The general circulation: midlatitude storms

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The general circulation: midlatitude storms"

Transcription

1 The general circulation: midlatitude storms

2 Motivation for this class Provide understanding basic motions of the atmosphere: Ability to diagnose individual weather systems, and predict how they will change Understand the importance of atmospheric flow, and the role of weather systems in maintaining global circulation and planetary energy budget 2

3 Geostrophic adjustment (1) 3

4 Geostrophic adjustment (2) 4

5 Geostrophic adjustment (3) 5

6 Inertia-gravity waves disturbance is heating with condensation/latent heating ETA model (test) 6

7 Geostrophic adjustment Large scale state tends to wards balance geostrophic flow Flow must satisfy conservation of PV the entire time (thus defining a path to the steady state) Specifically, PV conservation offers a constraint on the way a steady state is reached. Balance reached by emission of interia-gravity waves It can be shown that a third of potential energy liberated converted to potential energy (rest radiated away by waves) Flow adjusts to disturbance larger than Rossby radius (otherwise, disturbance adjusts to flow) Fluid away from the disturbance (x >> R ) does not feel the disturbance Important problem/issue for numerical simulations (prediction, initialization, generation of waves)

8 Rossby radius of deformation Length scale at which rotation effects are as important as buoyancy/gravity effects Ratio of speed of gravity waves to rotational frequency λ R = gh f Shallow fluid (i.e., barotropic) e.g., sqrt (9.8 * 7.6km)/10-4 = 2700 km! λ R = NH f Thermally stratified fluid (like real atmosphere) e.g., (1.3x10-2 x 7.6km)/10-4 ~ 1000 km! Two results can be reconciled by using reduced gravity (g ) to account for buoyancy force. i.e., atmosphere is not a free surface. Recall g ~ g(dr/r)

9 The general circulation (The zonally symmetric version)

10 down /surface high up /surface low down /surface high up /surface low down /surface high up / surface low down / surface high

11 Global energy budget Houghton, IPCC

12 Diabatic heating DJF JJA James,

13 Zonal wind and potential temperature DJF JJA James,

14 Mass flux streamfunction and Zonal wind DJF JJA James,

15 Hadley

16 Dove

17 Ferrel

18 The modern view

19

20 Eddy heat transport (v T ) DJF JJA James,

21 Eddy momentum transport (u v ) DJF JJA James,

22 Surface pressure and surface wind Wind always spiraling out from high, spiraling in to lows Direction different

23 In the tropics Warming near equator, cooling at higher latitudes (closer to poles) Leads to ascent along equator ( stretching when atmosphere is warmed) Outflow at high altitudes, with pressure gradient Sinking (in the subtropis) Inflow at low altitudes, with pressure gradient

24 Circulation cells (the Hadley cell) cooling heating cooling Convergence: Where the air comes together Divergence: Where the air spreads apart

25 The geostrophic paradox! As fluid at the top moves inwards to is deflected to the right, and generates a jet stream If the flow is EXACTLY geostrophic, no energy is transported. This is very much like the Hadley cell that Hadley was thinking about. Explains the easterlies and westerlies, but not the energy balance

26 What if we have more rotation? Stronger get via thermal wind balance

27 Ingreadients to make weather 1. Heating at poles, cooling at higher latitude 2. This causes pressure gradient to form 3. Pressure force balances Coriolis force (i.e., geostrophic) to make winds westerly (so no energy is moved poleward past the edge of the Hadley cell!) 4. Temperature continues to build in the tropics, making the pressure force stronger 5. Finally, this can not be balanced by the Coriolis force, and the pile of air collapses (just like a growing pile of homework on piling up on my desk) 6. Since this occurs when the pressure force is stronger than the Coriolis force, we see the spinning in the direction of the pressure force. 7. This is a cyclone! Which must have low pressure.

28 Storm tracks? Hadley cell moves heat ( temperature ) from equator to subtropics Then we know there is transport of energy as both sensible (temperature) and latent (water) heat from the subtropics to midlatitudes. This is in the region of the Ferrell cell (recall the Ferrell cell is the one that looks like it goes backwards ) This is done by storms a.k.a., mid-latitude weather systems a.k.a., cyclones a.k.a., low pressure systems a.k.a., baroclinic cyclones

29 winter Storm tracks spring summer i.e., location of cyclones fall products/precip/cwlink/stormtracks/strack.shtml

30 Storm strength (pressure depth) December-February December-February June-August June-August

31 Energy transport In the tropics, the overturning circulation moves heat from the equator to the subtropics Heat transport is by both temperature and water!

32 Baroclinic cyclogenesis

33 Summary Movement of energy from low latitude to high latitude includes both sensible heat (temperature) and latent heat (water) In the tropics, the Hadley cell moves temperature poleward In the midlatitudes, storms move both temperature and water poleward These storms occur because the temperature build up in the tropics eventually becomes unstable. When the instability occurs, storms are created The storms occur near the polar front As such, the mid-latitude storms are important for weather (sure enough), but also very important for global energy balance and climate

34

35 Semester summaries We now know: Basis for quantifying atmospheric (and ocean, and stellar) motion (Conservation of mass, energy and momentum) Can explain vertical distribution of temperature, pressure, density, and temperature Latter requires account of moisture and convective instability Explain relationship between surface pressure, winds for different latitude bands Explain existence of jets based on temperature gradients Balanced (non changing) flow: geostrophic, cyclostrophic Know why weather systems have characteristic scale ~ 1000 km Have a basis for storm development from instability (Also, established some foundational tools: linearization, perturbation analysis, concepts of stability/instability, existence of waves.)

36

37

The Planetary Circulation System

The Planetary Circulation System 12 The Planetary Circulation System Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. describe and account for the global patterns of pressure, wind patterns and ocean currents

More information

F = ma. ATS 150 Global Climate Change Winds and Weather. Scott Denning CSU CMMAP 1. Please read Chapter 6 from Archer Textbook

F = ma. ATS 150 Global Climate Change Winds and Weather. Scott Denning CSU CMMAP 1. Please read Chapter 6 from Archer Textbook Winds and Weather Please read Chapter 6 from Archer Textbook Circulation of the atmosphere and oceans are driven by energy imbalances Energy Imbalances What Makes the Wind Blow? Three real forces (gravity,

More information

Winds and Global Circulation

Winds and Global Circulation Winds and Global Circulation Atmospheric Pressure Winds Global Wind and Pressure Patterns Oceans and Ocean Currents El Nino How is Energy Transported to its escape zones? Both atmospheric and ocean transport

More information

General Atmospheric Circulation

General Atmospheric Circulation General Atmospheric Circulation Take away Concepts and Ideas Global circulation: The mean meridional (N-S) circulation Trade winds and westerlies The Jet Stream Earth s climate zones Monsoonal climate

More information

Introduction to Atmospheric Circulation

Introduction to Atmospheric Circulation Introduction to Atmospheric Circulation Start rotating table Cloud Fraction Dice Results from http://eos.atmos.washington.edu/erbe/ from http://eos.atmos.washington.edu/erbe/ from http://eos.atmos.washington.edu/erbe/

More information

CHAPTER 4. THE HADLEY CIRCULATION 59 smaller than that in midlatitudes. This is illustrated in Fig. 4.2 which shows the departures from zonal symmetry

CHAPTER 4. THE HADLEY CIRCULATION 59 smaller than that in midlatitudes. This is illustrated in Fig. 4.2 which shows the departures from zonal symmetry Chapter 4 THE HADLEY CIRCULATION The early work on the mean meridional circulation of the tropics was motivated by observations of the trade winds. Halley (1686) and Hadley (1735) concluded that the trade

More information

CHAPTER 2 - ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION & AIR/SEA INTERACTION

CHAPTER 2 - ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION & AIR/SEA INTERACTION Chapter 2 - pg. 1 CHAPTER 2 - ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION & AIR/SEA INTERACTION The atmosphere is driven by the variations of solar heating with latitude. The heat is transferred to the air by direct absorption

More information

Lecture 5: Atmospheric General Circulation and Climate

Lecture 5: Atmospheric General Circulation and Climate Lecture 5: Atmospheric General Circulation and Climate Geostrophic balance Zonal-mean circulation Transients and eddies Meridional energy transport Moist static energy Angular momentum balance Atmosphere

More information

Transient and Eddy. Transient/Eddy Flux. Flux Components. Lecture 3: Weather/Disturbance. Transient: deviations from time mean Time Mean

Transient and Eddy. Transient/Eddy Flux. Flux Components. Lecture 3: Weather/Disturbance. Transient: deviations from time mean Time Mean Lecture 3: Weather/Disturbance Transients and Eddies Climate Roles Mid-Latitude Cyclones Tropical Hurricanes Mid-Ocean Eddies Transient and Eddy Transient: deviations from time mean Time Mean Eddy: deviations

More information

General Circulation. Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

General Circulation. Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory General Circulation Nili Harnik DEES, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory nili@ldeo.columbia.edu Latitudinal Radiation Imbalance The annual mean, averaged around latitude circles, of the balance between the

More information

Transient/Eddy Flux. Transient and Eddy. Flux Components. Lecture 7: Disturbance (Outline) Why transients/eddies matter to zonal and time means?

Transient/Eddy Flux. Transient and Eddy. Flux Components. Lecture 7: Disturbance (Outline) Why transients/eddies matter to zonal and time means? Lecture 7: Disturbance (Outline) Transients and Eddies Climate Roles Mid-Latitude Cyclones Tropical Hurricanes Mid-Ocean Eddies (From Weather & Climate) Flux Components (1) (2) (3) Three components contribute

More information

2. Meridional atmospheric structure; heat and water transport. Recall that the most primitive equilibrium climate model can be written

2. Meridional atmospheric structure; heat and water transport. Recall that the most primitive equilibrium climate model can be written 2. Meridional atmospheric structure; heat and water transport The equator-to-pole temperature difference DT was stronger during the last glacial maximum, with polar temperatures down by at least twice

More information

ATMO 436a. The General Circulation. Redacted version from my NATS lectures because Wallace and Hobbs virtually ignores it

ATMO 436a. The General Circulation. Redacted version from my NATS lectures because Wallace and Hobbs virtually ignores it ATMO 436a The General Circulation Redacted version from my NATS lectures because Wallace and Hobbs virtually ignores it Scales of Atmospheric Motion vs. Lifespan The general circulation Atmospheric oscillations

More information

Hurricanes. April 14, 2009

Hurricanes. April 14, 2009 Tropical Weather & Hurricanes Chapter 15 April 14, 2009 Tropical meteorology Tropics characterized by seasonal wet and drier periods- wet when sun is nearly overhead at noon and inter-tropical convergence

More information

Chapter 10: Mid-latitude Cyclones Mid-Latitude Cyclones

Chapter 10: Mid-latitude Cyclones Mid-Latitude Cyclones Chapter 10: Mid-latitude Cyclones Mid-Latitude Cyclones Mid-latitude cyclones form along a boundary separating polar air from warmer air to the south. Life Cycle of Cyclone Cyclone Structures Steering

More information

Chapter 10: Mid-latitude Cyclones

Chapter 10: Mid-latitude Cyclones Chapter 10: Mid-latitude Cyclones Life Cycle of Cyclone Cyclone Structures Steering of Cyclone Mid-Latitude Cyclones Mid-latitude cyclones form along a boundary separating polar air from warmer air to

More information

DEAPS Activity 3 Weather systems and the general circulation of the atmosphere

DEAPS Activity 3 Weather systems and the general circulation of the atmosphere DEAPS Activity 3 Weather systems and the general circulation of the atmosphere Lodovica Illari 1 Introduction What is responsible for stormy weather? What causes relatively warm temperatures one day and

More information

Divergence, Spin, and Tilt. Convergence and Divergence. Midlatitude Cyclones. Large-Scale Setting

Divergence, Spin, and Tilt. Convergence and Divergence. Midlatitude Cyclones. Large-Scale Setting Midlatitude Cyclones Equator-to-pole temperature gradient tilts pressure surfaces and produces westerly jets in midlatitudes Waves in the jet induce divergence and convergence aloft, leading to surface

More information

Atmospheric Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric Circulation Introductory Oceanography Instructor: Ray Rector Atmospheric Circulation Key Topics Composition and Structure Solar Heating and Convection The Coriolis Effect Global Wind Patterns

More information

http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/composites.html Red curve: Incoming solar radiation Blue curve: Outgoing infrared radiation. Three-cell model of general circulation Mid-latitudes: 30 to 60 latitude MID-LATITUDES

More information

Wind: Global Systems Chapter 10

Wind: Global Systems Chapter 10 Wind: Global Systems Chapter 10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere General circulation of the atmosphere describes average wind patterns and is useful for understanding climate Over the earth, incoming

More information

4. Atmospheric transport. Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017

4. Atmospheric transport. Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017 4. Atmospheric transport Daniel J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University, Spring 2017 Forces in the atmosphere: Gravity g Pressure-gradient ap = ( 1/ ρ ) dp / dx for x-direction (also y, z directions)

More information

3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation

3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation 3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation Copyright 2006 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without permission. EFS 3/1 Review of key results

More information

The Circulation of the Atmosphere:

The Circulation of the Atmosphere: The Circulation of the Atmosphere: Laboratory Experiments (see next slide) Fluid held in an annular container is at rest and is subjected to a temperature gradient. The less dense fluid near the warm wall

More information

warmest (coldest) temperatures at summer heat dispersed upward by vertical motion Prof. Jin-Yi Yu ESS200A heated by solar radiation at the base

warmest (coldest) temperatures at summer heat dispersed upward by vertical motion Prof. Jin-Yi Yu ESS200A heated by solar radiation at the base Pole Eq Lecture 3: ATMOSPHERE (Outline) JS JP Hadley Cell Ferrel Cell Polar Cell (driven by eddies) L H L H Basic Structures and Dynamics General Circulation in the Troposphere General Circulation in the

More information

- tornadoes. Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book. Outline. -tropical storms. -Storm surge

- tornadoes. Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book. Outline. -tropical storms. -Storm surge (1 of 12) Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book Outline - tornadoes -tropical storms -Storm surge (2 of 12) Introduction Previously, We talked about fronts and their relationship to air masses Also

More information

The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A Numerical Experiment

The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A Numerical Experiment The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A Numerical Experiment Norman A. Phillips (1956) Presentation by Lukas Strebel and Fabian Thüring Goal of the Model Numerically predict the mean state of the

More information

Meteorology 311. General Circulation/Fronts Fall 2017

Meteorology 311. General Circulation/Fronts Fall 2017 Meteorology 311 General Circulation/Fronts Fall 2017 Precipitation Types Rain Snow growth of ice crystals through deposition, accretion, and aggregation. Freezing Rain Rain freezes when it hits the surface.

More information

Lecture 10a: The Hadley Cell

Lecture 10a: The Hadley Cell Lecture 10a: The Hadley Cell Geoff Vallis; notes by Jim Thomas and Geoff J. Stanley June 27 In this short lecture we take a look at the general circulation of the atmosphere, and in particular the Hadley

More information

Part-8c Circulation (Cont)

Part-8c Circulation (Cont) Part-8c Circulation (Cont) Global Circulation Means of Transfering Heat Easterlies /Westerlies Polar Front Planetary Waves Gravity Waves Mars Circulation Giant Planet Atmospheres Zones and Belts Global

More information

Lecture 12: Angular Momentum and the Hadley Circulation

Lecture 12: Angular Momentum and the Hadley Circulation Lecture 12: Angular Momentum and the Hadley Circulation September 30, 2003 We learnt last time that there is a planetary radiative drive net warming in the tropics, cooling over the pole which induces

More information

COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION

COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION DATE 4 JUNE 2014 LEADER CHRIS BRIERLEY Course Outline 1. Current climate 2. Changing climate 3. Future climate change 4. Consequences 5. Human

More information

Course Outline CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 1. Current climate. 2. Changing climate. 3. Future climate change

Course Outline CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 1. Current climate. 2. Changing climate. 3. Future climate change COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION DATE 4 JUNE 2014 LEADER CHRIS BRIERLEY Course Outline 1. Current climate 2. Changing climate 3. Future climate change 4. Consequences 5. Human

More information

EART164: PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

EART164: PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES EART164: PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES Francis Nimmo Last Week Radiative Transfer Black body radiation, Planck function, Wien s law Absorption, emission, opacity, optical depth Intensity, flux Radiative diffusion,

More information

Hadley Circulation in Action. MET 200 Lecture 12! Global Winds: The General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Scales of Motion

Hadley Circulation in Action. MET 200 Lecture 12! Global Winds: The General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Scales of Motion Hadley Circulation in Action MET 200 Lecture 12! Global Winds: The General Circulation of the Atmosphere 1 2 Previous Lecture Local Winds cales of Motion Eddies ea Breeze Mountain-Valley Circulations Chinook

More information

Boundary layer controls on extratropical cyclone development

Boundary layer controls on extratropical cyclone development Boundary layer controls on extratropical cyclone development R. S. Plant (With thanks to: I. A. Boutle and S. E. Belcher) 28th May 2010 University of East Anglia Outline Introduction and background Baroclinic

More information

7 The General Circulation

7 The General Circulation 7 The General Circulation 7.1 The axisymmetric state At the beginning of the class, we discussed the nonlinear, inviscid, axisymmetric theory of the meridional structure of the atmosphere. The important

More information

The general circulation of the atmosphere

The general circulation of the atmosphere Lecture Summer term 2015 The general circulation of the atmosphere Prof. Dr. Volkmar Wirth, Zi. 426, Tel.: 39-22868, vwirth@uni-mainz.de Lecture: 2 Stunden pro Woche Recommended reading Hartmann, D. L.,

More information

Examples of Pressure Gradient. Pressure Gradient Force. Chapter 7: Forces and Force Balances. Forces that Affect Atmospheric Motion 2/2/2015

Examples of Pressure Gradient. Pressure Gradient Force. Chapter 7: Forces and Force Balances. Forces that Affect Atmospheric Motion 2/2/2015 Chapter 7: Forces and Force Balances Forces that Affect Atmospheric Motion Fundamental force - Apparent force - Pressure gradient force Gravitational force Frictional force Centrifugal force Forces that

More information

Weather Systems. Section

Weather Systems. Section Section 1 12.2 Objectives Compare and contrast the three major wind systems. Identify four types of fronts. Distinguish between highand low-pressure systems. Review Vocabulary convection: the transfer

More information

Tropical Meridional Circulations: The Hadley Cell

Tropical Meridional Circulations: The Hadley Cell Tropical Meridional Circulations: The Hadley Cell Introduction Throughout much of the previous sections, we have alluded to but not fully described the mean meridional overturning circulation of the tropics

More information

Dynamics of the Atmosphere

Dynamics of the Atmosphere 12.810 Dynamics of the Atmosphere Course description: Discusses the dynamics of the atmosphere, with emphasis on the large scale. Instructor: Paul O Gorman Email: pog@mit.edu Office: 54-1712 Questions:

More information

Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008

Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.003 Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Contents

More information

(after Stephens et al. 2012)

(after Stephens et al. 2012) Energy Balance Incoming solar radiation 34 Reflected solar radiation Outgoing longwave radiation 1 24 TOA 75 Atmospheric absorption Atmospheric reflection 77 Atmospheric window 4 165 35 Clear Sky Cloud

More information

Winds and Currents in the Oceans

Winds and Currents in the Oceans Winds and Currents in the Oceans Atmospheric Processes Density of air is controlled by temperature, pressure, and moisture content. 1. Warm air is less dense than cold air and moist air is less dense than

More information

no eddies eddies Figure 3. Simulated surface winds. Surface winds no eddies u, v m/s φ0 =12 φ0 =0

no eddies eddies Figure 3. Simulated surface winds. Surface winds no eddies u, v m/s φ0 =12 φ0 =0 References Held, Isaac M., and Hou, A. Y., 1980: Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 515-533. Held, Isaac M., and Suarez, M. J., 1994: A proposal

More information

Introduction to Isentropic Coordinates:! a new view of mean meridional & eddy circulations" Cristiana Stan

Introduction to Isentropic Coordinates:! a new view of mean meridional & eddy circulations Cristiana Stan Introduction to Isentropic Coordinates:! a new view of mean meridional & eddy circulations" Cristiana Stan School and Conference on the General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Oceans: a Modern Perspective!

More information

Today s Lecture (Lecture 5): General circulation of the atmosphere

Today s Lecture (Lecture 5): General circulation of the atmosphere Climate Dynamics (Summer Semester 2017) J. Mülmenstädt Today s Lecture (Lecture 5): General circulation of the atmosphere Reference Hartmann, Global Physical Climatology (1994), Ch. 2, 3, 6 Peixoto and

More information

- tornadoes. Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book. Outline. - cyclones and anti-cyclones. -tropical storms. -Storm surge

- tornadoes. Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book. Outline. - cyclones and anti-cyclones. -tropical storms. -Storm surge (1 of 16) Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book Outline - cyclones and anti-cyclones - tornadoes -tropical storms -Storm surge (2 of 16) Introduction Previously, We talked about fronts and their

More information

2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics

2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics 2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics Midlatitude Jet Stream Climatology (Atlantic and Pacific) Copyright 26 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without

More information

Meteorology Lecture 15

Meteorology Lecture 15 Meteorology Lecture 15 Robert Fovell rfovell@albany.edu 1 Important notes These slides show some figures and videos prepared by Robert G. Fovell (RGF) for his Meteorology course, published by The Great

More information

The meteorology of monsoons

The meteorology of monsoons 978--521-84799-5 - The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects 1 The meteorology of monsoons 1.1 Introduction Monsoon circulations are major features of the tropical atmosphere, which, primarily through

More information

ATSC 2000 Final Fall 2005

ATSC 2000 Final Fall 2005 ATSC 2000 Final Fall 2005 true/false /25 multiple choice /25 short answer /23 essay /10 total /83 or % True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. (25 questions 1% each) 1.

More information

Course Outline. About Me. Today s Outline CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 1. Current climate. 2.

Course Outline. About Me. Today s Outline CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 1. Current climate. 2. Course Outline 1. Current climate 2. Changing climate 3. Future climate change 4. Consequences COURSE CLIMATE SCIENCE A SHORT COURSE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION DATE 4 JUNE 2014 LEADER 5. Human impacts 6.

More information

Model equations for planetary and synoptic scale atmospheric motions associated with different background stratification

Model equations for planetary and synoptic scale atmospheric motions associated with different background stratification Model equations for planetary and synoptic scale atmospheric motions associated with different background stratification Stamen Dolaptchiev & Rupert Klein Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

More information

Why There Is Weather?

Why There Is Weather? Lecture 6: Weather, Music Of Our Sphere Weather and Climate WEATHER The daily fluctuations in atmospheric conditions. The atmosphere on its own can produce weather. (From Understanding Weather & Climate)

More information

14.1 Simple model of global radiation balance

14.1 Simple model of global radiation balance Chapter 1 Global Circulations 1.1 Simple model of global radiation balance The earth receives energy from the sun in the form of visible, near-infrared, and ultraviolet radiation. Most of this energy is

More information

Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Answers to Chapter 8

Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Answers to Chapter 8 Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Answers to Chapter 8 1. Consider a zonally symmetric circulation (i.e., one with no longitudinal variations) in the atmosphere. In the inviscid upper troposphere,

More information

ESS15 Lecture 13. End of the oceans (tropical / El Nino, thermohaline circulation) Weather vs. climate.

ESS15 Lecture 13. End of the oceans (tropical / El Nino, thermohaline circulation) Weather vs. climate. ESS15 Lecture 13 End of the oceans (tropical / El Nino, thermohaline circulation) Weather vs. climate. Please give me feedback through the EEE midterm evaluation survey. I promise to adapt to it. Review

More information

Dynamics of the Extratropical Response to Tropical Heating

Dynamics of the Extratropical Response to Tropical Heating Regional and Local Climate Modeling and Analysis Research Group R e L o C l i m Dynamics of the Extratropical Response to Tropical Heating (1) Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WegCenter) and

More information

Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI

Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI Fundamentals of Climate Modelling Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI Outline Introduction Why do we need models? Basic processes Radiation Atmospheric/Oceanic circulation Model basics Resolution Parameterizations

More information

Atmospheric circulation

Atmospheric circulation Atmospheric circulation Trade winds http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/10apr_hawaii/ Atmosphere (noun) the envelope of gases (air) surrounding the earth or another planet Dry air:

More information

Dynamics of the Atmosphere. General circulation of the atmosphere

Dynamics of the Atmosphere. General circulation of the atmosphere 12.810 Dynamics of the Atmosphere General circulation of the atmosphere 1 Spinup of the general circulation in an idealized model Fig. 1 Schneider, General circulation of the atmosphere, 2006 2 Sigma 0.2

More information

Planetary Atmospheres. Structure Composition Clouds Photochemistry Meteorology Atmospheric Escape

Planetary Atmospheres. Structure Composition Clouds Photochemistry Meteorology Atmospheric Escape Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Photochemistry Meteorology Atmospheric Escape Photochemistry We can characterize chemical reactions in the atmosphere in the following way: 1. Photolysis:

More information

Angular Momentum Presentation Week 2

Angular Momentum Presentation Week 2 Angular Momentum Presentation Week 2 from Iskenderian and Salstein, Monthly Weather Review (1998) zonally averaged zonal wind [u] (m s -1 ) 90 S 0 90 N Courtesy of David Salstein ΔM = k x Δ(L.O.D.) Courtesy

More information

Nonlinear baroclinic dynamics of surface cyclones crossing a zonal jet

Nonlinear baroclinic dynamics of surface cyclones crossing a zonal jet Nonlinear baroclinic dynamics of surface cyclones crossing a zonal jet Jean-Baptiste GILET, Matthieu Plu and Gwendal Rivière CNRM/GAME (Météo-France, CNRS) 3rd THORPEX International Science Symposium Monterey,

More information

Response of the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation to increasing LGM ice-sheet elevation

Response of the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation to increasing LGM ice-sheet elevation Response of the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation to increasing LGM ice-sheet elevation Marcus Löfverström NCAR Rodrigo Caballero Johan Nilsson Gabriele Messori Stockholm University The Northern Hemisphere

More information

CHAPTER 9 ATMOSPHERE S PLANETARY CIRCULATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 9 ATMOSPHERE S PLANETARY CIRCULATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9 ATMOSPHERE S PLANETARY CIRCULATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Viewed from above in the Northern Hemisphere, surface winds about a subtropical high blow a. clockwise and inward. b. counterclockwise.

More information

Four ways of inferring the MMC. 1. direct measurement of [v] 2. vorticity balance. 3. total energy balance

Four ways of inferring the MMC. 1. direct measurement of [v] 2. vorticity balance. 3. total energy balance Four ways of inferring the MMC 1. direct measurement of [v] 2. vorticity balance 3. total energy balance 4. eliminating time derivatives in governing equations Four ways of inferring the MMC 1. direct

More information

The feature of atmospheric circulation in the extremely warm winter 2006/2007

The feature of atmospheric circulation in the extremely warm winter 2006/2007 The feature of atmospheric circulation in the extremely warm winter 2006/2007 Hiroshi Hasegawa 1, Yayoi Harada 1, Hiroshi Nakamigawa 1, Atsushi Goto 1 1 Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological

More information

Extratropical and Polar Cloud Systems

Extratropical and Polar Cloud Systems Extratropical and Polar Cloud Systems Gunilla Svensson Department of Meteorology & Bolin Centre for Climate Research George Tselioudis Extratropical and Polar Cloud Systems Lecture 1 Extratropical cyclones

More information

Tropical Cyclones: When Nature Attacks!! AOSC 200 Tim Canty. Tropical Cyclone: African Easterly Jet

Tropical Cyclones: When Nature Attacks!! AOSC 200 Tim Canty. Tropical Cyclone: African Easterly Jet Tropical Cyclones: When Nature Attacks!! AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Really powerful low pressure systems Lecture 25 Nov 27 2018 1 Tropical

More information

General Circulation of the Atmosphere. René Garreaud

General Circulation of the Atmosphere. René Garreaud General Circulation of the Atmosphere René Garreaud www.dgf.uchile.cl/rene General circulation of the Atmosphere Low latitude areas receive more solar energy than high latitudes (because of earth sphericity).

More information

TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS

TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS Notes of the tutorial lectures for the Natural Sciences part by Alice Grimm Fourth lecture TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS Anomalous tropical SST Anomalous convection Anomalous latent heat source Anomalous

More information

Lab Ten Introduction to General Circulation and Angular Momentum

Lab Ten Introduction to General Circulation and Angular Momentum Question 1 (15 points) Lab Ten Introduction to General Circulation and Angular Momentum a.) (5 points) Examining the diagram above, between which latitudes is there net heating and between which latitudes

More information

Dynamics Rotating Tank

Dynamics Rotating Tank Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science - IACETH Atmospheric Physics Lab Work Dynamics Rotating Tank Large scale flows on different latitudes of the rotating Earth Abstract The large scale atmospheric

More information

Weather Notes. Chapter 16, 17, & 18

Weather Notes. Chapter 16, 17, & 18 Weather Notes Chapter 16, 17, & 18 Weather Weather is the condition of the Earth s atmosphere at a particular place and time Weather It is the movement of energy through the atmosphere Energy comes from

More information

ESCI 344 Tropical Meteorology Lesson 11 Tropical Cyclones: Formation, Maintenance, and Intensification

ESCI 344 Tropical Meteorology Lesson 11 Tropical Cyclones: Formation, Maintenance, and Intensification ESCI 344 Tropical Meteorology Lesson 11 Tropical Cyclones: Formation, Maintenance, and Intensification References: A Global View of Tropical Cyclones, Elsberry (ed.) Global Perspectives on Tropical Cylones:

More information

Lecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature

Lecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature Lecture 6 Lecture 1 Ocean circulation Forcing and large-scale features Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature 1 Atmosphere and ocean heat transport Trenberth and Caron (2001) False-colour satellite

More information

Introduction to tropical meteorology and deep convection

Introduction to tropical meteorology and deep convection Introduction to tropical meteorology and deep convection TMD Lecture 1 Roger K. Smith University of Munich A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical

More information

CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction Chapter Overview The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.

More information

Ocean Mixing and Climate Change

Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent

More information

Dynamics and Kinematics

Dynamics and Kinematics Geophysics Fluid Dynamics () Syllabus Course Time Lectures: Tu, Th 09:30-10:50 Discussion: 3315 Croul Hall Text Book J. R. Holton, "An introduction to Dynamic Meteorology", Academic Press (Ch. 1, 2, 3,

More information

Interhemispheric climate connections: What can the atmosphere do?

Interhemispheric climate connections: What can the atmosphere do? Interhemispheric climate connections: What can the atmosphere do? Raymond T. Pierrehumbert The University of Chicago 1 Uncertain feedbacks plague estimates of climate sensitivity 2 Water Vapor Models agree

More information

General Circula,on of the Atmosphere

General Circula,on of the Atmosphere General Circula,on of the Atmosphere Today: Angular momentum transport - how do eddies affect the mean flow? Eulerian view Transformed Eulerian Mean EP fluxes Momentum budget Local momentum fluxes: E vectors

More information

Satellites, Weather and Climate Module 9: Air/sea interactions winter cyclogenesis

Satellites, Weather and Climate Module 9: Air/sea interactions winter cyclogenesis Satellites, Weather and Climate Module 9: Air/sea interactions winter cyclogenesis Winter storms things to consider Deep moisture Thermal discontinuity Favorable surface and upper level features Geographical

More information

Introduction to Isentropic Coordinates: a new view of mean meridional & eddy circulations. Cristiana Stan

Introduction to Isentropic Coordinates: a new view of mean meridional & eddy circulations. Cristiana Stan Introduction to Isentropic Coordinates: a new view of mean meridional & eddy circulations Cristiana Stan School and Conference on the General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Oceans: a Modern Perspective

More information

1. The vertical structure of the atmosphere. Temperature profile.

1. The vertical structure of the atmosphere. Temperature profile. Lecture 4. The structure of the atmosphere. Air in motion. Objectives: 1. The vertical structure of the atmosphere. Temperature profile. 2. Temperature in the lower atmosphere: dry adiabatic lapse rate.

More information

SPI Analyze data to identify events associated with heat convection in the atmosphere. SPI Recognize the connection between the

SPI Analyze data to identify events associated with heat convection in the atmosphere. SPI Recognize the connection between the SPI 0607.8.1 - Analyze data to identify events associated with heat convection in the atmosphere. SPI 0607.8.2 - Recognize the connection between the sun s energy and the wind. o Energy from the Sun creates

More information

Fundamentals of Weather and Climate

Fundamentals of Weather and Climate Fundamentals of Weather and Climate ROBIN McILVEEN Environmental Science Division Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences Lancaster University CHAPMAN & HALL London Glasgow Weinheim New York

More information

Gravity Waves. Lecture 5: Waves in Atmosphere. Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans. Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves 2/9/2017

Gravity Waves. Lecture 5: Waves in Atmosphere. Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans. Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves 2/9/2017 Lecture 5: Waves in Atmosphere Perturbation Method Properties of Wave Shallow Water Model Gravity Waves Rossby Waves Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans Restoring Force Conservation of potential temperature

More information

Air Masses of North America cp and ca air masses Air mass characterized by very cold and dry conditions

Air Masses of North America cp and ca air masses Air mass characterized by very cold and dry conditions Chapter 8: Air Masses, Fronts, and Middle-Latitude Cyclones Air masses Fronts Middle-latitude cyclones Air Masses Air mass an extremely large body of air whose properties of temperature and humidity are

More information

Introduction to Climate ~ Part I ~

Introduction to Climate ~ Part I ~ 2015/11/16 TCC Seminar JMA Introduction to Climate ~ Part I ~ Shuhei MAEDA (MRI/JMA) Climate Research Department Meteorological Research Institute (MRI/JMA) 1 Outline of the lecture 1. Climate System (

More information

ESS 111 Climate & Global Change. Week 1 Weather vs Climate Structure of the Atmosphere Global Wind Belts

ESS 111 Climate & Global Change. Week 1 Weather vs Climate Structure of the Atmosphere Global Wind Belts ESS 111 Climate & Global Change Week 1 Weather vs Climate Structure of the Atmosphere Global Wind Belts Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given place and time. For example, right now, the temperature

More information

Lecture 18 Hurricanes

Lecture 18 Hurricanes Lecture 18 Hurricanes Part I Structure and Climatology What is a hurricane? What is the structure or anatomy of a hurricane? How to build a hurricane - hurricane energy Hurricane climatology - when and

More information

MAR 110 LECTURE #9 Earth s Heat Budget / Atmosphere Dynamics

MAR 110 LECTURE #9 Earth s Heat Budget / Atmosphere Dynamics MAR 110: Lecture 9 Outline Heat Budget / Atmosphere Dynamics 1 MAR 110 LECTURE #9 Earth s Heat Budget / Atmosphere Dynamics External Energy Source-the Sun The portion of the sun s energy that is intercepted

More information

Chapter 12: Meteorology

Chapter 12: Meteorology Chapter 12: Meteorology Section 1: The Causes of Weather 1. Compare and contrast weather and climate. 2. Analyze how imbalances in the heating of Earth s surface create weather. 3. Describe how and where

More information

Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes

Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes VOLUME II Observations and Theory of Weather Systems HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1993 Contents 1. THE BEHAVIOR OF SYNOPTIC-SCALE,

More information

Math, Models, and Climate Change How shaving cream moved a jet stream, and how mathematics can help us better understand why

Math, Models, and Climate Change How shaving cream moved a jet stream, and how mathematics can help us better understand why Math, Models, and Climate Change How shaving cream moved a jet stream, and how mathematics can help us better understand why Edwin P. Gerber Center for Atmosphere and Ocean Science Courant Institute of

More information

Tropical and Subtropical Meridional Latent Heat Transports by Disturbances to the Zonal Mean and Their Role in the General Circulation

Tropical and Subtropical Meridional Latent Heat Transports by Disturbances to the Zonal Mean and Their Role in the General Circulation 1872 J O U R N A L O F T H E A T M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S VOLUME 69 Tropical and Subtropical Meridional Latent Heat Transports by Disturbances to the Zonal Mean and Their Role in the General Circulation

More information