) cooogc ecto od e ecto A ecto vovg od ece c e eeeted Eq. (3.27) od dtegto/foto ecto od do G e ecto Het geeto uec etod v

9 3.5 ode vefcto Cocuo Refeece CHAPTER 4: ODELG CROBOLOGCAL AD CHECAL PROCEE UCPAL OLD WATE BOREACTOR, PART : APPLCATO OF UERCAL ODEL BOEOD-3P Atct toducto Cooto of od te Aeoc odegdto ecto cee Hdo Acetogee etogee Aqueou d g e ttog ecto ode Cto Reut d Dcuo Cocuo... 8 Aevto... 8 Refeece CHAPTER 5: ODELG ULTAEOU TRFCATO AD DETRFCATO PROCEE OLD WATE BOREACTOR Atct toducto Bcgoud foto tfcto Detfcto Eeet tud ode decto Dt odeg Reut d dcuo Cocuo Aevto Refeece... 0 CHAPTER 6: COCLUO AD RECOEDATO Cocuo Recoedto... 4 APPEDX A: AALYTCAL OLUTO FOR BODEGRADATO WTH COTO ETC... 6 APPEDX B: UER AUAL FOR BOEOD-3P... 8 APPEDX C: PUT AD OUTPUT FLE FOR THE ULATO OF AAEROBC BODEGRADATO OF OLD WATE ut fe Outut fe e ut Outut fe t te = 2.0 d v

10 Outut fe t te = 7.0 d Outut fe t te = 20.0 d Outut fe t te = 27.0 d APPEDX D: PUT AD OUTPUT FLE FOR THE ULATO OF ULTAEOU TRFCATO AD DETRFCATO ut fe fo dt t 35 C d 00% oge cocetto Outut fe e ut Outut fe t te =.0 d Outut fe t te = 2.25 d Outut fe t te = 3.25 d Outut fe t te = 5.0 d

11 LT OF FGURE Fgue -. Boecto df eeeted eeettve eeet voue Fgue -2. Bocec d tot ocee oecto df oeto Fgue 2-. Aeoc odegdto cee (odfed fo Zede et., 982) Fgue 3-. Bocec d tot ocee oecto df oeto Fgue 3-2. Fo ct of te tot cocetto oo Fgue 3-3. Fo ct of dvdu ece cocetto oo... 5 Fgue 3-4. ode eut coed t tc outo fo od dug do ecto Fgue 3-5. ode vefcto t tc ccuto fo od do ecto Fgue 4-. Aeoc odegdto cee ued t tud (odfed fo Zede et., 982) Fgue 4-2. Pofe of H dug ode u... 7 Fgue 4-3. od degdto dug odeg coed t dt Fgue 4-4. Pot of dotc coog outo Fgue 4-5. Cocetto of vou fcto of vote cd Fgue 4-6. Pouto deveoet of etogec coog Fgue 4-7. Pouto deveoet of cetogec coog Fgue 4-8. G cooto fo ode eut coed t dt Fgue 4-9. ete geeto te fo ode u d eeet dt... 80

12 Fgue 5-. Effect of got te of o ode o ode H t 35 ºC Fgue 5-2. Bevo of toge ece d H t 00% oge g e t dffeet teetue... 0 Fgue 5-3. Bevo of toge ece d H fo vg oge cocetto t 35 ºC. 02 Fgue 5-4. ode eut of vto of o cocetto t 35 ºC... 07

13 LT OF TABLE Te 4-. Cooto of od te Te 4-2. t of tocoetc coeffcet fo ece tg t oce ecto Te 4-3. etc ete fo ode cto Te 5-. t of ece d ecto ued odeg Te 5-2. ode eut of u veoct of toge eov te Te 5-3. ode eut of etc ete fo dffeet coog t 00% oge cocetto g e Te 5-4. etc ete doted fo odeg

14 CHAPTER : TRODUCTO. Bcgoud foto uc od te (W) oecto df to ceve d tto of te t g fo ce d og ecove (Pod 975; Ret d Toed, 998). Lqud e dded to ece odegdto ocee c oduce ete d o cue educto of te voue. Te oecto df coe te t c, cec, d oogc ocee occug uteou. uec odeg coud e eoed effectve too to ove te udetdg of tee ocee. A fu-ce oecto df c e uec deced cooed of ge ue of eeettve eeet voue (REV) o Fgue -. Wt te e of REV, te ce geoet og t c d cec cctetc of df c e deced. Fgue -2 o cetc of vou ocee oecto df. Tee ocee coud e od dvded to to cooet, c cooet tt dece te fo of qud, ge d et, d ocec cooet tt dece te cec d cooogc ocee. A ode equed to ute oecto df ve tee to cooet coued togete. Acto of uc coe ode ve ee eteve doe to ute ocee te uufce ude tuted d ututed codto fo te eedto (Bu d Egegd, 2002). Boecto df dd coet to utg tee ocee ecue, ue te te eedto fo o, te od t odegde d cge ove te. Addto ocee e equed uec ode to dece

15 te dc cge te od t of oecto df. Fgue -. Boecto df eeeted eeettve eeet voue. Fgue -2. Bocec d tot ocee oecto df oeto. 2

16 Te otvto fo t eec o to deveo coeeve ode tt coud ute fu-ce oecto df. To dte eteve o ee doe o te uto of te c ocee of ut-e fo uufce ude tuted d ututed codto; ee te ocec cooet decg te ocee of od te odegdto c cue cge ecte qut d geete g, ee ove fed. Uvt of out ode te eo tt e ode e ued to dece te ocec cooet of oecto df ocee. A ocec coute ode eed to e coutto out d o ue-ecfed ece d ecto tout te eed to odf te coute code. uc ode oud o ue tout coute ogg oedge to u te ode fo dffeet cto. Te coe of te eet eec etcted to te deveoet of out ode to ute te ocec ocee oecto df, oed Fgue -2. T eec o cuded te foog oectve:. coduct tetue eve o etg ode cuet ued to ute vou cec d cooogc ocee oecto df; 2. deveo uec coute ode to ute tee ocee; d 3. te coute ode to ute ocee of od te oecto. oectve. Te oectve etoed ove ee et coetg t coeodg to tee 3

17 .2 Detto Ogto T detto coe of fve cte. Cte 2 eet te tetue eve of uec ode ve to dte to ute te cec d cooogc ocee oecto df. t o cude detfcto of ocee fo utg eoc odegdto of W oecto. Cte 3, 4, d 5 e tte ou e fot ode to fctte uo to ee eveed ou. Cte 3 dece te deveoet of uec coute ode BOEOD-3P, c cude te tetc fouto of goveg equto, te uec eetto to ove tee equto, d ode vefcto tc outo. Cte 4 dece te cto of te uec ode BOEOD-3P to ute eeet dt fo od te oecto (B et., 989). T o cude detfcto of vou ecto d ece tt ee ece fo te uto d dcuo of te ode eut. Cte 5 dece ote cto of te uec ode BOEOD-3P to ute eeet dt fo uteou tfcto d detfcto oto coco (Bege 2006). T o cude detfcto of ece ecto d ece fo te uto d dcuo of te ode eut. Cte 6 cude cocuo d ecoedto fo t eec o. Aed A cot te tc outo fo te ode vefcto eece. Aed B eet te u fo te ue of uec ode BOEOD-3P, te goveg equto d tetc fouto. Aed C eet te ut d outut fe fo te uto fo Cte 4. Aed D eet te ut d outut fe fo uto fo Cte 5. 4

18 Refeece B,.A., cefe, D.., d H, R.. (989). Bcte outo deveoet d cec cctetc of efue decooto uted t df, Aed d Evoet cooog, 55(), Bege,.D. (2006). -tu o eov of ecte fo oecto df, P.D. detto, Detet of Cv, Evoet Egeeg, Uvet of Cet Fod, Odo, FL, UA. Bu, A. d Egegd., P. (2002). odeg of tot d ogeocec ocee outo ue: tetue eve d ode deveoet, Jou of Hdoog, 256, Pod, F.G. (975). t df tto t ecte ecce d edu tetet. U.. Evoet Potecto Agec, Cct, EPA-600/ Ret D. R., d Toed T.G. (998). Ldf Boecto Deg d Oeto, CRC Pe, Boc Rto, Fod. 5

19 CHAPTER 2: LTERATURE REVEW 2. Bocec ode Te ocec ocee of uc od te (W) odegdto e to te ocee of ovtve tecooge fo uufce te eedto uc ocec degdto, vo etcto, d tu tteuto. te of t t, te eec o odeg od te odegdto fd tte cooto t uufce odeg fo te eedto. Te uec ode fo uto of df ocee ot evoved deedet of eec coducted uufce cott tot odeg. Te ee df ode ee ecg te gg fo ec ode d e te ce, to coe ututed fo ode. tu d Lc (982) deotted te fet of ug ututed fo d cott tot ode to edct ecte oducto d cocetto of doved ogc eeet df. Te ote o, (tu d Lc, 982) eeted uto of eeet df oecto t d tout eccuto. Ote doogc ode cude te ututed fo ode fo otue tot oft d Deetcoouo (984), doogc ode e Hdoogc Evuto of Ldf Pefoce (HELP) ode coede et. (983), d geeto d tot of oute cott toug df Deetcoouo et. (986). Hvd (983) eeted fed ocec ode fo df ocee tt codeed do of od te, utto of oue co, got d dec of 6

20 cdogec d etogec o d f ete d co dode oducto. oe ode ee deveoed t te cuo of uteou et, d oetu tfe ute te (Youg, 992; c et., 995; E-Fde et., 996( d ), Lete, 998). A fe ode e toe of Youg (992) d c et. (995) ued ce of cec teodc to ode te df degdto ocee d edct cott cocetto ecte. Ote (E-Fde et., 996) ued ood-te cte got etc equto to edct g geeto. A te udetdg of te ocec ocee te df oved, t oe to qutf te etc cott voved uc ocee. Be (985) eeted tuctued ode of eoc dgeto of ogc tcute. Bed o oc, Htc et. (200) de tuctued ode ecfc ed to df codto ug ood-te etc equto. u et. (2000) eeted ode fo g d te e oute tot decg te cge ecte qut d g oducto codeg ocec ecto. Odeug (200) odeed df cudg ocec ocee coued t tot of qud, g, d et fo to-deo geoet. Te ove ocec oce ve uc fed t ode. Loo et. (2002 d ) eeted tegted ecte fo d odegdto ode. Te ode coud e cted fo ecte fo d od te odegdto d te g geeto ove te coud e etted. Vv et. (2003) deveoed coued ecte fo d ocec ode d oed t dtuto of o ece deedg o te g codto. E-Fde et. (996) cocuded tt toug teetue oe of te ott fcto ffectg g oducto, otue cotet, ceuoe tuctue d g 7

21 cotet eet gete fuece. o-o et. (2004) eeted ocec ode tt cuded te effect of teetue d otue cotet. Wte et. (2004) eeted t dtuted uec ode to ute fo of ecte d ge t coodto of od te. A ocec u-ode cuded to ute ocec ocee. cdoug (2007) eeted cocetu ode fo etteet of df t coug of duc, odegdto, d ecc evo. Rece et. (2007) eeted ectc ode fo oogc d cec ocee codeg deedece of H, teetue, d otue cotet. Te ocec ode eeted te eece etoed ove cude edefed od te odegdto ecto. oe of tee ode o cgg of te c cooto of od te. oecto df, eve ocee uc eoc d eoc od odegdto, toge d ufte eted ocee, ectto d douto of et, d doto d gfcto of vou toogec ogc cooud occu uteou. Tee ocee vove ecto of eve ece; te ve ocec ode fo od te odegdto do ot ovde ue t te fet to eectve ute tee ocee. cott te ode deveoed fo utg uufce cott tot ovde oe fet to ue te coce of ecto d ece. Bu d Egegd (2002) etoed oe of tee ode d te fetue odeg of tot d ogeocec ocee outo ue. Ye et. (200) eeted oe of te teoetc ue tt eeded to e codeed fo oe cto of ecto-ed ogeocec ode. O tee e Fg et. (2006) eeted oved etodoog fo ecto-ed ode. A ot of ode ued fo uufce 8

22 ogeocec ocee odeg ute ecto queou e d c cto to ocee of od te odegdto, ee od udego do d te qud e ece tto to te g e. Te tud of ve uec ode eed te eed of out uec ode to ute cec d cooogc ocee of W oecto df tee-e te. 2.2 Te ocec ode fo od te odegdto Te t of eoc dgeto ufte-deeted evoet fo oogc oe, e, tee, d dgetg udge eeted Zede et. (982). Fgue - o te eoc odegdto ecto cee ued t e o foe etoed t. Coe ode of eoc odegdto of tcute tte ee coed Gv et. (2003). A oe coe ode fo od te odegdto vove tecto of ufu d toge ece deedg o te cctetc of od te. ode to ode od te odegdto, fou ecto ocee coud e codeed (Fgue 2-); do of od, cetogee, cette utg etogee, d doge utg etogee ocee c e deced foog u-ecto Hdo od df coud e odeed oogeeou tue of ogc o d coote ogc od te. Te ove tetet of od c o e defg te cotuto fo te cove o ut cgg te ooto of o d od te (Eq. 9

23 .). Eq. (.2) fcto of te coe do oce. od Wte Hdo Vete, Butte, d Poote Aeoc Odto of Acd 2 Acette Hdoge Acetotoc etogee 3 72% 28% 4 ete Hdogeotoc etogee Fgue 2-. Aeoc odegdto cee (odfed fo Zede et., 982). CGO CG (.) ee, CG O te coote ogc od cooet CG od cooet eeetg codte, ote, d, d et fcto of CGO eeeted CG 0

24 oue et fcto od Wte HO oue Cooud (.2) 2 Hdo te tfoto of coe tcute ogc tte to e ooe o de fo tt c te cte ce ee. Hdo dug eoc dgeto occu due to te cto of etceu ee d deed o eve cocec fcto uc tce e, H, dffuo d doto of ee to tce (Gv et., 2003). T e do te et defed og te ocee of eoc od te odegdto. Coo of vou etodooge to ode te do etc dug eoc odegdto of tcute ogc tte eeted Vv et. (996 d 2008). tee odeg tude t dt fo eoc ocee t g ogc odg, te Coto etc (Coto, 959) d to-e etc c codeed te to of te cctetc e of cte d od tce, ot oed ette ft. Te ft-ode ode deced tcu ce of te ove to ode. Te Coto ode gve Eq. (.3). CG B C C CG H B H CG BC ee, B C te tot coog outo ffectg do H & H e do te cott d oed f-tuto cott eectve

25 ce do oce of outo of coe oue ogc ee eceted dotc coog, t deed o te qutt of ctve o eet te te. Te to te ce to ood-te etc e ed to do e. Te etc do te deedet o H, teetue, d otue cotet. Degdto of od te tcute tte oduce ug ooe, e o cd, d vote ftt cd uo do. Veee et. (2000) foud o ccuuto of ooec oduct fo do of ogc fcto of od te t H 6.0 d 7.0. Teefoe te do of od te cooet c e odeed to dect oduce vou vote ftt cd (VFA), co dode, d doge foog te t Fgue 2-. Hoeve, fo te ct of ccuto d eetto tee oduct ece e eeed te of teedte ooe fo (Eq..4 toug.6). Ao cd cotute to ge ftt cd uc vete d utte (Bttoe et., 2003). Uo cg te tocoet of ete oducto, te ed of do oduct of o cd coud e deteed. CH O 2HO2CHO 4H 2CO (.4) CH O 4CHO 2CHO 2CO 2HO (.5) CH O CHO 2H 2CO (.6) Acetogee eoc dgeto, cetogee efe to te foto of cette fo eoc odto of og c ftt cd (Eq..7 toug.9). te eet o vete, utte, d oote e te o ftt cd tt udego eoc odto to fo 2

26 cette. ode to ut vete, utte, d oote odto te eegetc eque tt te oduct foed fo tee ecto e coued. T eut utu tedeedec etee cetogec d etogec cte. Teodc, ctogee evee ted t g doge cocetto (o, 983). A uc o-coettve to due to doge c e doted dug te cetogee of vete, utte, d oote. C H O 2H OC H O C H O 2H (.7) CHO 2HO2CHO 2H (.8) CHO 2HOCHO 2H CO (.9) etogee eoc dgeto out 65 to 70% ete oduced fo cette e te eg fo doge d co dode. etogec coog e etee etve to teetue, H, ogc odg te d e ted ue of cooud (Gv et., 2003). Te etogec ecto e eeeted Eq. (.0) d (.). ood etc c e ued to ode te cetogec d etogec ocee. CHO CH4 CO2 (.0) 4H 2CO CH H O (.)

27 2.2.4 Cec equu ecto Te oecto df te ge ue of cec ece tt te t cec etc d equu ecto. A ocec ode ued to ute oecto df ocee ut e ce of dg ge ue of e defed ecto. Te cec equu ecto tt e equed to ute te eoc odegdto of od te e deced Eq. (.2) toug (.8). Tee ecto e edctg te H of te te. H O OH H 2 (.2) CO H O HCO H (.3) HCO CO H (.4) HAc Ac H (.5) H P P H (.6) HBu Bu H (.7) HV V H (.8) Te og c ftt cd e ot cuded equu ecto te ue of cged te e d doe ot cotute gfct to H edcto (Bttoe et. 2002). 4

28 2.2.5 Aqueou d g e ttog ecto Te cotuto fo te ttog of queou d g e ecto c e odeed ug Eq. (.9). Atoug te vue of te ove tfe coeffcet, L v t te te of geeto of g, cott vue c e ued toug out te uto. L q, H P g, (.9) ee, te te of tfe etee te qud d te g e ece te -t ecto L te ove tfe coeffcet q, te cocetto of -t qud e ece P g, te t eue of -t g ece Het d teetue Te cge te teetue of te ecto te c e eted to te cge fee eeg of ecto. Htc et. (200) ued te cge ete of te ocec ecto eoc ocee to get te eeg ed d utte te teetue cge. eoc ocee te ot of et oduced dug te cd oducto e. ode to f te ccuto of et geeto, te te of et oduced coud e eted to te te of cd oduced (E-Fde et. 996() e Eq. (.20). 5

29 d C q (.20) d t Wee, q et geeto te et et g ootot cott fo -t cd ece C cocetto of -t cd ece Te et geeto te eted to teetue cge e Eq. (.2) q c T (.2) c ecfc et cct of od te 2.3 uec ode T tetue eve oed tt te ve ocec ode to dte ve cet tto ode to ute oecto df ocee. Te c of geeto, ted ue of ece d oce ecto e fe of te. A geeed coute ode BOEOD eeted vge d Ye (998) to ute cooogc d cec ecto eet oe e. Te ode deveoed t eec e tuctu to BOEOD d e eded fo tee-e te. 6

30 2.4 ode Cto ode cto oce tt deotte te ct of ode eoducg eued dt (Adeo d Woee, 992, Ceg J.C., 995). Te cto ocedue e fdg et of ete uc tt te uto tce ctu dt. E-Fde et. (996c) coducted etvt of ete ffectg te og geeto. A ot of ocee oecto df e gfct ffected te H. Te etvt fo ot of te ode ete e coducted e tg te effect of H o tt te f ve o ge. Teefoe vu cto ued dug te cto of t ode fo df ocee eoed Vv et. (2003) d ttetou et. (2003). Bocec ode e BOEOD-3P ute ocee coete ed te. Teefoe eeet dt fo oto ce od te oecto ee ued te ce of oto oecto eue e ufo d ed codto. Refeece Bttoe, D.J., ee, J., Aged,., u,.v., Pvott,.G., Ro, A., de, W.T.., egt, H., d Vv, V.A. (2002). Aeoc Dgeto ode o.. cetfc d Tecc Reot o. 3, WA Pug, Lodo, U, A, Bu, A. d Egegd., P. (2002). odeg of tot d ogeocec ocee outo ue: tetue eve d ode deveoet, Jou of Hdoog, 256, Be, J.D. (985). tuctued odeg of te eoc dgeto of o tcute, Botecoog d Boegeeg, 27, Ceg, J.C. (995). uec odeg of tee-deo uufce fo, et tfe, d fte d tot of cec d coe, P.D. Te, Detet of Cv Egeeg, Te Pev tte Uvet, PA, UA. 7

31 Coto, D.E. (959). etc of cte got: Reto etee outo det d ecfc got te of cotuou cutue, Jou of Gee cooog, 2, Deetcoouo, A.C., ee, L., Edog, H. (986). odeg ecte oducto fo uc df, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 2(5), E-fde,., Fd, A.., Lece, J.O. (996). uec odeg of geeto d tot of g d et df. ode fouto, Wte geet d Reec,4, E-fde,., Fd, A.., Lece, J.O. (996). uec odeg of geeto d tot of g d et df. ode cto, Wte geet d Reec, 4, E-fde,., Fd, A.., Lece, J.O. (996c). uec odeg of geeto d tot of g d et df. etvt, Wte geet d Reec, 4, Fg, Y., Yu, B.., d Ye, G.T. (2006). A gee uto fo ecto-ed ogeocec ocee, Coute d Geocece, 32, Gv, H.., Aged,., d Ag, B.. (2003). etc d odeg of eoc dgeto oce, Advce Bocec Egeeg Botecoog, 8, Hvd, C.P. (983). etogee od te df oecto, P.D. Te, Detet of Cv Egeeg, tfod Uvet, CA, UA. Htc A., Hee, D.C., Ote, L., Ae, H., De, D. (200). odeg of te odegdto of ogc tte uc df, Wte geet d Reec, 9, oft, G.P., d Deetcoouo, A.C. (984). otue tot od te cou, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 0, Lete, J.J. (998). A e ode fo te odegdto of uc od te df, PD. Detto, Uvet of e out We, Aut. Loo, A., Heeo, J. oteo, O., Fte,., Teeo, L. (2002) odeg fo evoet eet of uc od te df (Pt :Hdoog), Wte geet d Reec, 20(2), Loo, A., Heeo, J. oteo, O., Fte,., Teeo, L. (2002) odeg fo evoet 8

32 eet of uc od te df (Pt :Bodegdto), Wte geet d Reec, 20(6), cdoug, J. (2007). A do-o-ecc ode fo etteet d ote evou dfed te, Coute d Geotecc, 34, o-o,., e, J.A., Htc, A., d Hee, D.C. (2004). odeg d eeet vetgto of evoet fuece o te cette d ete foto od te, Wte geet, 24, oe, F.E. (983). tetc odeg of te eoc dgeto oce: eguto ec fo te foto of ot-c vote cd fo gucoe, Wte cece d Tecoog, 5, Odeug C.. (200). T2LB Veo.0 : Ldf oecto ode fo TOUGH2. Ue u ue LBL-4796, Lece Beee to Loto, Beee, CA. Rece, T., vov, L.., Beve, R.P., d Htc, A. (2007). odeg decooto of W coodtg eoc ecto, Evoet Egeeg cece, 24(8), vge,., d Ye, G.T. (998). Deveoet d cto of uec ode of etc d equu cooogc d geocec ecto (BOEOD), Jou of Hdoog, 209, ttetou,., Lo, L., Vv, V., d Leto, G. (2003). Pefoce of gucoe fed eodc eoc ffed ecto ude ceg ogc odg codto: 2. ode edcto, Boeouce Tecoog, 88, tu, W.A., d Lc, D.R. (982). ode of df ecg: otue oveet d ogc tegt, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 08(EE2), tu, W.A., d Lc, D.R. (982). ode of df ecg: ogc tegt, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 08(EE2), u, H., Lee,., d Lee, C. H.(2000). Boogc ectve utece tot t df. Jou of Evoet Egeeg, 26(5), c, G., Lete, J., Pte, G. (995). Pc d ocec odeg of od te. Poceedg, d 95, Fft teto Ldf ou,. get d Pu, Cg, t. 9

33 Vv, V.A., Rtov,.V., d Lo, L.Y. (996). A decto of do etc eoc degdto of tcute ogc tte, Boeouce Tecoog, 56, Vv, V.A., Rto,.V., Lo, L.YA., Pvott,.G., d B,.A.(2003). Dtuted ode of od te eoc dgeto effect of ecte eccuto d H dutet, Boeouce Tecoog, 8(), 66. Vv, V.A., Fede, B., Pt, J., d Fott, X. (2008). Hdo etc eoc degdto of tcute ogc te: A oveve, Wte geet, 28, Veee, A., u,., cff, H., Hee, B. (2000). Effect of H d VFA o do of ogc od te, Jou of Evoet Egeeg, 26(2), Wte, J., Roo, J., d Re, Q. (2004). odeg te ocec degdto of od te df, Wte geet, 24, Ye, G.T., Bugo, W.D., d Zc, J.. (200). odeg d eug ogeocec ecto: te cotec, dt eed, d te fouto, Advce Evoet Reec, 5, Youg, A. (989) tetc odeg of df degdto, Jou of Cec Tecoog d Botecoog, 46, Zede, J.B., gvoe,., d t T. (982). cooog of ete cte, Aeoc Dgeto, Huge, D.E., Ed., Eeve Boedc Pe B.V., Ated,

34 CHAPTER 3: ODELG CROBOLOGCAL AD CHECAL PROCEE UCPAL OLD WATE BOREACTOR, PART : DEVELOPET OF A THREE-PHAE UERCAL ODEL BOEOD-3P utted fo ucto Atct Te uec coute ode tt ute uc od te (W) oecto df ve to cooet odegdto oce odue d ut-e fo odue. Te odegdto ode dece te cec d cooogc ocee. Te ode ve to dte cude edefed od te odegdto ecto d tctg ece. oe of tee ode o cgg te c cooto of od te. oecto df eve ocee e eoc d eoc od odegdto, toge d ufte eted ocee, ectto d douto of et, d doto d gfcto of vou toogec ogc cooud occu uteou. Tee ocee vove ecto of eve ece d te ve ocec ode fo od te odegdto do ot ovde ue t te fet to ute tee ocee coce. T e eet te deveoet of geeed ocec oce ode BOEOD- 3P c c ccoodte ge ue of ece d oce ecto. T ode e to ute oecto df oeto coete ed codto, e coued t ut-e ode t e e to ute fu-ce oecto df. T geeed ocec ode c ute oto d ot-ce oeto ode to detee 2

35 ocec ete ott fo uto of fu-ce oeto. 3. toducto ete o geeoue g d te etto d otog of ete eo fo df ecoe ott ue od te geet. Attet ee de ove te t tet fve e to edct g oducto fo df ug vou ode to ute d ette te g geeto. To dte t t e e of ctve eec tt eque ette udetdg of vou df ocee. Te ee df ode ee ecg ode gg fo ec ode d e te ce, to coe ututed fo ode. Lete (998) eeted ef eve of df ode deveoet. A fe of toe ee otue fo d ecg of ogc tu d Lc (982, & ), ututed fo ode fo otue tot oft d Deetcoouo (984), doogc ode e Hdoogc Evuto of Ldf Pefoce (HELP) ode coede et. (983), d geeto d tot of oute cott toug df Deetcoouo et. (986). oe ee ec ed, ccutg te te of g oducto fo te etted fe of df (Fd d Lece, 979). Wt te udetdg of te ct of otue cotet o od te odegdto oce, te cocet of oetg te df oecto evoved (Pod, 975). Boecto df o fo ceed otue cotet d eedte te odegdto ocee (Ret d Toed, 997). Boecto df ot o offe cetve eted to 22

36 ceed vt of ce fo od te ceet, ut o educe te te eod fo og te otog d g coecto. Te g ete oducto te fctte tug t geeoue g to vue eeg eouce (Hvd, 983). Boecto df oeto vove ete ddto of qud o eccg te ecte to cee te otue cotet. Vou te of qud ecto d ecte coecto cofguto e ued to ceve t oectve. Te eteogeet of od te df o otucto cevg ufo dtuto of otue (cceo d Ret, 2000). Te cge te df oeto ctce eque ote odeg tecque to e eoed to ute te df ocee d utte edct te ete geeto. Hvd (983) eeted fed ocec df ode tt codeed do of od te, utto of oue co, got d dec of cdogec d etogec o d f ete d co dode oducto. oe ode ee deveoed t cuo of uteou et, d oetu tfe ute te (Youg, 992; c et., 995; E-Fde et., 996( d ), Lete, 998). A fe ode e toe of Youg (989) d c et. (995) ued ce of cec teodc to ode te df degdto ocee d edct cott cocetto ecte. Ote (E-Fde et., 996) ued ood-te cte got etc equto to edct g geeto. A te udetdg of te ocec ocee te df oved, t oe to qutf te etc cott voved uc ocee. Be (985) eeted tuctued ode of eoc dgeto of ogc tcute. Bed o oc, Htc et. (200) de tuctued ode ecfc ed to df codto ug ood-te etc equto. u et. 23

37 (2000) eeted ode fo g d te e oute tot decg te cge ecte qut d g oducto codeg ocec ecto. Odeug (200) odeed df cudg ocec ocee coued t tot of qud, g, d et fo to-deo geoet. Te ove ocec oce ve uc fed t ode. Loo et. (2002 d ) eeted tegted ecte fo d odegdto ode. Te ode coud e cted fo ecte fo d od te odegdto d te g geeto ove te coud e etted. Vv et. (2003) deveoed coued ecte fo d ocec ode d oed t dtuto of o ece deedg o te g codto. E-Fde et. (996) cocuded tt toug teetue oe of te ott fcto ffectg g oducto, otue cotet, ceuoe tuctue d g cotet eet gete fuece. o-o et. (2004) eeted ocec ode tt cuded te effect of teetue d otue cotet. Wte et. (2004) eeted t dtuted uec ode to ute fo of ecte d ge t coodto of od te. A ocec u-ode cuded to ute te ocec ocee. cdoug (2007) eeted cocetu ode fo etteet of df t coug of duc, odegdto, d ecc evo. Rece et. (2007) eeted ectc ode fo oogc d cec ocee codeg deedece of H, teetue, d otue cotet. gee, ode tt equed to ute oecto df ocee t to edct te g geeto ut ve t et to cooet, c cooet to ute te fo of qud d ge, d ocec cooet to ccoodte vou cec d cooogc ocee. Fgue 3- o vou oce te oecto 24

38 df oeto. Fgue 3-. Bocec d tot ocee oecto df oeto. Te ut-e fo ode ee deveoed fo cto to dogeoogc ocee oou ed d eteve eec ed ee doe t e. A ot of tee ode fd cto dou te te eedto oect. Te ocec ocee df e uque d dffeet fo te uufce te eedto ocee. A ot of ocec ode fo od te degdto etoed ee do ot o te ddto of ue ecfed ocec ocee. eve uteou ocee occu dug od te odegdto d te vove ute cec d cooogc ece. Fo ee cdogec, etogec, eoc, ufdogec, tfe d detfe og e oe of te cooogc ece tt coud e cuded e tee coud e ve ge ue of cec ece voved coe od te odegdto oce. A ot of ode etoed ove e ue to ode uteou equu 25

39 ecto vovg cec ece. T e eet te deveoet of ocec oce ode tt coud e coued t ut-e ode to ute fu-ce oecto df. Te otvto fo te o coe fo te fct tt te ode eed ove e de t fed ocec tuctue te of te ocee d te ece. Wee te ode eeted ee geeed uec ode tt c ccoodte ue ecfed cec d cooogc ocee vovg ve ge ue of ece. T ode e to ute oecto df oeto coete ed codto c e coued t ut-e ode, e e to ute fu-ce oecto df. T geeed ocec ode c ute oto d ot-ce oeto to detee ocec ete fo fu-ce oeto. 3.2 ode deveoet d cocet Te eet ode BOEOD-3P, eteo of ode EOD (Ye d Tt, 99) d BOEOD (vge d Ye, 998) ut fo tee-e te. Te cec d cooogc ecto fo ut-e te e eeted t ecto. Te goveg equto decg te ode e eeted te foog ecto. T e e te ddto d odfcto ove te o eeted vge d Ye (998) Pc d cec ocee 26

40 BOEOD-3P, te equu d etc cec ecto e te e te et ode BOEOD. Tee cude te queou coeto, ufce-outo, d ectto/douto ecto. Te cd/e ecto e uted ug ecfed H o couted H. BOEOD-3P ue te ece doge o cocetto to ccute te H. T oc ed to te e eut e H couted ug cge ce. Te oc of ug ece doge o dvtgeou e tee tte oedge out oe oc ece ote t toe voved cd-e te ecto. uc ce, oc tegt c e ecfed te ode d H c e e defed te ece of oto d tee o eed fo ug fcttou oc ece fo cge ce. Te eecto otet (e) c e ccuted ug te educto/odto ocee dog eecto ce o te queou d od e ece. Te oc tegt c e et t ecfed vue o ccuted ug te Dve Equto (tu d og, 98). Le t edeceo ode, BOEOD-3P e to ute uted ue of cec ece, ovded uffcet cec ecto e cuded to ove fo te uo ve. Te ectto d douto, doto, d o-ecge ecto e deced det vge d Ye (998), ece ot cuded ee. Cec coeto, Cott Cctce d Te Le ode (tu, 992) e cuded to ute doto. Te o-ecge oce deced cec equu d/o etc ecto. Te effect o tee ecto due to cge te od e ee codeed te eet o. Te dtegto of od due to coe ecc/c/cec ocee ued d uted ft-ode etc ecto. Te ttog of oue ge te queou e ddto de te eet ode. Te equu cott fo te cto ecto 27

41 d te cott fo te etc ecto e coected fo cge teetue ug teodc cooogc ocee Te cooogc edted ecto e eet to degdto of od te to geou oduct. tetc ode e tuctued to dece cge t ceu eve (e.g. cocetto of ee, ATP etc.). evoet cto, vou te t te ceu eve e ued togete to dece oce oe ove te. ood etc (ood, 949) fo o got d utte degdto oe of te ot coo ued oce to ode evoet ocee. Te effect of edogeou eto, eecto cceto, utet vt d to ee cooted to te ood Equto te evou ode BOEOD (vge d Ye, 998). BOEOD-3P, Coto etc (Coto, 959) decg te cooogc edted ecto ee dded c dece te do of tte od e to queou oduct. A odegdto ode fo uufce cto uc oecto df oud ot e ctc tout cudg te effect of cge te degee of tuto, teetue d te H o te cooogc ecto; tee effect e cuded te eet ode BOEOD-3P Dt ut 28

42 Te ut dt eque ttg te cooet d ece tee e of te te ude codeto. ut cude eevt cec cooet, te tot tc cocetto, d tocoet of cec oduct ece fo ce equto of cooet. Te decto of co ece cude te t cocetto, edogeou dec te d te effect of teetue d H o te got te. Te od e ece e defed te cocetto te te voue. Te g e ece e defed te t t eue te te. Te decto of cec ecto cude te ecto tocoet d te te of ecto. Equu cott fo cec equu ecto d etc cott fo cec etc ecto ut e defed. Te cooogc ecto dt cude te tocoet, detfcto of utte og te ectt, u ecfc got te fo coog, f tuto cott, eecto cceto, utet, g te, d foto out to f. Te foto o te ttog ecto etee te queou d g e cude te tocoet d te etc te cott. Te H, e d oc tegt e couted o ue ecfed t cott o te vue. Te oot of od e, degee of tuto of queou e, det of qud, ufce e of od g, d ufce det of doet te o te g e deced. A ddto edce voue c e dded to te te d te tot g e eue c e coted to ecfed vue. Te teetue of te te c e et t ecfed ut vue o oed to v deedg o te et geeted fo te cooogc ecto. Te ecfc et cct of ece tee e ut c ued fo coutto of teetue cge te ode. Te foto o ouce/ of ece of te tee e t of te ut. 29

43 3.3 Goveg Equto Te goveg equto decg te ocec ode BOEOD-3P e eeted t ecto. Cec cooet e defed et of e deedet ve d te cec oduct ece c e eeeted coto of toe cooet. Le t edeceo ode EOD d BOEOD, BOEOD-3P ue ot ( of cec ece/voue of outo) fo tot tc cocetto of cooet d ot ( of cec ece/ of e c te ece et) fo dvdu ece cocetto. T oeve ted to cec d cooogc ece queou d od e. Te od e ece e eeeted te cocetto ( of od ece/tc voue). te devto of te goveg equto, ed oc ee codeed fo te g e ece, ut f odfed to fo ee dvdu g ece e eeeted te t eue te g e. Te ce equto tt defe te te of cge of vou ece e gve Eq. (3.) toug (3.5). Eq. (3.), (3.2) d (3.3) ee deced vge d Ye (998), ee te Eq. (3.4) d (3.5) d coeodg ecto ve ee dded te eet o. c t c q, (3.) t q, (3.2) 30

44 f d g q t, B (3.3) q t, (3.4) H g g g g g g g g g g g q g t g, G g (3.5) Wee,,,,, d g deote te cec cooet ece, cec oduct ece, od e ece, d g e ece, eectve. t te (T) ue of cec cooet (queou d doet) ue of cec oduct ece (queou, doed, d ectted) B ue of co ece (queou d doed) H ue of od e ece G ue of g e ece c cocetto of te t cec cooet t fee fo (/ of e, - ) cocetto of t cec oduct ece (/ of e, - ) 3

45 cocetto of t co ece (/ of e, - ) cocetto of od e ece (/ of od e, - ) g g cocetto of g e ece (/ of g e, - ),, u det of e c te t, t o t ece et eectve ( of e/e voue, L -3 ),, vouetc cotet c te t, t o t ece et eectve (e voue /tc voue, LL -3 ), g u det of qud d g e eectve ( of e/ of e, L -3 ), g vouetc cotet of qud d g e eectve (e voue /tc voue, LL -3 ) u det od e ( of e/tc voue, L -3 ), oducto/couto te of te t, t cec ece, eectve ( - T - ), te t co ece got te d dec te eectve g d ( - T - ) f tfe te of te t co ece etee queou d doed e ( - T - ) te t od e ece oducto/couto te ( - T - ) 32

46 g te gt g e ece oducto/couto te ( - T - ), dec cott of te t d t ece eectve (T - ), g dec cott of t od e d gt g e ece eectve (T - ) q, q, q ouce/ te of te t, t, d te t ece eectve (L -3 T - ) q, q g ouce/ te of te t od d te gt g e ece eectve (L -3 T - ) ece ec e e uect to cge due to dffeet te of ecto. A gee equto fo oducto/couto of cec cooet/ece c e tte gve Eq. (3.6). ce o od g,, B, H, d G (3.6) ee, ce oducto/couto te of t cooet/oduct ece due to cec ecto (L -3 T - ) o oducto/couto te of t cooet/oduct ece due to co ecto (L -3 T - ) od oducto/couto te of t cooet/oduct ece due to coveo to o fo od e ecto (L -3 T - ) 33

47 g oducto/couto te of t cooet/oduct ece due to coveo to o fo g e ecto (L -3 T - ) Eq. (3.) c e eced t ce equto goveg te tot cocetto of te cooet ece (Ye d Tt, 99; vge d Ye, 998). T oc eue tct coevto t eect to te cec cooet d o fctte te coug of td-oe ode t ut-e fo ode. B utg Eq. (3.2) t te tocoetc coeffcet of te t cec cooet te t cec oduct ece d ddg te eut to Eq. (3.), Eq. (3.7) oted. T t o o od od g g T Q (3.7) T c, (3.8) T c, (3.9) Q q, (3.0) 34

48 ee, T tot tc cocetto of te t cec cooet (/tc voue, L -3 ) tot dec cott of te t cec cooet (T - ) Q tot ouce/ te of te t cec cooet (L -3 T - ). Te defto of T e Eq. (3.7) te to codeto tt cec cooet coeved t eect to cec ecto ut ot o t cooogc, od e do, d g ttog ecto. BOEOD-3P ue Eq. (3.7) to ove T, d te Eq. (3.8), Eq. (3.2), (3.3), (3.4), d (3.5) to ove fo c,,,, d g eectve. g 3.3. Cec ecto A cec ecto c e tte ude: g g, CR (3.) ee, g ectt tocoet of te t ece te t ecto oduct tocoet of te t ece te t ecto cec fou of t ece cec ece, ete cooet o oduct 35

49 Te te fo t ecto c e eeeted Eq. (3.2) f g g ' ' (3.2) ee, ecto te of te t ecto (T - ) g cocetto of te t cec ece, eeettve of c o ece ( - ) ctvt coeffcet of te t ece f fod te cott fo te t ecto (T - ) cd te cott fo te t ecto (T - ) Te tot oducto/couto of ece due to cec ecto te u of te cotuto fo te ecto c te ece tcte d gve Eq. (3.3) CR ce, (3.3) We te ecto equu ecto, te et ecto te eo eutg te of cto (vge d Ye, 998). ectto/douto ecto, te ctvt of od ece ued to e equ to ut. Te effect of teetue o oe cec 36

50 ecto e gete t o oogc ecto. Te v t Hoff equto dece te vto of equ coeffcet t teetue cge (Eq. 3.4). H R T T O 2 2 (3.4) ee, O H et of ecto t tdd teetue d eue, (oue) R 2 g L cott, (J/go-) o equu coeffcet t efeece teetue T () uo equu coeffcet t teetue T2 () cooogc ecto A cooogc ecto c e tte gee fo gve Eq. (3.5). g g, BR (3.5) B B ood etc ued to dece te te of te co ecto gve vge d Ye (998), Eq. (3.6). A L 2 A A (3.6) 37

51 ee, got te fo te t co ecto e ut o ctvt (T - ) cocetto of te utte te t co ecto ( - ) A cocetto of te eecto cceto te t co ecto ( - ) cocetto of te utet te t co ecto ( - ) f tuto cott fo te utte te t co ecto ( - ) A f tuto cott fo te eecto cceto te t co ecto ( - ) f tuto cott fo te utet te t co ecto ( - ) L g coeffcet fo te t co ecto to fcto fo got te te t co ecto 2 to fcto fo f tuto cott fo utte te t co ecto co ecto e gfct ffected teetue, H, d te tuto. Te effect of H o got te of dffeet co ece odeed e te ce H fucto gve Aged et. (993) d Bttoe et. (2002). Eq. (3.7) d (3.8) gve te oed to fucto. BOEOD-3P, te ece doge o cocetto eeet oe of te queou e cooet, ece o ec tetet equed e ccutg te H. 38

52 0.5 H L HH 20 ( H) H H H HL H (3.7) H H H ( H) e 3.0 H H H L (3.8) H d H e te oe d ue H to vue eectve. Eq. (3.7) L H te ue d oe vue eeet te H ee te got te e ote 50% of te uted te. Eq. (3.8) eeet to o due to te oe H vue. Te ode gve te ue coce to ue ete of te to H to fucto. Te teetue coecto c e ed to te co oce te ug te Aeu equto. Teetue ge fo eoc to teoc codto oecto df. egt et. (2002) uggeted te ue of eoc te t coecto u to otu teoc teetue. Aove te otu teetue te got te decee u to u teetue t gve Aged et.. (993). Eq. (3.9) d (3.20) e ued te eet ode. T T,,35e 35 ; fo T Tot (3.9) Wee, T, got te of cte t co ecto t teetue of T ºC, (T-),35 got te of cte t co ecto t eoc teetue, 35 ºC, (T-) 39

53 T OPT Teetue fo u got te, ºC T, AXOPT, ee, T T AX AX T T OPT ; fo T Tot (3.20) T OPT AX, OPT,35e 35 (3.2) T AX teetue ee got of cte t co ecto cee, ºC otue cotet ofoud effect o te odegdto te, teefoe te cocet of qud ddto to cee te otue cotet df evoved. Gu et. (997) tud o e te out of df foud tt od te e cotg gete t 55% (t/t) otue cotet oduced ge out of ete e toe t e t 33% dd ot oduce ete. Te foud e coeto etee te te of ete oducto d otue cotet. Tee dt ee ued o-o et. (2004) to fd fucto tt ued fo odeg te effect of otue cotet o cooogc ecto. T fucto e t eo got t otue cotet of 5% (/). Te et otue cotet of od te eected to e g ve deedg o t cooto. Teefoe BOEOD-3P e effect of otue cotet codeed d te degee of tuto ued utg fcto fo te te of cooogc ecto. Eq. (3.6) odfed to cude te effect of teetue, H, d otue cotet d eeeted Eq. (3.22). 40

54 A, T H L A A (3.22) 2 Te tot oducto/couto of cec ece due to coog edted ocee te u of te cotuto fo ec co ecto tt vove te cec ece ( Eq. 3.23). BR odeg, (3.23) ee, odeg tot te of oducto of te t cec ece due to co degdto ecto ( - T - ) ctvt of te co ece, deoe d equ gtude to te cocetto of co ece. Te coog udego edogeou eto d te te of co dec c e ued to e ooto to te o eet (vge d Ye, 998). d, B (3.24) d ee, 4

55 d dec te fo te t co ece, ( - T - ) d dec te cott fo te t co ece, (T - ). Te edogeou eto oce vove couto/oducto of cec ece. Te oducto/couto te of uc cec ece gve Eq. (3.25) gve vge d Ye (998). g, (3.25) B edog d g ee, edog te of couto of te t cec ece due to ceu tece/dec, ( - T - ) tocoetc coeffcet fo te ue of te t cec ece tece/dec of te t co ece. Te ove te of cge of cec ece due to odegdto d edogeou eto gve Eq. (3.26) o odeg edog, (3.26) 42

56 3.3.3 od e ecto A ecto vovg od ece c e eeeted Eq. (3.27) g g, HR (3.27) BH BH ee, HR eeet ecto vovg of H od e ece od dtegto/foto ecto Te od e ece dtegte o coe due to coe c-cec ocee; eut tee e cge te tce e d/o cec cctetc. uc ocee ve gete coequece o ote ecto deedet o ufce oet e doto d o-ecge ocee d od do. Te otce of te od dtegto ecto eed Bttoe et. (2002). Te te of cge oducto/couto of od ece gve Eq. (3.28). HR od, H (3.28) A ecto te to cec etc ecto codeed BOEOD-3P (Eq. 3.29). A ecto t o oe ectg ece d t cd te cott equ 43

57 to eo ecoe ft-ode ecto. H H g, HR g f (29) od do Te etc do of od coog edted ecto. oecto df d uufce evoet o, te to of od to coog ve g. uc ce Coto etc (Coto, 959) e uted to dece te coog edted do ecto. Eq. (30) d (3) dece te te of oducto/couto of ece due to od do. BHR o, H (30) L, BHR (3), T H 2 ee, te cott fo te t co do ecto odfed fo teetue effect,, T (T - ) cocetto of od ece udegog te do te t co do 44

58 ecto (L -3 ) cocetto of te co ece te t co do ecto (L -3 ) odfed f tuto cott fo te t co do ecto, ( - ). Te tot got te fo co ece te u of te cotuto fo te ecto c t voved. Eq. (3.32) gve te tot got te fo t co ece voved BR odegdto ecto d BHR do ecto. Te dec of co ece ed deced Eq. (3.24). BRBHR g, B (3.32) G e ecto Aqueou e ece ofte tto to g e. He L et dece t ttog effect. Eq.(3.33) eeet gee fo of g e ecto decg coveo of queou ece to geou fo o vce ve. g G G g, GPR (3.33) 45

59 ee, GPR eeet te ue of g e ecto. Eq. (3.34) d (3.35) eeet te te of oducto/couto of ece voved te g e ecto. GPR g G, (3.34) ' G '' L g H(, ) g, d G (3.35) ee, H (, ) He cott fo ttog of t queou ece t t g ece, deoe L ove tfe coeffcet, (T - ). Pt eue ued to dcte te g ece cocetto d Eq. (3.5) odfed ug te de g. Te g e voue cuded g oe ce d te ed-ce voue fo g e ecfed Het geeto A ot of et geeto ecto te evoet te d oecto df e coog edted, ut o fe e eotec cec ecto. 46

60 oteou couto etee ft ecto d ot cuded ee. Te fee eeg of ecto gve dcto of te out of et geeted/coued ecto. te tu te vovg ecto edted coog, te ue of teoetc vue of fee eeg of ecto ot e te de etod fo coutto of teetue cge. Te te of et geeto c e eted to te foto of oduct coog (E-Fde et. 996()). Te te of et geeto eeeted Eq. (3.36). BR HBR, B (3.36) q ee, q te of oducto/couto of et fo te oogc ecto, (L2/T3) coeffcet fo oducto/couto of et, fo te t co ecto e ut oducto of cooogc ece, (L2/T3) Te cge te teetue of te te couted g te et ce fo te te ude: TEP c c c g g g q ql qq (3.37) t Wee, c, cg, c 47

61 e te ecfc et ccte of cooet ece queou, g d od e eectve TEP teetue of te te degee ev q L te of et o fo te te, (L 2 /T 3 ) q Q ddto/eov of et due to ouce/ of ece e, (L 2 /T 3 ). Te goveg equto eeted ove e te ce equto fo te cooet ece ec of te tee e, oe ce equto fo fee cooet ece, cto equto fo equu ece, d etc te equto fo etc cec, co, od, d g e ece. ecto 3.4 eet te etod ued to ove tee equto. 3.4 uec etod BOEOD-3P, te goveg equto e oved tetve to oo. Te tecque to tt doted Ye d Tt (99) d vge d Ye (998). Te oute oo (Fgue 3-2) ccute te tot cocetto of cooet ece te queou e, Eq. (3.7), te dete of e d te vouetc cotet of queou e d g e g, d teetue (TEP). Te dvdu ece (Eq. 3.2 toug Eq. 3.5) e ccuted te e oo (Fgue 3-3) ug te vue of T, dete of vou e, degee of tuto of ec e d te teetue. Te eto-ro tecque doted to ove te equto te e oo (Wet et. 976; Ye d Tt, 99; 48

62 vge d Ye, 998; Ye et. 998). Te ode ovo to o te tot g eue to cge o to e ted t cott vue, tee coutto e doe te oute oo. Te edo of vou coutto to oo fctte coug of t ode t fo d tot ode. Te coutto of ectted ece efoed eed vge d Ye (998). Te te e ue ecfed tt coud e cott o ve. At te tt of eve te te, te cge te cocetto of ece vou e due to cec, cooogc, od d g e cge ecto e deteed (Eq. 3.6). Te dvdu ece cocetto e oved te e oo t et of dffeet-gec equto oved te eto-ro tetve tecque. T tecque eed det Wet et. (976) d Tt d Ye (99). Fu votg eoed ovg te t equto te eto-ro etod. Te te egtg of te outo e ete ct o ect. Oce coveget outo oted te dvdu ece oo, te ete te tot cocetto oo e couted ug te cotuto fo te e deteed ecto te. Te oce eeted tetve ut covegece te oute e te e oo ceved. Equu ece e oved deedet of te dvdu cocetto oo. T e to educe te ue of equto tt e equed to e oved te tetve oo d ve o coutto te (vge d Ye, 998). 49

63 Fgue 3-2. Fo ct of te tot cocetto oo. At te tt of eve te te, te cge te cocetto of ece vou e due to cec, cooogc, od d g e cge ecto e deteed (Eq. 3.6). Te dvdu ece cocetto e oved te e oo t et of dffeet-gec equto oved te eto-ro tetve tecque. T tecque eed det Wet et. (976) d Tt d Ye (99). Fu votg eoed ovg te t equto te eto-ro etod. Te te egtg of te outo e ete ct o ect. Oce coveget outo oted te dvdu ece oo, te ete te tot cocetto oo e couted ug te cotuto fo te e deteed ecto te. Te oce eeted tetve ut covegece te oute e te e oo ceved. 50

64 Equu ece e oved deedet of te dvdu cocetto oo. T e to educe te ue of equto tt e equed to e oved te tetve oo d ve o coutto te (vge d Ye, 998). Fgue 3-3. Fo ct of dvdu ece cocetto oo. 5

65 3.5 ode vefcto Te uto eut oted fo te coute ode ut e coed to te tc eut to e te ode ct to e oe. Te vefcto of te oto of te coute code dg cec equu d cec etc d cooogc ecto eeted Ye d Tt, (99) d vge d Ye, (998). T ecto eet vefcto ee oe fo te ode BOEOD-3P. A coog edted od do ecto c vove coveo of te od ece to queou ece eeted ee. Te tc outo deveoed fo te Coto etc ecto of od do (Eq. A7, Aed). Te ecto te te tc outo efe to te te odfed fo te effect of teetue, H d otue cotet. Fgue 3-4 o ode eut coed t tc outo fo od dug te do ecto. Fgue 3-5. o te ot of tc outo d ode eut coed to ot of : eto. Te coeffcet of deteto fo te ode eut to : eto 2 = d 2 =.89E

66 od Cocetto, g/l ode Reut Atc outo Te, d Fgue 3-4. ode eut coed t tc outo fo od dug do ecto. 4 2 Te (ode Reut), d ode Coo Ut oe Le Te (Atc ccuto), d Fgue 3-5. ode vefcto t tc ccuto fo od do ecto. 53

67 3.6 Cocuo Te fouto of geeed coute ode to ute ocec ocee oecto df eeted. Te ode vefed fo te odfcto to evou ode vge d Ye (998). T ode coud e ued to ute oto o otce df oecto. We coued t ut-e fo ode, t ode coud e ued fo uto of fu-ce oecto df. To dte t te o geeed ode ve to ute od te odegdto t ece dtuted tee e. T ode e uefu too to ue tout coutto cgoud to ute od te odegdto ocee. BOEOD-3P c o fd eteve cto uto of uufce cott tot odeg. Refeece Aged,., Eegd, L., d Ag, B.. (993). A tetc ode fo dc uto of eoc dgeto of coe utte: focug o o to, Botecoog d Boegeeg, 42, B,..A., H, R.., d cefe, D.. (990). ete oducto fo uc efue: A eve of eceet tecque d co dc, CRC Ctc Reve Evoet Coto, 9(6), Bttoe, D.J., ee, J., Aged,., u,.v., Pvott,.G., Ro, A., de, W.T.., egt, H., d Vv, V.A. (2002). Aeoc Dgeto ode o., cetfc d Tecc Reot o. 3. WA Pug, Lodo, U, A, Be, J.D. (985). tuctued odeg of te eoc dgeto of o tcute, Botecoog d Boegeeg, 27, Coto, D.E. (959). etc of cte got: Reto etee outo det d ecfc got te of cotuou cutue, Jou of Gee cooog, 2,

68 Deetcoouo, A.C., ee, L., Edog, H. (986). odeg ecte oducto fo uc df, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 2(5), E-fde,., Fd, A.., Lece, J.O. (996). uec odeg of geeto d tot of g d et df. ode fouto, Wte geet d Reec, 4, E-fde,., Fd, A.., Lece, J.O. (996). uec odeg of geeto d tot of g d et df. ode cto, Wte geet d Reec,4, Gu,.R., Pg,.A., d Roo, J.A. (997). tttc odeg of ete oducto fo df e, Aed d Evoet cooog, 63(0), Htc A., Hee, D.C., Ote, L., Ae, H., De, D. (200). odeg of te odegdto of ogc tte uc df, Wte geet d Reec, 9, Hvd, C.P. (983). etogee od te df oecto, P.D. Te, Detet of Cv Egeeg, tfod Uvet, CA, UA. oft, G.P., d Deetcoouo, A.C. (984). otue tot od te cou, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 0, Lete, J.J. (998). A e ode fo te odegdto of uc od te df, PD. Detto, Uvet of e out We, Aut. Loo, A., Heeo, J. oteo, O., Fte,., Teeo, L. (2002) odeg fo evoet eet of uc od te df (Pt :Hdoog), Wte geet d Reec, 20(2), Loo, A., Heeo, J. oteo, O., Fte,., Teeo, L. (2002) odeg fo evoet eet of uc od te df (Pt :Bodegdto), Wte geet d Reec, 20(6), cceo, P.T. d Ret, D.R. (2000). tetc odeg of ecte outg ecte eccutg df, Wte Reec, 34, cdoug, J. (2007. A do-o-ecc ode fo etteet d ote evou dfed te, Coute d Geotecc, 34,

69 ood, J., 949. Te got of cte cutue, Au Reve of cooog, 3, o-o,., e, J.A., Htc, A., d Hee, D.C. (2004). odeg d eeet vetgto of evoet fuece o te cette d ete foto od te, Wte geet, 24, Odeug C.. (200). T2LB Veo.0 : Ldf oecto ode fo TOUGH2. Ue u ue LBL-4796, Lece Beee to Loto, Beee, CA. Pod, F.G. (975). t df tto t ecte ecce d edu tetet. U.. Evoet Potecto Agec, Cct, EPA-600/ Rece, T., vov, L.., Beve, R.P., d Htc, A. (2007). odeg decooto of W coodtg eoc ecto, Evoet Egeeg cece, 24(8), Ret D. R., d Toed T.G. (997). Ldf Boecto Deg d Oeto, CRC Pe, Boc Rto, Fod. vge,., d Ye, G.T. (998). Deveoet d cto of uec ode of etc d equu cooogc d geocec ecto (BOEOD), Jou of Hdoog, 209, egt, H., Vogt., D., Gc-He, J.L., d Gue, W. (2002). tetc ode fo eod teoc eoc ege udge dgeto, Evoet cece d Tecoog, 36, tu, W.A., d Lc, D.R. (982). ode of df ecg: otue oveet d ogc tegt, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 08(EE2), tu, W.A., d Lc, D.R. (982). ode of df ecg: ogc tegt, Jou of Evoet Egeeg Dvo, ACE, 08(EE2), tu, W. (992). Cet of te od-wte tefce, We tecece, e Yo. tu, W. d og, J.J. (98). Aqutc Cet, We tecece, e Yo. u, H., Lee,., d Lee, C. H.(2000). Boogc ectve utece tot t df, Jou of Evoet Egeeg, 26(5), c, G., Lete, J., Pte, G. (995). Pc d ocec odeg of od te. Poceedg : d 95, Fft teto Ldf ou,. get d Pu, Cg, t. 56

70 Vv, V.A., Rto,.V., Lo, L.YA., Pvott,.G., d B,.A.(2003). Dtuted ode of od te eoc dgeto effect of ecte eccuto d H dutet, Boeouce Tecoog, 8(), 66. Wet, J.C., Zc, J.L., oe, F... (976). EQL: coute og fo te ccuto of cec equu cooto of queou te. Tecc ote 8, Detet of Cv Egeeg, cuett ttute of Tecoog, Cdge, A. Wte, J., Roo, J., d Re, Q. (2004). odeg te ocec degdto of od te df, Wte geet, 24, Youg, A. (989) tetc odeg of df degdto, Jou of Cec Tecoog d Botecoog, 46, Ye, G.T. d Tt, V.. (99). A ode fo utg tot of ectve utece cooet: ode deveoet d deotto, Wte Reouce Reec, 27(2), Ye, G.T.,, G., Zc, J.., ecod, J.E. (998). Deveoet d vefcto of ed cec etc d equu ode, Advce Evoet Reec, 2(),

71 CHAPTER 4: ODELG CROBOLOGCAL AD CHECAL PROCEE UCPAL OLD WATE BOREACTOR, PART : APPLCATO OF UERCAL ODEL BOEOD-3P Atct Bodegdto oce odeg of uc od te (W) oecto df eque te oedge of vou oce ecto d coeodg etc ete. ectc ode ve to dte e e to ute odegdto ocee t te e of e-defed ece d ecto. oe of tee ode code te effect of ctc ete uc otue cotet, H, d teetue. Bo cocetto vt ete fo o got ode d ofte ot coed t fed d oto eut. A oe coe odegdto ode cude ge ue of cec d cooogc ece. ceg te ue of ece d ue defed oce ecto te uto eque out uec too. A geeed cooogc d cec ode, BOEOD-3P, deveoed to ute odegdto ocee tee-e (Gde et. 2009). T e eet te cto of t ode to ute otoce W oecto ude eoc codto. BOEOD-3P e to coe ute te eeet dt. Te eut fo t tud e cto of t ode to fu-ce df oeto. 58

72 4. toducto uc od te (W) odegdto odeg ed t edctg ete geeto d te tto df oecto. Te deveoet d dvceet W odegdto ocee odeg ee deced Gde et. (2009). ectc ode ve to dte e e to ute odegdto ocee t te e of e-defed ece d ecto. oe of tee ode code te effect of ctc ete e otue cotet, H, d teetue. Bo cocetto vt ete fo o got ode d ofte ot coed t fed d oto eut. Te eoc coog coot c cooed of eve dffeet ece vg vg degee of c d cec etvte e ofte ued togete. ceg te ue of ece d ecto fo uto eque out uec too t vt of eoug fed d eeet dt fo cto. ode to ute te fte of eootc ogc cooud d et o te df evoet, oe cec d cooogc ecto e eeded. Tee ecto oud vove ece tee W e d ddto oce ecto. ode to ccoodte tee vt equeet geeed uec ode (BOEOD-3P) fo uto of od te odegdto oce eeted Gde et. (2009). T e eet te cto of BOEOD-3P ug eeet dt. Te odegdto of od te oto-ce oecto coco vetgted B et. (989). To dte t oe of te ot coeeve oto-ce tude of odegdto of od te ude eoc codto. Dt fo t eeet tud ee ued fo ode cto d eeted foog ecto. 59