R&D Project 01:577. Sediment Input From Coastal Cliff Erosion. British Geological Survey June 1995 R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A

Transcription

1 R&D Project 01:577 Sediment Input From Coastal Cliff Erosion British Geological Survey June 1995 R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A

2 SEDIMENT INPUT FROM COASTAL CLIFF EROSION J W C James Research Contractor: British Geological Survey Coastal Geology Group National Rivers Authority Anglian Region Kingfisher House Goldhay Way Orton Goldhay Peterborough PE2 5ZR R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A

3 Commissioning Organisation National Rivers Authority Anglian Region Kingfisher House Goldhay Way Orton Goldhay Peterborough PE2 5ZR Tel: Fax: ^National Rivers Authority 1995 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the National Rivers Authority. Dissemination Status Internal: Limited Release External: Restricted Research Contractor This document was produced under R & D Project 01:577 by British Geological Survey Coastal Geology Group Kingsley Dunham Centre Key worth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Tel: Fax: NRA Project Leader The NRA s Project Leader for R & D Project 577 was: D Leggett - NRA Anglian Region Additional Copies Further copies of this document may be obtained from Anglian Region R & D Coordinator or the R & D Section of NRA Head Office. R&D Interim Report OI/577/1/A

4 LITERATURE REVIEW A l l e n, J.R.L Evolution of salt marsh cliffs in muddy and sandy systems: A qualitative comparison of British west coast estuaries. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 14, p A n o n y m o u s Serious subsidence of the cliff at Walton-on-the-Naze. The Essex Naturalist, Vol. 10, p A r t h u r t o n; R.S., Bo o t h, S.J., M o r ig i, A.N., A b b o t t, M.A.W. and W o o d, C.J Geology of the country around Great Yarmouth. Memoir o f the British Geological Survey, Ba d e n-p o w e l l, D.F.W The chalky boulder clays of Norfolk and Suffolk. Geological Magazine, Vol.85, p Ba l s o n, P.S The Neogene of East Anglia - a field excursion report. Tertiary Research, Vol. 11, No.2-4, p Ba l s o n, P.S. a nd C a m e r o n, T.D.J Quaternary mapping offshore East Anglia. Modern Geology, Vol.9, p Ba l so n, P.S., H u m p h r e y s, B. a n d Z a l a s ie w ic z, J.A Coralline and Red Crags of East Anglia. IAS Field Guide, N o.3, p.48. Ba n h a m, P.H Glacial Tectonics. Paramoudra Club Bulletin, Vol. 11, p Banham, P.H The significance of till pebble lineations and relations to folds in two Pleistocene tills at Mundesley, Norfolk. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol. 77, p Ba n h a m, P.H A preliminary note on the Pleistocene stratigraphy o f north east N o rfo lk. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol.79, p Ba n h a m, P.H Pleistocene beds at Corton, Suffolk. Geological Magazine, V ol. 108, p Ba n h a m, P.H Temporary exposure in the D rift near Cromer. Bulletin o f the Geological Society o f Norfolk, V ol.19, p B a n h a m, P.H Glacitectonic structures: a general discussion with particular reference to the contorted drift of Norfolk, in Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern. W r ig h t, A.E. and M o s e l e y, F. (Editors). (Liverpool: Seel House Press.) B a n h a m, P.H Polyphase glaciotectonic deformation in the Contorted Drift of Norfolk in Glaciotectonics: Forms and Processes. C r o o t, D.G. (Editor). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 1

5 B a n h a m, P.H., D a v ie s, H. a n d P e r r in, R.M.S Short field meeting in North Norfolk. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, V ol.86, p ^ = " " B a n h a m, P.H. AND Ra n s o n, C.E Structural study of the Contorted Drift and disturbed chalk at Weyboume, North Norfolk. Geological Magazine, Vol. 102, p B e r r id g e, N.G. a nd P a t t is o n, J Geology of the country around Grimsby and Patrington. Memoir o f the British Geological Survey. B l a k e, J.H Explanation of horizontal sections, Sheet 128. Sections of the Suffolk cliffs at Kessingland and Pakefield and at Corton. Geological Survey of England and Wales. Bl a k e, J.H Geology of the country near Yarmouth and Lowestoft (explanation of Sheet 67). Memoir o f the Geological Survey o f England and Wales. Bo s w e l l, P.G.H T he geology o f the country around W oodbridge, F elixstow e and O rford. Memoir of the Geological Survey o f Great Britain. Bo u l t o n, G.S., Editor North Norfolk Field Guide. (Norwich: Quaternary Research Association.) Bo u l t o n, G.S., Cox, F.C., H a r t, J.K. a n d T h o r n t o n, M.H The glacial geology of Norfolk. Bulletin o f the Geological Society o f Norfolk, Vol.34, p Br id g e l a n d, D R The Pleistocene fluvial stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Essex. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol. 99, p Br is t o w, C.R The stratigraphy and structure o f the Crag o f mid S uffolk, England. Proceedings o f the Geologists1Association, V o l.9 4, p British G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y Woodbridge and Felixstowe. England and Wales Sheet 208/225. Solid and Drift. 1:50,000. (Southampton: Ordnance Survey for British Geological Survey). British G eo lo g ic a l Su r v e y East Anglia. Sheet 52N-000. Sea bed sediments. 1:250,000. (Southampton: Ordnance Survey for British Geological Survey). British G eo lo g ic a l Su rv ey Grimsby. England and Wales Sheet 90/91. Solid and Drift. 1:50,000. (Southampton: Ordnance Survey for British Geological Survey). British G eo lo g ic a l S u r v e y Great Yarmouth. England and Wales Sheet 162. Solid and Drift. 1:50,000. (Southampton: Ordnance Survey for British Geological Survey). British G eo lo g ic a l S u r v e y, in press. Lowestoft. England and Wales Sheet 176. Solid and Drift. 1:50,000. (Southampton: Ordnance Survey for British Geological Survey). Br o m h e a d, E.N The Stability o f Slopes. 2nd Edition. (London: B lackie.) p p.411 R&D Interim Report 01/577/ 1/A 2

6 C a m b e r s, G The retreat of unconsolidated Quaternary cliffs. Ph.D. Thesis. University of East Anglia. C a m b e r s, G Sediment transport and coastal changes. East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, N o.3, University of East Anglia, C a m b e r s, G Temporal scales in coastal erosion systems. Transactions o f the Institute o f British Geographers, V ol.l, p CAMBERS, G., C raig-s m it h, S.J. and S im m o n d s, A.C: East Anglian Sea Defence Policy. East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, No.2, University of East Anglia, C a m e r o n, T.D.J., C r o sb y, A., Ba l s o n, P.S., J e f f e r y, D.H., Lo t t, G.K., B u l a t, J. a nd H a r r iso n, D.J UK offshore regional report: The geology of the southern North Sea. (Keyw orth: B ritish Geological Survey.) C a r t e r, C.H. a n d G uy J r, D.E Coastal Erosion: Processes, timing and magnitudes at the bluff toe. Marine Geology, Vol.84, p CARTER, R.W.G. and St o n e, R.W.G Mechanisms associated with the erosion of sand dune cliffs, Magilligan, Northern Ireland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol.14, p C h a n d l e r, J.H. a nd Br u n s d e n, D Steady state behaviour of the Black Ven mudslide: The application of archival analytical photogrammetry to studies of landscape change. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol.20, p CHATWIN, C.P British regional geology: East Anglia and adjoining areas. 4th Edition. (London: HMSO.) C l a y t o n, K.M Beach Profiles: Form and Change. East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, No.5, University of East Anglia. C l a y t o n, K.M C oastal pro tection along the East A nglian coast, UK. Zeitschrift fu r Geomorphologie, Vol.34, p C l a y t o n, K.M Sediment input from the Norfolk cliffs, eastern England - a century of coast protection and its effect. Journal o f Coastal Research, V ol.5, p C l a y t o n, K.M., M cca v e, I.N. a nd V in c e n t, C.E T he establishm ent o f a sand budget for the E ast A nglian coast and its im plications for coastal stability in Shoreline Protection. (L ondon: T hom as T elfo rd.) D h o n a u, T.J. a n d D h o n a u, N.B Glacial structures on the North Norfolk coast. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol. 74, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 3

7 E h l e r s, J., G ib b a r d, P.L. a n d W h it e m a n, C.A Recent investigations of the Marly Drift of northwest Norfolk; England in Tills and Glaciotectonics. v a n d e r M e e r, J.J.M. (Editor). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) E h l e r s, J., G ib b a r d, P.L. a n d W h it e m a n, C.A The glacial deposits of northwestern Norfolk in Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland. E h l e r s, J., G ib b a r d, P.L. and R o s e, J. (Editors). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) E v a n s, H Aspects of the glaciation of west Norfolk. M.Phil. Thesis. University of East Anglia, Norwich. ppr246 E y l e s, N., E y l e s, C.H. a nd M cc a b e, A.M Sedimentation in an ice-contact subaqueous setting: the Mid-Pleistocene North Sea Drifts of Norfolk, U.K. Quaternary Science Reviews, V ol.8, p F is h e r, O On the denudations of Norfolk. Geological Magazine (Series 1), Vol.5, p F u n n e l l, B.M The Palaeogene and early Pleistocene of Norfolk. Transactions o f the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society, VoL19, p F u n n e l l, B.M Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene stages of East Anglia and the adjacent North Sea. Quaternary Newsletter, Vol.52, p F u n n e l l, B.M. AND W e s t, R.G The early Pleistocene of Easton Bavents, Suffolk. Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol. 118, No.2, p G e o r g e, W. and V in c e n t, S Report of field meeting to Walton-on-the-Naze and Wrabness, Essex with notes on the London Clay of Walton. Tertiary Research, V o l.l, No. 3, p G ib b a r d, P.L. a n d Z a l a sie w ic z, J.A., Editors Pliocene - middle Pleistocene of East Anglia: Field Guide. (Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association.) pp. 195 G r a in g e r, P. a n d Ka l a u g h e r.pg Intermittent surging movements of a coastal landslide. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 12, p G ray, J.M Coastal cliff retreat at the Naze, Essex since 1874: patterns, rates and processes. Proceedings o f the Geologists' Association, Vol. 99, N o.4, p G r e e n, C East Anglian coastline levels since Roman times. Antiquity, Vol.35, p G r e e n, C., L a r w o o d, G.P. a nd M a r t in, A.J The coastline of Flegg from Caister Point to Hemsby Gap. Transactions o f the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society, Vol. 17, No.5, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 4

8 G r e e n, C.P. a n d M cg r e g o r, D.F.M Pleistocene gravels of the north Norfolk coast. Proceedings l?f the Geologists Association, V o l.l0 1 rn o.3, p G r e e n s m it h, J.T., B l e z a r d, R.G., Br ist o w, C.R., M a r k h a m, R. and T u c k e r, E.V The Estuarine Region of Suffolk and Essex. Geologists Association Guide, No. 12, p.25. Gunn, J The order of succession of the preglacial, glacial and postglacial strata in the coast sections of Norfolk and Suffolk. Geological Magazine, Vol.4, p and 561. H a il s, J.R. and W h it e, P.C.S Periglacial features at Walton-on-the Naze,Essex. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol.81, p H arm er, F.W A sketch of the later Tertiary history of East Anglia. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol. 17, p H a r p e r, W The cliffed coastline of Norfolk. M.A. Thesis. University of Aberdeen. H a r t, J.K The genesis of north east Norfolk Drift. Ph.D. Thesis. University of East Anglia. H a r t, J.K Proglacial glaciotectonic deformation and the origin of the Cromer Ridge push moraine complex. Boreas, Vol. 19, p H a r t, J.K. a n d Bo u l t o n, G.S The glacial drifts of Norfolk in Glacial Deposits in Great Britain and Ireland. Eh l e r s, J., G ib b a r d, P.L. and R o s e, J. (Editors). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) H a r t, J.K., H in d m a r sh, R.S.A. a n d Bo u l t o n, G.S Styles of subglacial glaciotectonic deformation within the context of the Anglian ice-sheet. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 15, p H a r v e y, B.I., L a n g sto n, M.J., H u g h e s, M.D.A. a n d W h a l l e y, H.A Records o f wells in North Norfolk. (London: Institute of Geological Sciences - H M S O.) pp.216 Hey, R.W Provenance of far-travelled pebbles in the pre-anglian Pleistocene of East Anglia. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol.87, p H o w o r t h, H.H North Norfolk Geology: the Chalk and its dislocation. Geological Magazine, Vol.44, p H u t c h in s o n, J.N The stability of cliffs composed of soft rocks with particular reference to the coasts of south east England. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Cambridge. H u t c h in s o n, J.N A coastal mudflow on the London Clay cliffs at Beltinge, North Kent. Geotechnique, Vol.20, N o.4, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 5

9 H u t c h in s o n, J.N T he response o f L ondon Clay cliffs to differing rates o f toe e ro sio n. Building Research Establishment Current Paper, N o. C P 27/75,p H u t c h in s o n, J.N Coastal landslides in cliffs of Pleistocene deposits between Cromer and Overstrand, Norfolk, England in Contributions to Soil Mechanics. J a n b u, N., Jo r s t a d, F. and K ja e r n s l i, B. (Editors). (Oslo: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.) H u t c h in s o n, J.N C liffs and shores in cohesive m aterials: geotechnical and e n g in e e rin g geological aspects. Proceedings Symposium on Cohesive Shores, p I n s t it u t e o f G e o lo g ic a l S c ie n c e s Hydrogeological map of northern East Anglia. 1:125,000. (Southampton: Ordnance Survey for Institute of Geological Sciences ) JONES, D.G. and W il l ia m s, A.T Statistical analysis of factors influencing cliff erosion along a section of the west Wales coast, U.K. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 16, p Ka z i, A Clay mineralogy of the North Sea Drift. Nature, Vol.240, p Ka z i, A. and K n il l, J.L The sedimentation and geotechnical properties of the Cromer Till between Happisburgh and Cromer, Norfolk. Quarterly Journal o f Engineering Geology, Vol.2, p K e n d a l l, P.F The Red Crag of Walton-on-the-Naze. Geological Magazine, Vol.68, p K o m a r, P.D., Editor CRC handbook of coastal processes and erosion. (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.) pp.305 L a r w o o d, G.P. and F u n n e l l, B.M., E ditors The Geology of Norfolk. (London: Headley Brothers.) L u n k k a, J.P Sedimentation and deformation of the North Sea Drift Formation in the Happisburgh area, North Norfolk in Glaciotectonics: Forms and Processes. C ro o t, D.G. (Editor). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) L u n k k a, J.P Sedimentology of the Anglian glacial deposits in northeast Norfolk, England. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Cambridge. L u n k k a, J.P Sedimentation and lithostratigraphy of the North Sea Drift and Lowestoft Till Formations in the coastal cliffs of northeast Norfolk, England. Journal o f Quaternary Science, Vol.9, No.3, p L y e l l, C On the Boulder Formation or Drift and associated freshwater deposits comprising the mud cliffs of eastern Norfolk. The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal o f Science, Third Series, Vol. 16, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 6

10 =- M c C a v e, I.N Grain-size trends and transport along beaches: Example from Eastern England. Marine Geology, Vol.28, p.m43-m51. ^ ^ ^ M c C a v e, I.N Sediments of the East Anglian Coast. East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, N o.6, University of East Anglia, M cc a v e, I.N Fine sediment sources and sinks around the East Anglian coast (UK). Journal o f the Geological Society of London, Vol. 144, p M cg r e a l, W.S Marine erosion of glacial sediments from a low energy cliffline environment near Kilkeel, Northern Ireland. Marine Geology, Vol.32, p M cg r e a l, W.S Factors promoting coastal slope instability in southeast County Down, N. Ireland. Zeitschrift fu r Geomorphologie, Vol.23, p O n y e t t, D. a n d Sim m o n d s, A Final Report: Beach changes and longshore transport East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, No.8, University of East Anglia, O r m e, A.R., P r io r, D.B., P s u t y, N.P. a n d W a l k e r, H.J., Editors Coasts under stress. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie. Volume 34. pp.255 Owen, H.G The upper part of the Carstone and the Hunstanton Red Chalk (Albian) of the Hunstanton Cliff, Norfolk. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol. 106, p P e a k e, N.B. a n d H a n c o c k, J.M The Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk. Transactions o f the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society, Vol. 19, p P e r r in, R.M.S., D a v ie s, H. a n d F y s h, M.D Lithology of the Chalky Boulder Clay. Nature, Vol.245, p P o in t o n, W.K The Pleistocene succession at Corton, Suffolk. Bulletin o f the Geological Society o f Norfolk, Vol.30, p P r e s t w ic h, J On some fossiliferous beds overlying the Red Crag at Chillesford near Orford, Suffolk. Quarterly Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol. 5, p P r e s t w ic h, J On the structure of the Crag-beds of Suffolk and Norfolk with some observations on their organic remains. Part 1. The Coralline Crag of Suffolk. Quarterly Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol.27, p P r e s t w ic h, J On the structure of the Crag-beds of Suffolk and Norfolk with some observations on their organic remains. Part II. The Red Crag of Essex and Suffolk. Quarterly Journal o f the Geological Society of London, Vol.27, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/ 1/A 7

11 P r e s t w ic h, J On the structure of the Crag-beds of Suffolk and Norfolk with some observations on their organic remains. Part III. The Norwich Crag and Westleton Beds. Quarterly Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol. 27, p P r io r, D.B. a n d R e n w ic k, W.H Landslide morphology and processes on some coastal slopes in Denmark and France. Zeitschrift fu r Geomorphologie, Vol. 34, p R a n s o n, C.E An assessment of the glacial deposits in North Norfolk. Bulletin o f the - Geological Society of Norfolk, Vol. 15, p Re d m a n, J.B The east coast between the Thames and the Wash estuaries. Minutes and Proceedings o f the Institution o f Civil Engineers, Vol.23, p R e id, C The geology o f the country around Cromer. Memoir o f the Geological Survey o f England and Wales. R e id, C The Pliocene deposits of Britain. Memoir of the Geological Survey o f England and Wales, Vol.27, p R o b in so n, A.H.W Residual currents in relation to shoreline evolution of the East Anglian Coast. Marine Geology, Vol.4, p R o b in so n, A.H.W Erosion and accretion along part of the Suffolk coast of East Anglia, England. Marine Geology, Vol.37, p R o s e, J Stadial type-sections in the British Quaternary in Quaternary Type Sections. R o s e, J. and Sc h l u c t e r, C.H. (Editors). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) R o s e, J. and A l l e n, P Middle Pleistocene stratigraphy in south-east Suffolk. Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol. 133, p Ro s e, J. AND H e y, R.W Middle Pleistocene stratigraphy in southern East Anglia. Nature, Vol.263, p ROSE, J. and t u r n e r, C., Editors Clacton Field Meeting Handbook. (: Quaternary Research Association.) Sa v in, A.C Cromer in the county o f Norfolk. A modem history. (Norwich: Rounce and Wortley.) Sim m o n d s, A.C Recreational value of the beaches. East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, No.4, University of East Anglia, Sk e m p t o n, A.W Long term stability o f clay slopes. Geotechnique, V o l. 14, p So l o m o n, J.D The glacial succession on the north Norfolk coast. Proceedings o f the Geologists Association, Vol.43, N o.3, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 8

12 St r a w, A A re-assessment of the Chalky Boulder Clay o r M arly Drift of North Norfolk. Zeitschrift fu r G eom orphologv Vol.9, p;209= St r a w, A The glacial geomorphology of central and north Norfolk. The East Midland Geographer, Vol.5, p St r a w, A Glacial deposits of Lincolnshire and adjacent areas in The Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland. E h l e r s, J., G ib b a r d, P.L. and Ro s e, J. (Editors). (Rotterdam: Balkema.) St r id e, A.H Indications of long term episodic suspension transport of sand across the Norfolk Banks, North Sea. Marine Geology, Vol.79, p St u a r t, A. a n d W e s t, R.G Late Cromerian fauna and flora at Ostend, Norfolk. Geological Magazine, Vol. 113, p T e r z a g h i, K Mechanics of landslides, application of geology to engineering practice. Memoir o f the Geological Society o f America, Berkeley Volume, p V in c e n t, C.E Longshore sand transport rates - a simple model for the East Anglian coastline. Coastal Engineering, V ol.3, p V in c e n t, C.E Wave climate and longshore wave power. East Anglian Coastal Research Programme Report, N o.7, University of East Anglia, W e s t, R.G Notes on a preliminary map of some features of the drift topography around Holt and Cromer, Norfolk. Transactions o f the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society, Vol. 18, p WEST, R.G The glacial and interglacial deposits of Norfolk. Transactions o f the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society, Vol. 19, p WEST, R.G The pre-glacial Pleistocene o f the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.) pp.203 WEST, R.G. a n d Ba n h a m, P.H Short field meeting on the North Norfolk coast. Proceedings o f the Geologists' Association, Vol. 79, p W e s t, R.G. a n d W il s o n, D.G Plant remains from the Corton Beds at Lowestoft, Suffolk. Geological Magazine, V ol.105, p W h it a k e r, W The geology of the eastern end of Essex (Walton Naze and Harwich). Memoir o f the Geological Survey o f England and Wales, No.48SE, W il l ia m s, W.W An east coast survey: some recent changes in the coast of East Anglia. Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 9

13 W il l ia m s, W.W Coastal Changes. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.) W ood, S.V On the structure of the Red Crag. Explanation of the diagram section by Wood, S.V. jnr. Quarterly Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol.22, p W o o d, S.V The newer Pliocene period in England. Quarterly Journal o f the Geological Society o f London, Vol. 36, p W o o d w a r d, H.B The geology of the country around Fakenham, Wells and Holt. Memoir o f the Geological Survey o f England and Wales. Z a l a sie w ic z, J.A., G ib b a r d, P.L., P e g l a r, S.M., F u n n e l l, B.M., C a t t, J.A., H a r l a n d, R., L o n g, P.E. a n d A u s t in, T.J.F Age and relationships of the Chillesford Clay (Early Pleistocene: Suffolk, England). Philosophical Transactions o f the Royal Society o f London, Vol.B333, p Z a l a sie w ic z, J.A., H u g h e s, M.J., G ib b a r d, P.L., P e g l a r, S.M., H a r l a n d, R., Bo u l t o n, G.S., N ic h o l so n, R.A., C a m b r id g e, P. and W e a l t h a l l, G Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Red Crag and Norwich Crag formations between Aldeburgh and Sizewell, Suffolk, England. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society o f London, Vol.B322, p Z a l a sie w ic z, J.A. a nd M a t h e r s, S.J Lithostratigraphy of Red and Norwich Crags of the Aldeburgh-Orford area, south-east Suffolk. Geological Magazine, Vol. 122, p R&D Interim Report 01/577/1/A 10