Research Article Another Aspect of Triangle Inequality

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1 International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Mathematical Analysis Volume 2011, Article ID , 5 pages doi: /2011/ Research Article Another Aspect of Triangle Inequality Kichi-Suke Saito, 1 Runling An, 2 Hiroyasu Mizuguchi, 3 and Ken-Ichi Mitani 4 1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata , Japan 2 Department of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan , China 3 Department of Mathematics and Information Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata , Japan 4 Department of Systems Engineering, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Okayama , Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Kichi-Suke Saito, saito@math.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp Received 18 February 2011; Accepted 14 March 2011 Academic Editors: Y. Dai and B. Djafari-Rouhani Copyright q 2011 Kichi-Suke Saito et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We introduce the notion of ψ-norm by considering the fact that an absolute normalized norm on C 2 corresponds to a continuous convex function ψ on the unit interval 0, 1 with some conditions. This is a generalization of the notion of q-norm introduced by Belbachir et al Then we show that a ψ-norm is a norm in the usual sense. 1. Introduction The triangle inequality is one of the most fundamental inequalities in analysis and has been studied by several authors. For example, Kato et al. in 1 showed a sharpened triangle inequality and its reverse one with n elements in a Banach space see also 2 4. Herewe consider another aspect of the classical triangle inequality x y x y. For a Hilbert space H, we recall the parallelogram law x y 2 x y 2 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x, y H ). 1.1 This implies that the parallelogram inequality ( x y 2 2 x 2 ) y 2 ( ) x, y H 1.2

2 2 ISRN Mathematical Analysis holds. Saitoh in 5 noted the inequality 1.2 may be more suitable than the classical triangle inequality and used the inequality 1.2 to the setting of a natural sum Hilbert space for two arbitrary Hilbert spaces. Motivated by this, Belbachir et al. 6 introduced the notion of q- norm 1 q< in a vector space X over K R or C, where the definition of q-norm is a mapping from X into R {a R : a 0} satisfying the following conditions: i x 0 x 0, ii αx α x x X, α K, iii x y q 2 q 1 x q y q x, y X. We easily show that every norm is a q-norm. Conversely, they proved that for all q with 1 q<, every q-norm is a norm in the usual sense. In this paper, we generalize the notion of q-norm, that is, we introduce the notion of ψ-norm by considering the fact that an absolute normalized norm on R 2 corresponds to a continuous convex function ψ on the unit interval 0, 1 with some conditions cf. 7. We show that a ψ-norm is a norm in the usual sense. We recall some properties of absolute normalized norms on C 2. A norm on C 2 is called absolute if x, y x, y for all x, y C 2 and normalized if 1, 0 0, 1 1. The l p -norms p are such examples: x, y p ( x p y p) 1/p if 1 p<, max { x, y } if p. 1.3 Let AN 2 be the family of all absolute normalized norms on C 2. It is well known that the set AN 2 is a one-to-one correspondence with the set Ψ 2 of all continuous convex functions ψ on the unit interval 0, 1 satisfying max{1 t, t} ψt 1fort with 0 t 1 see 7, 8. The correspondence is given by the equation ψt 1 t, t ψ. Indeed, for all ψ in Ψ 2, we define the norm ψ as x, y ψ ( ( ) y ) x y ψ x y if ( x, y ) / 0, 0, 0 if ( x, y ) 0, Then ψ AN 2 and satisfies ψt 1 t, t ψ. The functions which correspond to the l p -norms p on C 2 are ψ p t {1 t p t p } 1/p if 1 p< and ψ t max{1 t, t} if p. 2. ψ-norm Definition 2.1. Let X be a vector space and ψ Ψ 2. Then a mapping : X R is called ψ-norm on X if it satisfies the following conditions: i x 0 x 0, ii αx α x x X, α K, iii x y 1/min 0 t 1 ψt x, y ψ x, y X.

3 ISRN Mathematical Analysis 3 Note that for all q with 1 q<, anyψ q -norm is just a q-norm. Indeed, since the function ψ q takes the minimum at t 1/2 and ( ) 1 ψ q 2 (( ) 1 q 2 the condition iii of Definition 2.1 implies x y ( ) 1 q ) 1/q 2 1/q 1, x, y ψ q 1/2 ψq 2 1 1/q( x q y q ) 1/q. 2.2 Thus we have x y q 2 q 1 x q y q and so becomes a q-norm. If ψ ψ 1, then the condition iii of Definition 2.1 is just a triangle inequality. Thus we suppose that ψ / ψ 1. Proposition 2.2. Let X be a vector space and ψ Ψ 2 with ψ / ψ 1. Then every norm on X in the usual sense is a ψ-norm. To do this, we need the following lemma given in 7. Lemma 2.3 see 7. Let ψ, ϕ Ψ 2 and ϕ ψ. Put ϕt M max 0 t 1 ψt. 2.3 Then ψ ϕ M ψ. 2.4 Proof of Proposition 2.2. Let be a norm on X and x, y X. Since ψ ψ 1, we have by Lemma 2.3, ( ) x y x y x, y 1 1 max ( x, ) y ψ 0 t 1 ψt 1 ( x, ) y ψ. min 0 t 1 ψt 2.5 Thus is a ψ-norm on X. We will show that every ψ-norm is a norm in the usual sense. To do this, we need the following lemma given in 6. Lemma 2.4 see 6. Let X be a vector space. Let : X R be a mapping satisfying the conditions (i) and (ii) in Definition 2.1.Then is a norm if and only if the set B X {x X : x 1} is convex.

4 4 ISRN Mathematical Analysis Proof. Suppose that B X is convex. For every x, y X such that x / 0,y/ 0, we have x x y y x y x x x y y x x y y y This completes the proof. Since every ψ 1 -norm is just a usual norm, we suppose that ψ Ψ 2 with ψ / ψ 1.Putt 0 with 0 <t 0 < 1 such that min 0 t 1 ψt ψt 0. Then we have the following lemma. Lemma 2.5. Let be a ψ-norm on X. Then, for every x, y B X we have 1 t 0 x t 0 y B X. Proof. Let x, y B X. We may assume that x / y and x, y / 0. From the definition of a ψ-norm and Lemma 1 in 8, we have 1 t0 x t 0 y 1 ( ) 1 t 0 x,t 0 y ψ ψt 0 1 ψt 0 1 t 0,t 0 ψ 1, 2.7 which implies 1 t 0 x t 0 y B X. Here we define the set A n for all n 1, 2,...,by A 0 {0, 1}, A n {1 t 0 a t 0 b : a, b A n 1 } n 1, 2, Put A n0 A n. It is clear that A 0, 1. We also define a function f by fx, y, t 1 txty for all x, y B X and all t 0, 1. Lemma 2.6. For every x, y B X, we have fx, y, t B X for all t A. Proof. Let x, y B X. It is clear that fx, y, t B X for all t A 0. We suppose that fx, y, t B X for all t A n 1. Then, for all t A n, there exist a, b A n 1 such that t 1 t 0 a t 0 b. Hence f ( x, y, t ) 1 tx ty 1 1 t 0 a t 0 bx 1 t 0 a t 0 by 1 t 0 ( 1 ax ay ) ( ) t 0 1 bx by t 0 f ( x, y, a ) t 0 f ( x, y, b ). Since fx, y, a and fx, y, b are in B X, we have from Lemma 2.5, fx, y, t B X for all t A n. Thus fx, y, t B X for all t A. Theorem 2.7. Let X be a vector space and ψ Ψ 2 with ψ / ψ 1. Then every ψ-norm on X is a norm in the usual sense.

5 ISRN Mathematical Analysis 5 Proof. Let x, y B X and λ with 0 <λ<1. Let z 1 λx λy. Take a strictly decreasing sequence {r n } in A such that r n λ. For each n, we define β n 1 r n /1 λ. Then 0 <β n < 1 and β n 1. Since 0 <λβ n /r n < 1, we have λβ n /r n y B X.ByLemma 2.6, β n z 1 λβ n x λβ n y 1 r n x r n λβ n r n y ( f x, λβ ) n y, r n B X. r n 2.10 Since β n z β n z 1, we get z B X.ThusB X is convex. By Lemma 2.4, becomes a norm. This completes the proof. Acknowledgments Kichi-Suke Saito was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research No , Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Runling An was supported by Program for Top Young Academic Leaders of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi TYAL and a grant from National Foundation of China No References 1 M. Kato, K.-S. Saito, and T. Tamura, Sharp triangle inequality and its reverse in Banach spaces, Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 10, no. 2, pp , M. Fujii, M. Kato, K.-S. Saito, and T. Tamura, Sharp mean triangle inequality, Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 13, no. 4, pp , K.-I. Mitani, K.-S. Saito, M. Kato, and T. Tamura, On sharp triangle inequalities in Banach spaces, Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 336, no. 2, pp , K.-I. Mitani and K.-S. Saito, On sharp triangle inequalities in Banach spaces II, Inequalities and Applications, vol. 2010, Article ID , 17 pages, S. Saitoh, Generalizations of the triangle inequality, Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 4, no. 3, article 62, pp. 1 5, H. Belbachir, M. Mirzavaziri, and M. S. Moslehian, q-norms are really norms, The Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 3, no. 1, article 2, pp. 1 3, K.-S. Saito, M. Kato, and Y. Takahashi, Von Neumann-Jordan constant of absolute normalized norms on C 2, Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 244, no. 2, pp , Y. Takahashi, M. Kato, and K.-S. Saito, Strict convexity of absolute norms on C 2 and direct sums of Banach spaces, Inequalities and Applications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp , 2002.

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