Ocean Modeling II. Parameterized Physics. Peter Gent. Oceanography Section NCAR
|
|
- Arlene Ross
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ocean Modeling II Parameterized Physics Peter Gent Oceanography Section NCAR
2 Ocean Modelling Challenges LO-RES (3 o ) O(100+ years/day) WORKHORSE (1 o ) O( years/day) HI-RES (0.1 o ) O(1 year/day) Circumference of Earth ~4x10 5 km Horizontal
3 MODEL EQUATIONS 3-D primitive equations in spherical polar coordinates with vertical z-coordinate for a thin, stratified fluid using hydrostatic & Boussinesq approximations. Continuity equation: Hydrostatic equation: Equation of state: Tracer transport : L(1) = 0 (2.8) p z = ρg (2.9) ρ = ρ(θ,s,p) ρ(θ,s,z) (2.10) t ϕ + L(ϕ) =D H(ϕ)+D V (ϕ) (2.11) D H (ϕ) =A H 2 ϕ (2.12) The common parameterization hypothesis about turbulent processes is that they mix material properties, hence the most common operator form is eddy diffusion (e.g. by spatial Laplacians) with an eddy diffusivity as the free parameter. McWilliams, 1998, Oceanic General Circulation Models, Ocean Modelling and Parameterization, NATO Science Series. D V (ϕ) = z κ ϕ, (2.13) z
4 PARAMETERIZATIONS IN CESM2 POP2 Vertical mixing (momentum and tracers) - surface boundary layer - interior Horizontal viscosity (momentum) Lateral mixing: mesoscale eddies (tracers) Overflows Submesoscale eddies (tracers) Estuary box model parameterization Solar absorption
5 VERTICAL MIXING SCHEME: K-PROFILE PARAMETERIZATION (KPP) OCEANIC VERTICAL MIXING: A REVIEW AND A MODEL WITH A NONLOCAL BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERIZATION W. G. Large J. C. McWilliams S. C. Doney National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado 1994 Copyright 1994 by the American Geophysical Union /94/94 RG Reviews of Geophysics, 32, 4 / November 1994 pages Paper number 94RG01872 Unresolved turbulent vertical mixing due to small-scale overturning motions parameterized as a vertical diffusion. Guided by study and observations of atmospheric boundary layer parameterize t X = z w X w X = K x z X where K x represents an eddy diffusivity or eddy viscosity and X = { active/passive scalars or momentum }
6 VERTICAL MIXING SCHEME: K-PROFILE PARAMETERIZATION (KPP) KPP is not just a vertical diffusion scheme because the scalars (Temp and Salinity) have non-local or countergradient terms γ x w X = K x ( z X - γ x ) KPP involves three high-level steps: 1. Determination of the boundary layer (BL) depth: d 2. Calculation of interior diffusivities: υ x 3. Evaluation of boundary layer (BL) diffusivities: K x Diffusivity throughout the boundary layer depends on the surface forcing, the boundary layer depth, and the interior diffusivity. KPP produces quite large diffusivities below the boundary layer, which mixes temp and salinity quite deep in times of very strong surface wind stress, such as strong midlatitude atmosphere storms.
7 VERTICAL MIXING SCHEME: K-PROFILE PARAMETERIZATION (KPP) 1. BL depth d is minimum depth where the bulk Richardson # (Ri b ) referenced to the surface equals a critical Richardson # (Ri cr =0.3). Ri b (d) = [ B r B(d) ]d V r V(d) 2 + V 2 t (d) B r : near-surface reference buoyancy V r : near-surface reference horizontal velocity Stabilizing buoyancy difference Destabilizing velocity shear unresolved shear V t (d) : velocity scale of (unresolved) turbulent shear at depth d Ri measures the stability of stratified shear flow. Boundary layer eddies with mean velocity V r and buoyancy B r should be able to penetrate to the boundary layer depth, d, where they first become stable relative to the local buoyancy and velocity.
8 VERTICAL MIXING SCHEME: K-PROFILE PARAMETERIZATION (KPP) 2. Calculation of interior diffusivities υ x (d) = υ x s (d) +υ x w (d) +υ x d (d) +υ x c (d) +υ x t (d) υ x : interior diffusivity at depth d (below the boundary layer) υ xs : (unresolved) shear instability υ xw : internal wave breaking υ xd : double diffusion υ xc : local static instability (convection) υ xt : tidal mixing Superposition of processes sets interior vertical diffusivity, υ x, below the surface boundary layer.
9 VERTICAL MIXING SCHEME: K-PROFILE PARAMETERIZATION (KPP) Verification example at Ocean Weather Station Papa (50 o N, 145 o W): Large et al (1994) o 1, o 1 o I 0 1 MAR AP b Mo i d,,i Figure 9. Time-depth sections of 4-day averages of observed temperatures in degrees Celsius (a) from ocean weather station (OWS) Papa during the ocean year March 15, 1961, to March 15, 1962 and (b) from the standard KPP simulation of OWS Papa.
10 JPO 2001 LAPLACIAN HORIZONTAL VISCOSITY Isotropic, spatially varying coefficient in Cartesian coordinates D(U) = (A U x ) x + (A U Y ) y D(V) = (A V x ) x + (A V Y ) y
11 ANISOTROPIC HORIZONTAL VISCOSITY t u +... = x ( A x u) + y ( B y u) t v +... = x ( B x v) + y ( A y v) Need the viscosity matrix to be symmetric in order to satisfy a number of constraints on the viscosity. Small B in u equation does not diffuse strong, but thin, equatorial currents, such as the equatorial undercurrent. Small B in v equation does not diffuse strong, but thin, western boundary currents, such as the Gulf Stream.
12 Mesoscale eddy mixing of tracers: Gent-McWilliams (GM) parameterization Lateral Mixing (Interior, Tracer Diffusion) 1990 Ocean Modelling 39 (2011) 2 9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 2011 Ocean Modelling journal homepage: The Gent McWilliams parameterization: 20/20 hindsight Peter R. Gent National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1 Boulder, CO, USA
13 Why is GM needed? Lateral Mixing Agulhas (Interior, Retroflection Tracer Diffusion) O(1 o ) models do not resolve the 1 st baroclinic deformation radius away from the equatorial regions, and hence lack the mesoscale turbulence which mixes temperature, salinity and passive tracers in the real ocean.
14
15 Why is GM needed? ISOPYCNAL (ρ=constant) DEPTH Isopycnal slopes are small O(10-3 ) at most Ocean Observations suggest mixing along isopycnals is ~10 7 times larger than across isopycnals. Early ocean models parameterized the stirring effects of (unresolved) mesoscale eddies by Laplacian horizontal diffusion with K H = O(10 3 m 2 /s), whereas the vertical mixing coefficient K v = O(10-4 m 2 /s). Horizontal mixing results in excessive diapycnal mixing, which degrades the ocean solution: e.g. Veronis (1975) showed that it produces spurious upwelling in western boundary current regions which short circuits the N. Atlantic MOC. Thus, was a recognized need to orient tracer diffusion in z-coordinate models along isopycnal surfaces, to be consistent with observed ocean mixing rates.
16 The GM Parameterization T u u T Ñ 2 + ( + *). Ñ = k T t r w* = -Ñ.( kñr / r ), Ñ. u* = z 0. GM (1990) proposed an eddy-induced velocity u* in addition to diffusion along isopycnal surfaces.
17 GM impacts Gent et al. (JPO, 1995): Eddy-induced velocity (v*,w*) acts to flatten isopycnals and minimize potential energy. Temperature Temperature warm Density dense light cold time Salinity Salinity salty fresh
18 Southern Hemisphere zonal wind jet Baroclinic instability produces ACC eddies that try to flatten the isopycnals and produce a MOC that opposes the mean flow MOC.
19 Southern Hemisphere zonal wind jet Mean MOC Eddy MOC Baroclinic instability produces ACC eddies that try to flatten the isopycnals and produce a MOC that opposes the mean flow MOC.
20 4 P.R. Gent / Ocean Modelling 39 (2011) 2 9 (1982) ob published most exac Impacts of GM to us. In accelerati was appli fined as t (a) Horizontal Diffusion, MOC (u) they prov actly bala was stead (b) GM, MOC (u) for ocean duced ove the mean (c) GM, MOC (u+u*) the non-a sure grad Therefore 4 o x 3 o x 20L ocean model pressure d basins, th small, eve Danabasoglu et al. (1994, Science) strong ba or the Ag zonally-av the ACC, w It is cl water from often pro was stabi The result and mode horizonta out the so high latit transport percentag shown in to just t Norwegia water for complete of my care 4 3 m
21 P.R. Gent / Ocean Modelling 39 (2011) Impacts of GM Deep Water Formation (a) Horizontal Diffusion (b) GM In (b), deep water is formed only in the Greenland/ Iceland/Norwegian Sea, the Labrador Sea, the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea. 4 o x 3 o x 20L ocean model Danabasoglu et al. (1994, Science)
22 GM: the near-surface eddy flux GM90 is valid only in the nearly adiabatic ocean interior. Therefore, it needs to be modified near the surface as the isopycnals are nearly vertical in the mixed layer. Eddy-induced Diffusivities velocity profile diabatic Horizontal Horizontal/Isopycnal adiabatic Isopycnal FIG. 2. A conceptual model of eddy fluxes in the upper ocean. Mesoscale eddy fluxes (blue arrows) act to both move isopycnal surfaces and stir materials along them in the oceanic interior, but the fluxes become parallel to the boundary and cross density surfaces within the BL. Microscale turbulent fluxes (red arrows) mix materials across isopycnal surfaces, weakly in the interior and strongly near the boundary. The interior and the BL regions are connected through a transition layer where the mesoscale fluxes rotate toward the boundary-parallel direction and develop a diabatic component. The near-surface eddy flux scheme replaces the early approach of just tapering the GM coefficient to zero at the ocean surface. Ferrari et al. (2008, J. Climate)
23 GM summary Mimics effects of unresolved mesoscale eddies as the sum of - diffusive mixing of tracers along isopycnals (Redi 1982), - an additional advection of tracers by the eddy-induced velocity u* Scheme is adiabatic and therefore valid for the ocean interior. Acts to flatten isopycnals, thereby reducing potential energy. Eliminates any need for horizontal diffusion in z-coordinate OGCMs è eliminates Veronis effect. Implementation of GM in ocean component was a major factor enabling stable coupled climate model simulations without flux adjustments.
24 Limerick 2004 There There once was an ocean model called POP, Which occasionally used to flop, But eddy advection, and much less convection, Turned it into the cream of the crop.
25 Limerick 2000 There once was an ocean model called MOM, Which occasionally used to bomb, But eddy advection, and much less convection, Turned it into a stable NCOM.
26 GRAVITY CURRENT OVERFLOWS GREENLAND Denmark Strait ICELAND Faroe-Bank Channel SCOTLAND Latitude From Jim Price Woods Hole
27 GRAVITY CURRENT OVERFLOW PARAMETERIZATION surface Inflow : M i Interior : ρ i T i S i d s Sill Depth h e Outflow: M S W s Width Entrainment ρ E T E S E M E Shelf Break Slope, α Source : ρ S T S S S X ssb M P = M S + M E Product ρ p T p S p TRACER CONSERVATION Reduced Gravities : g s ' =(g/ρ o ) (ρ s - ρ i ) g e ' =(g/ρ o ) (ρ s - ρ e ) Based on Price & Yang (1998); described in Briegleb et al. (2010, NCAR Tech. Note) and Danabasoglu et al. (2010, JGR)
28 OVERFLOW PARAMERERIZATION MODEL SCHEMATIC Danabasoglu et al. (2010, JGR) Figure 1. A schematic of the Nordic Sea overflows. T, S, r, and M represent potential temperature, salinity, density, and volume transport, respectively. The subscripts s, i, e, and p refer to properties of the overflow source water at the sill depth, the interior water at the sill depth, the entrainment water, and the product water, respectively. The thick, short arrows indicate flow directions. The sill depth lies within the green box of raised bottom topography. The other boxes (except the orange product box) represent the regions whose T and S are used to compute the necessary densities. All parameters shown in black are constants specified for a particular overflow (Table 1). See section 2 for further details.
29 BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY OF x1 o OCEAN COMPONENT Danabasoglu et al. (2010, JGR)
30 ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION (AMOC) OCN OCN* CCSM CCSM* Danabasoglu et al. (2010, JGR) in Sv
31 TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY DIFFERENCES FROM OBSERVATIONS AT 2649-m DEPTH OCN OCN* mean= 0.45 o C rms= 0.50 o C mean= o C rms= 0.13 o C o C OCN OCN* mean= 0.02 psu rms= 0.03 psu mean= psu rms= 0.03 psu psu
OCEAN MODELING II. Parameterizations
OCEAN MODELING II Parameterizations Gokhan Danabasoglu Oceanography Section Climate and Global Dynamics Division National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation
More informationCapabilities of Ocean Mixed Layer Models
Capabilities of Ocean Mixed Layer Models W.G. Large National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Co, USA 1. Introduction The capabilities expected in today s state of the art models of the ocean s
More informationThe problem Mixing in isopycnal coordinates Summary Discussion questions References. buoyancy fluxes
The Gent-McWilliams parameterization of eddy buoyancy fluxes (as told by Cesar) slides at tinyurl.com/potheory-gm Gent & McWilliams, JPO, 1990 Griffies, JPO, 1998 (The most cited JPO paper ) Climate models
More informationCommunity Ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) Parameterizations
Community Ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) Parameterizations M. Levy 1, G. Danabasoglu 1, S. Griffies 2, T. Ringler 3, A. Adcroft 2, R. Hallberg 2, D. Jacobsen 3, and W. Large 1 1 National Center for Atmospheric
More informationCommunity Ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) Parameterizations
Community Ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) Parameterizations M. Levy 1, G. Danabasoglu 1, S. Griffies 2, T. Ringler 3, A. Adcroft 2, R. Hallberg 2, and D. Jacobsen 3 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research
More informationPart 2: Survey of parameterizations
Part 2: Survey of parameterizations Vertical (diapycnal) mixing Bottom boundary layers and topographic effects Lateral (isopycnal) mixing Eddy induced velocities and other dynamical effects of eddies MERSEA
More informationEddy-mixed layer interactions in the ocean
Eddy-mixed layer interactions in the ocean Raffaele Ferrari 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Numerical models have become essential tools in the study and prediction of
More informationHYCOM Overview. By George Halliwell, 13 February 2002
HYCOM Overview By George Halliwell, 13 February 2002 General Remarks The HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM; (Halliwell et al., 1998; 2000; Bleck, 2001) is a primitive equation ocean general circulation
More informationDynamics of Downwelling in an Eddy-Resolving Convective Basin
OCTOBER 2010 S P A L L 2341 Dynamics of Downwelling in an Eddy-Resolving Convective Basin MICHAEL A. SPALL Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Manuscript received 11 March
More informationSENSITIVITY OF AN OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL TO A PARAMETERIZATION OF NEAR-SURFACE EDDY FLUXES. Gokhan Danabasoglu
SENSITIVITY OF AN OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL TO A PARAMETERIZATION OF NEAR-SURFACE EDDY FLUXES Gokhan Danabasoglu National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO Raffaele Ferrari Massachusetts
More informationUpper Ocean Circulation
Upper Ocean Circulation C. Chen General Physical Oceanography MAR 555 School for Marine Sciences and Technology Umass-Dartmouth 1 MAR555 Lecture 4: The Upper Oceanic Circulation The Oceanic Circulation
More informationThe Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Alex Megann, Southampton Oceanography Centre
The Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Alex Megann, Southampton Oceanography Centre The Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Background: Level versus Isopycnic Coordinates The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate
More informationAnisotropic Gent McWilliams Parameterization for Ocean Models
NOVEMBER 2004 SMITH AND GENT 2541 Anisotropic Gent McWilliams Parameterization for Ocean Models RICHARD D. SMITH Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico PETER R. GENT
More informationSMS 303: Integrative Marine
SMS 303: Integrative Marine Sciences III Instructor: E. Boss, TA: A. Palacz emmanuel.boss@maine.edu, 581-4378 5 weeks & topics: diffusion, mixing, tides, Coriolis, and waves. Pre-class quiz. Mixing: What
More informationFully-Coupled and Forced Ocean Sea-Ice Simulations Towards CESM2 (since mini-breck) Defining the Ocean Component of CESM2
Fully-Coupled and Forced Ocean Sea-Ice Simulations Towards CESM2 (since mini-breck) Defining the Ocean Component of CESM2 OMWG PLAN FOR DEFINING THE CESM2 OCEAN COMPONENT Timeline 01 March 2016 22 April
More informationThe NCAR Climate System Model Global Ocean Component*
JUNE 1998 GENT ET AL. 1287 The NCAR Climate System Model Global Ocean Component* PETER R. GENT, FRANK O. BRYAN, GOKHAN DANABASOGLU, SCOTT C. DONEY, WILLIAM R. HOLLAND, WILLIAM G. LARGE, AND JAMES C. MCWILLIAMS
More informationMERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION: SOME BASICS AND ITS MULTI-DECADAL VARIABILITY
MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION: SOME BASICS AND ITS MULTI-DECADAL VARIABILITY Gokhan Danabasoglu National Center for Atmospheric Research OUTLINE: - Describe thermohaline and meridional overturning
More informationATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS Fundamentals and Large-scale Circulation G E O F F R E Y K. V A L L I S Princeton University, New Jersey CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS An asterisk indicates more advanced
More informationUnderstanding and modeling dense overflows. Sonya Legg Princeton University AOMIP/FAMOS school for young scientists 2012
Understanding and modeling dense overflows Sonya Legg Princeton University AOMIP/FAMOS school for young scientists 2012 What is an overflow? Dense water formation on shelf or marginal sea Dense water accelerates
More informationJacob Schewe Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Ocean circulation under climate change: Examples of qualitative changes
Jacob Schewe Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Ocean circulation under climate change: Examples of qualitative changes Acknowledgments Anders Levermann Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact
More informationOverflow representation using K- profile and Turner parameterization in HYCOM
Overflow representation using K- profile and Turner parameterization in HYCOM Xiaobiao Xu, Eric P. Chassignet, Tamay M. Özgömen, Yeon Chang, Hartmut Peters Thans to: Alan Wallcraft, George Halliwell, Zulema
More informationEddy-resolving Simulation of the World Ocean Circulation by using MOM3-based OGCM Code (OFES) Optimized for the Earth Simulator
Chapter 1 Atmospheric and Oceanic Simulation Eddy-resolving Simulation of the World Ocean Circulation by using MOM3-based OGCM Code (OFES) Optimized for the Earth Simulator Group Representative Hideharu
More informationSIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, PM Name:
SIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, 2008 3-6 PM Name: This is a closed book exam. You may use a calculator. There are two parts: Talley (weighted
More informationLecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature
Lecture 6 Lecture 1 Ocean circulation Forcing and large-scale features Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature 1 Atmosphere and ocean heat transport Trenberth and Caron (2001) False-colour satellite
More informationHeat Uptake and the Thermohaline Circulation in the Community Climate System Model, Version 2
4058 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE VOLUME 17 Heat Uptake and the Thermohaline Circulation in the Community Climate System Model, Version 2 PETER R. GENT AND GOKHAN DANABASOGLU National Center for Atmospheric Research,*
More informationModeling and Parameterizing Mixed Layer Eddies
Modeling and Parameterizing Mixed Layer Eddies Baylor Fox-Kemper (MIT) with Raffaele Ferrari (MIT), Robert Hallberg (GFDL) Los Alamos National Laboratory Wednesday 3/8/06 Mixed Layer Eddies Part I: Baroclinic
More informationAtmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.003 Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Problem
More informationLecture 1. Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions. Pressure gradient + force force
Lecture 3 Lecture 1 Basic dynamics Equations of motion - Newton s second law in three dimensions Acceleration = Pressure Coriolis + gravity + friction gradient + force force This set of equations is the
More informationTransformed Eulerian Mean
Chapter 15 Transformed Eulerian Mean In the last few lectures we introduced some fundamental ideas on 1) the properties of turbulent flows in rotating stratified environments, like the ocean and the atmosphere,
More informationQuarter degree resolution ocean component of the Norwegian Earth System Model
Quarter degree resolution ocean component of the Norwegian Earth System Model Mats Bentsen 1,2, Mehmet Ilicak 1,2, and Helge Drange 3,2 1 Uni, Uni Research Ltd 2 Bjerknes Centre for Research 3 Geophysical
More informationOcean Modelling: An Introduction for Everybody
Ocean Modelling: An Introduction for Everybody Stephanie Waterman Climate Change Research Centre & ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science University of New South Wales [www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/perpetual-ocean.html]
More informationpsio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key
NAME: psio 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Answer key Closed book; one sheet of your own notes is allowed. A calculator is allowed. (100
More informationSubmesoscale Routes to Lateral Mixing in the Ocean
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Submesoscale Routes to Lateral Mixing in the Ocean Amit Tandon Physics Department, UMass Dartmouth 285 Old Westport Rd
More informationThermohaline and wind-driven circulation
Thermohaline and wind-driven circulation Annalisa Bracco Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences NCAR ASP Colloquium: Carbon climate connections in the Earth System Tracer
More informationSize matters: another reason why the Atlantic is saltier than the Pacific C.S. Jones and Paola Cessi
Size matters: another reason why the Atlantic is saltier than the Pacific C.S. Jones and Paola Cessi Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego Proposed reasons for Atlantic
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1189 Different magnitudes of projected subsurface ocean warming around Greenland and Antarctica Jianjun Yin 1*, Jonathan T. Overpeck 1, Stephen M. Griffies 2,
More informationBoundary Currents and Watermass Transformation in Marginal Seas*
MAY 04 SPALL 1197 Boundary Currents and Watermass Transformation in Marginal Seas* MICHAEL A. SPALL Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
More informationEffects of vertical variations of thickness diffusivity in an ocean general circulation model
Ocean Modelling 18 (2007) 122 141 www.elsevier.com/locate/ocemod Effects of vertical variations of thickness diffusivity in an ocean general circulation model Gokhan Danabasoglu a, *, John Marshall b a
More informationAntarctic Circumpolar Current:
Taking the Circumpolar out of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: The ACC and the OC University of Washington, Program on Climate Change 2016 Summer Institute @ Friday Harbor Marine Lab Andrew Thompson,
More informationClimate sensitivity of coupled models with differing ocean components
Climate sensitivity of coupled models with differing ocean components Alex Megann, Adam Blaker and Adrian New National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK LOM Workshop, Miami, February 2011 Overview Introduction
More informationOcean Modelling. Effects of different closures for thickness diffusivity. Carsten Eden a, *, Markus Jochum b, Gokhan Danabasoglu b.
Ocean Modelling 26 (29) 47 59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Modelling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocemod Effects of different closures for thickness diffusivity Carsten
More informationSIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes
NAME: SIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination November 3, 2014; 1 hour 20 minutes Closed book; one sheet of your own notes is allowed. A calculator is allowed. (100 total points.)
More informationTracer Based Ages, Transit Time Distributions, and Water Mass Composition: Observational and Computational Examples
Tracer Based Ages, Transit Time Distributions, and Water Mass Composition: Observational and Computational Examples Frank Bryan Climate and Global Dynamics Division National Center for Atmospheric Research
More informationBuoyancy-forced circulations in shallow marginal seas
Journal of Marine Research, 63, 729 752, 2005 Buoyancy-forced circulations in shallow marginal seas by Michael A. Spall 1 ABSTRACT The properties of water mass transformation and the thermohaline circulation
More informationThe relation of meridional pressure gradients to North Atlantic Deep Water volume transport in an Ocean General Circulation Model
The relation of meridional pressure gradients to North Atlantic Deep Water volume transport in an Ocean General Circulation Model Alexa Griesel 1 and Miguel Angel Morales Maqueda 2 1 Potsdam Institute
More informationLarge-Scale Circulation with Locally Enhanced Vertical Mixing*
712 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Large-Scale Circulation with Locally Enhanced Vertical Mixing* R. M. SAMELSON Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Manuscript received 15
More informationOCEAN MODELING. Joseph K. Ansong. (University of Ghana/Michigan)
OCEAN MODELING Joseph K. Ansong Email: jkansong@umich.edu (University of Ghana/Michigan) OUTLINE INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION EQUATIONS OF MOTION INTRODUCTION TO ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) EXAMPLES
More informationOceanic Dynamical and Material Equations and General Circulation Models
Oceanic Dynamical and Material Equations and General Circulation Models The ocean is a rotating, stratified, weakly compressible fluid with a functionally complex equation of state (EOS) for seawater.
More informationReconciling theories of a mechanically-driven meridional overturning circulation with thermohaline forcing and multiple equilibria
Reconciling theories of a mechanically-driven meridional overturning circulation with thermohaline forcing and multiple equilibria HELEN L. JOHNSON 1, DAVID P. MARSHALL 2 AND DAVID A. J. SPROSON 3 Department
More informationAbyssal Ocean Circulation. Raffaele Ferrari Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT Les Houches, August 2017
Abyssal Ocean Circulation Raffaele Ferrari Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT Les Houches, August 2017 Outline The deep ocean The deep circulation The sinking branch: deep convection The upwelling
More informationDiapycnal Mixing Deductions from the Large-Scale, Time-Mean, World Ocean Temperature-Salinity Distribution
Diapycnal Mixing Deductions from the Large-Scale, Time-Mean, World Ocean Temperature-Salinity Distribution O. Arzel and A. Colin de Verdière Laboratoire de Physique des Océans (LPO/UBO) March 6, 2015 Idealized
More informationMesoscale Variability in Denmark Strait: The PV Outflow Hypothesis*
1598 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 28 Mesoscale Variability in Denmark Strait: The PV Outflow Hypothesis* MICHAEL A. SPALL AND JAMES F. PRICE Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic
More informationMulti-decadal simulation of Atlantic Ocean climate variability driven by realistic high-frequency atmospheric reanalysis
Multi-decadal simulation of Atlantic Ocean climate variability driven by realistic high-frequency atmospheric reanalysis Z. Garraffo, G.Halliwell, L. Smith, G. Peng, E. Chassignet Discussions with B. Molinari,
More informationR. Hallberg, A. Adcroft, J. P. Dunne, J. P. Krasting and R. J. Stouffer NOAA/GFDL & Princeton University
Sensitivity of 21st Century Steric Sea Level Rise to Ocean Model Formulation R. Hallberg, A. Adcroft, J. P. Dunne, J. P. Krasting and R. J. Stouffer NOAA/GFDL & Princeton University Hallberg, R., A. Adcroft,
More information2/15/2012. Earth System Science II EES 717 Spring 2012
Earth System Science II EES 717 Spring 2012 1. The Earth Interior Mantle Convection & Plate Tectonics 2. The Atmosphere - Climate Models, Climate Change and Feedback Processes 3. The Oceans Circulation;
More informationCommunity Ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) Status Update
Community Ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) Status Update M. Levy 1,G.Danabasoglu 1, S. Griffies 2,T.Ringler 3, A. Adcroft 2, R. Hallberg 2,D.Jacobsen 3, and W. Large 1 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research
More informationRotating stratified turbulence in the Earth s atmosphere
Rotating stratified turbulence in the Earth s atmosphere Peter Haynes, Centre for Atmospheric Science, DAMTP, University of Cambridge. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Momentum transport in the atmosphere 3.
More informationNorth Atlantic circulation in three simulations of 1/12, 1/25, and 1/50
North Atlantic circulation in three simulations of 1/12, 1/2, and 1/ Xiaobiao Xu and Eric Chassignet Center for ocean-atmospheric prediction studies Florida State University Motivation Numerical models
More informationChapter 7: Thermodynamics
Chapter 7: Thermodynamics 7.1 Sea surface heat budget In Chapter 5, we have introduced the oceanic planetary boundary layer-the Ekman layer. The observed T and S in this layer are almost uniform vertically,
More informationDestruction of Potential Vorticity by Winds
DECEMBER 2005 THOMAS 2457 Destruction of Potential Vorticity by Winds LEIF N. THOMAS* School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Manuscript received 10 January 2005, in final
More informationATOC 5051 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. Lecture 19. Learning objectives: develop a physical understanding of ocean thermodynamic processes
ATOC 5051 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Lecture 19 Learning objectives: develop a physical understanding of ocean thermodynamic processes 1. Ocean surface heat fluxes; 2. Mixed layer temperature
More informationThe ocean's gravitational potential energy budget in a coupled climate model
The ocean's gravitational potential energy budget in a coupled climate model Article Published Version Butler, E. D., Oliver, K. I., Gregory, J. M. and Tailleux, R. (2013) The ocean's gravitational potential
More informationOcean Dynamics. The Great Wave off Kanagawa Hokusai
Ocean Dynamics The Great Wave off Kanagawa Hokusai LO: integrate relevant oceanographic processes with factors influencing survival and growth of fish larvae Physics Determining Ocean Dynamics 1. Conservation
More information3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation
3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation Copyright 2006 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without permission. EFS 3/1 Review of key results
More informationCoordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II)
Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II) Gokhan Danabasoglu, Stephen G. Yeager, William G. Large National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA Stephen M. Griffies NOAA
More informationThe impact of shelf-break currents on marginal sea overflows
The impact of shelf-break currents on marginal sea overflows Shin Kida ( 木田新一郎 ) JAMSTEC Thanks to Keiko Takahashi (JAMSTEC) Kiyoshi Tanaka (ORI) Past studies on Overflows Open Ocean Marginal Seas Entrainment
More informationLecture 8. Lecture 1. Wind-driven gyres. Ekman transport and Ekman pumping in a typical ocean basin. VEk
Lecture 8 Lecture 1 Wind-driven gyres Ekman transport and Ekman pumping in a typical ocean basin. VEk wek > 0 VEk wek < 0 VEk 1 8.1 Vorticity and circulation The vorticity of a parcel is a measure of its
More informationModeling of deep currents in the Japan/East Sea
Modeling of deep currents in the Japan/East Sea Olga Trusenkova V.I.Il ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS Vladivostok, Russia PICES 2014 Annual Meeting, 16-26 October 2014, Korea, Yeosu Deep
More informationOur Climate without Antarctica
Our Climate without Antarctica Cecilia Bitz, Hansi Singh, Dargan Frierson University of Washington Andrew Pauling, Inga Smith, & Pat Langhorne University of Otago Photo by John Weller Ice Shelf Cavity
More informationOcean Mixing and Climate Change
Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent
More informationThe Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)
The Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Alex Megann Southampton Oceanography Centre 1. Bacground: Level versus Isopycnic Coordinates Traditional ocean models, for example MOM, OPA or HadOM3, use constant
More informationWhat governs the location of the Southern Ocean deep winter mixing in CESM
NSF NCAR WYOMING SUPERCOMPUTER CENTER DOE SCIDAC FUNDED PROJECT What governs the location of the Southern Ocean deep winter mixing in CESM Justin Small Dan Whitt Alice DuVivier Matt Long Acknowledging:
More informationReduced models of large-scale ocean circulation
Reduced models of large-scale ocean circulation R. M. Samelson College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University rsamelson@coas.oregonstate.edu NCAR, 11 February 2010 Sea-surface Temperature
More informationThe impact of a downslope water-transport parameterization in a global ocean general circulation model
The impact of a downslope water-transport parameterization in a global ocean general circulation model Stephanie Legutke and Ernst Maier-Reimer Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Bundesstraße 55, D-20146
More informationClimate System Modeling Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
498 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 27 Effects of Subgrid-Scale Mixing Parameterizations on Simulated Distributions of Natural 14 C, Temperature, and Salinity in a Three-Dimensional Ocean General
More informationthat individual/local amplitudes of Ro can reach O(1).
Supplementary Figure. (a)-(b) As Figures c-d but for Rossby number Ro at the surface, defined as the relative vorticity ζ divided by the Coriolis frequency f. The equatorial band (os-on) is not shown due
More informationOn the Loss of Wind-Induced Near-Inertial Energy to Turbulent Mixing in the Upper Ocean
3040 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 39 On the Loss of Wind-Induced Near-Inertial Energy to Turbulent Mixing in the Upper Ocean XIAOMING ZHAI,* RICHARD J. GREATBATCH, AND
More informationInfluence of forced near-inertial motion on the kinetic energy of a nearly-geostrophic flow
Abstract Influence of forced near-inertial motion on the kinetic energy of a nearly-geostrophic flow Stephanne Taylor and David Straub McGill University stephanne.taylor@mail.mcgill.ca The effect of forced
More informationWhere Does Dense Water Sink? A Subpolar Gyre Example*
810 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Where Does Dense Water Sink? A Subpolar Gyre Example* MICHAEL A. SPALL AND ROBERT S. PICKART Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
More informationSusan Bates Ocean Model Working Group Science Liaison
Susan Bates Ocean Model Working Group Science Liaison Climate Simulation Laboratory (CSL) Accelerated Scientific Discovery (ASD) NCAR Strategic Capability (NSC) Climate Process Teams (CPTs) NSF Earth System
More informationThermohaline Circulation
OCEAN CIRCULATION / Thermohaline Circulation 1549 distinctly nonsteady character of the ocean circulation. Ocean currents are remarkably variable. Variability on much shorter time scales of weeks and months,
More informationReview of Lynne s last lecture: What makes the ocean move?
Review of Lynne s last lecture: What makes the ocean move? Force = mass acceleration F = m a a = dv / dt = rate of change in velocity acceleration = [Sum of Forces] / mass acceleration = [Sum of Forces]
More informationClimate impact on interannual variability of Weddell Sea Bottom Water
Climate impact on interannual variability of Weddell Sea Bottom Water Darren C. McKee, LDEO/CU Connecting the Tropics to the Polar Regions Mini-conference at LDEO 06/02/14 Outline Overview of Weddell
More informationEffects of tidally driven mixing on the general circulation in the ocean model MPIOM
Effects of tidally driven mixing on the general circulation in the ocean model MPIOM E. Exarchou a,b,, J.-S. von Storch b, J. Jungclaus b, a International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modeling,
More informationOcean dynamics: the wind-driven circulation
Ocean dynamics: the wind-driven circulation Weston Anderson March 13, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The wind driven circulation (Ekman Transport) 3 3 Sverdrup flow 5 4 Western boundary currents (western
More informationmeters, we can re-arrange this expression to give
Turbulence When the Reynolds number becomes sufficiently large, the non-linear term (u ) u in the momentum equation inevitably becomes comparable to other important terms and the flow becomes more complicated.
More informationOcean Chlorofluorocarbon and Heat Uptake during the Twentieth Century in the CCSM3
2366 J O U R N A L O F C L I M A T E VOLUME 19 Ocean Chlorofluorocarbon and Heat Uptake during the Twentieth Century in the CCSM3 PETER R. GENT, FRANK O. BRYAN, GOKHAN DANABASOGLU, AND KEITH LINDSAY National
More informationTracer transport and meridional overturn in the equatorial ocean
OFES workshops, February 2006 Tracer transport and meridional overturn in the equatorial ocean Akio Ishida with Yoshikazu Sasai, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Hideharu Sasaki, and the OFES members Chlorofluorocarbon
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO3053 1 2 Contribution of topographically-generated submesoscale turbulence to Southern Ocean overturning 3
More informationOcean Dynamics. Stability in the water column
Physical oceanography, MSCI 3001 Oceanographic Processes, MSCI 5004 Dr. Katrin Meissner k.meissner@unsw.edu.au Week 4 Ocean Dynamics Stability in the water column Gravity acts on vertical density gradients
More informationNOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE. Effect of Sea Surface Temperature Wind Stress Coupling on Baroclinic Instability in the Ocean
1092 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 37 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Effect of Sea Surface Temperature Wind Stress Coupling on Baroclinic Instability in the Ocean MICHAEL A.
More informationSIO 210 Final examination Wednesday, December 12, :30-2:30 Eckart 227 Name:
SIO 210 Final examination Wednesday, December 12, 2018 11:30-2:30 Eckart 227 Name: Please put your initials or name on each page, especially if you pull pages apart. Turn off all phones, ipods, etc. and
More informationEddy-Mixed Layer Interactions in the Ocean
Eddy-Mixed Layer Interactions in the Ocean The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation As Published Publisher Ferrari,
More informationEstimating Eddy Stresses by Fitting Dynamics to Observations Using a Residual-Mean Ocean Circulation Model and Its Adjoint
OCTOBER 2005 F E R R E I R A E T A L. 1891 Estimating Eddy Stresses by Fitting Dynamics to Observations Using a Residual-Mean Ocean Circulation Model and Its Adjoint DAVID FERREIRA, JOHN MARSHALL, AND
More informationMAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation
1 MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation Ocean Climate Temperature Zones The pattern of approximately parallel oceanic surface isotherms (lines of constant temperature)
More informationGoals of this Chapter
Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans Restoring Force Conservation of potential temperature in the presence of positive static stability internal gravity waves Conservation of potential vorticity in the presence
More information2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics
2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics Midlatitude Jet Stream Climatology (Atlantic and Pacific) Copyright 26 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without
More informationThe general circulation: midlatitude storms
The general circulation: midlatitude storms Motivation for this class Provide understanding basic motions of the atmosphere: Ability to diagnose individual weather systems, and predict how they will change
More informationOn the Circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean
2352 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 43 On the Circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean MICHAEL A. SPALL Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
More informationThe Location of Diapycnal Mixing and the Meridional Overturning Circulation
3578 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 32 The Location of Diapycnal Mixing and the Meridional Overturning Circulation JEFFERY R. SCOTT Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate, Massachusetts Institute
More information