Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens

Transcription

1 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Project No.: Project: Client: Location: Lab ID No Borehole Sample # # HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation BGC Engineering Inc. Burnaby, BC 288 Depth (m) Dia (mm) Ht A V (mm) (cm 2 ) (cm 3 ) Mass (g) Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (5) Conical (2) Vertical fracture(s) (6) Spalling (3) Vertical splitting (7) Other Reference ASTM D Method C (4) Shear along foliation / discontinuitynote: (deg) measured from core axis W (%) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Maximum Load (kn) Failure Mode Stress s u (MPa) Rock Type Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Mudstone Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Failure Mode Type /2 4/2 2/6 2/3 2/4 2/3 (deg) /6 28 MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

2 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 2 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 11.0 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 7.35 Lithology Sandstone Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

3 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 4 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 10.2 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 8.45 Lithology Sandstone Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

4 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 6 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 15.5 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 7.60 Lithology Sandstone Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 2 - Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

5 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 8 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 17.3 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 7.94 Lithology Sandstone Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 4/ Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

6 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 12 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 18.5 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 7.98 Lithology Mudstone Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 4/ Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

7 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 16 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 90.8 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 1.37 Lithology Conglomerate Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 2/6 - Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

8 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 20 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 20.2 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 1.82 Lithology Conglomerate Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 2/3 - Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

9 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 22 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 36.2 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 1.47 Lithology Conglomerate Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 2/ Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

10 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 24 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 22.6 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 6.22 Lithology Conglomerate Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 2/3 - Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

11 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-03 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 26 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 24.3 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 4.76 Lithology Conglomerate Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes Type: Degrees:* 4/ Water content as received Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE \\golder.gds\gal\burnaby\active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS

12 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Project No.: Project: Client: Location: Lab ID No. 1 Borehole Sample # # HMM-BH-05 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation BGC Engineering Inc. Burnaby, BC 288 Depth (m) Dia (mm) Ht A V (mm) (cm 2 ) (cm 3 ) Mass (g) Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (5) Conical (2) Vertical fracture(s) (6) Spalling (3) Vertical splitting (7) Other Reference ASTM D Method C (4) Shear along foliation / discontinuitynote: (deg) measured from core axis W (%) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Maximum Load (kn) Failure Mode Stress σ u (MPa) Rock Type Failure Mode Sandstone 1 22 Type (deg) G. Patton October 10, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

13 Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab # North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens Project No.: Borehole: HMM-BH-05 Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number: 1 Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m): Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 288 Reference ASTM D Method C Testing Results Sample Measurements Max Load (kn) Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Stress σ u (MPa) 6.5 Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) Pace Rate (kn/s) 1.25 Mass (g) Moisture Content (%) 8.42 Lithology Sandstone Wet Density (kg/m 3 ) Dry Density (kg/m 3 ) Failure Mode Notes - Water content as received Type: 1 Mode: (1) Diagonal shear plane(s) Degrees:* 22 (2) Vertical fracture(s) (3) Vertical splitting (4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity (5) Conical * Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other BEFORE TEST Comments * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be provided upon request. AFTER TEST G. Patton October 10, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE O:\Active\_2014\1417\ BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\HMM-BH-05\HMM-BH-05 UCS

14 Stress (MPa) Axial Transverse % Strain Secant Modulus (MPa) 0.00E E E E E E E E Stress (MPa) Poisson's Stress (MPa) Before Test After Test ASTM D7012Method D Test Summary Modulus in Uniaxial Compression Peak Stress σ peak 2.36 MPa Project No.: HMM-BH-05 UCS Secant Modulus ε GPa Sample: Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Poisson's Ratio ε Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Machine ID 25 Ton Depth (m): Date: October 10, 2014 Load Cell CF Tech: G. Patton Feed Rate N/A mm/min Checked: E. Kostyukov Project Details Golder Associates Ltd North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: +1 (604) Fax: +1 (604)

15 Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax Immersion ASTM C (modified) Project #: Short Title: Burnaby Mtn Client BGC Location N/A Lab ID 288 Borehole Sample Number Depth (m) Moisture % Wet Density kg/m 3 Dry Density kg/m 3 Bulk Dry Gs Borehole Sample Number Depth (m) Moisture % Wet Density kg/m 3 Dry Density kg/m 3 Bulk Dry Gs HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 UCS 1 UCS 3 UCS 7 UCS 9 UCS 11 UCS HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 UCS 14 UCS 17 UCS18 UCS 23 UCS 25 UCS Borehole Sample Number Depth (m) Moisture % Wet Density kg/m 3 Dry Density kg/m 3 Bulk Dry Gs Borehole Sample Number Depth (m) Moisture % Wet Density kg/m 3 Dry Density kg/m 3 Bulk Dry Gs MM Thursday, October 02, 2014 LP October 3,2014 TESTED BY DATE TESTED CHECKED BY DATE CHECKED Golder Associates Ltd North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: +1 (604) Fax: +1 (604) * The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only.

16 Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks Project No.: Project: Location: Client: Borehole No.: HMM-BH-03 Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 2 Burnaby, BC Depth (m): BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 341 ASTM D4644 Test Results I d1 = Slake Durability index after 1 st Cycle 12.0 % I d2 = Slake Durability index after 2 nd Cycle 0.6 % I d3 = Slake Durability index after 3 rd Cycle 0.2 % Initial Sample Description 10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Sandstone Final Description of Fragments in Drum I d1 Type II - Retained pieces consists of large and small pieces I d2 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments I d3 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments Temperature C Calibration Before Slaking Max 25.8 Machine ID BUR Min 19.2 Drum ID A Average 21.7 Thermometer ID FLUKE Comments After Slaking The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. G. Patton October 23, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 23, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE Golder Associates Ltd. 300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: Fax:

17 Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks Project No.: Project: Location: Client: Borehole No.: HMM-BH-03 Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 4 Burnaby, BC Depth (m): BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 341 ASTM D4644 Test Results I d1 = Slake Durability index after 1 st Cycle 76.1 % I d2 = Slake Durability index after 2 nd Cycle 57.6 % I d3 = Slake Durability index after 3 rd Cycle 39.6 % Initial Sample Description 10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Mudstone Final Description of Fragments in Drum Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments I d1 I d2 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments I d3 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments Temperature C Calibration Before Slaking Max 26.6 Machine ID BUR Min 19.2 Drum ID B Average 21.9 Thermometer ID FLUKE Comments After Slaking The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. G. Patton October 23, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 23, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE Golder Associates Ltd. 300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: Fax:

18 Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks Project No.: Project: Location: Client: Borehole No.: HMM-BH-03 Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 6 Burnaby, BC Depth (m): BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 341 ASTM D4644 Test Results I d1 = Slake Durability index after 1 st Cycle 97.5 % I d2 = Slake Durability index after 2 nd Cycle 91.3 % I d3 = Slake Durability index after 3 rd Cycle 83.5 % Initial Sample Description 10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Mudstone Final Description of Fragments in Drum Type I - Retained pieces remain virtually unchanged I d1 I d2 Type II - Retained pieces consists of large and small pieces I d3 Type II - Retained pieces consists of large and small pieces Temperature C Calibration Before Slaking Max 25.6 Machine ID BUR Min 19.4 Drum ID C Average 22.0 Thermometer ID FLUKE Comments After Slaking The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. G. Patton October 23, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 23, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE Golder Associates Ltd. 300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: Fax:

19 Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks Project No.: Project: Location: Client: Borehole No.: HMM-BH-03 Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 7 Burnaby, BC Depth (m): BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 341 ASTM D4644 Test Results I d1 = Slake Durability index after 1 st Cycle 4.1 % I d2 = Slake Durability index after 2 nd Cycle 3.4 % I d3 = Slake Durability index after 3 rd Cycle 2.6 % Initial Sample Description 10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Sandstone Final Description of Fragments in Drum Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments I d1 I d2 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments I d3 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments Temperature C Calibration Before Slaking Max 26.8 Machine ID BUR Min 19.6 Drum ID D Average 22.4 Thermometer ID FLUKE Comments After Slaking The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. G. Patton October 23, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 23, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE Golder Associates Ltd. 300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: Fax:

20 Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks Project No.: Project: Location: Client: Borehole No.: HMM-BH-05 Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 2 Burnaby, BC Depth (m): BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 341 ASTM D4644 Test Results I d1 = Slake Durability index after 1 st Cycle 7.3 % I d2 = Slake Durability index after 2 nd Cycle 0.0 % I d3 = Slake Durability index after 3 rd Cycle N/A % Initial Sample Description 10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Sandstone Final Description of Fragments in Drum I d1 Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments I d2 No material remaining in drum I d3 N/A Temperature C Calibration Before Slaking Max 21.4 Machine ID BUR10002 Min 19.2 Drum ID A Average 20.6 Thermometer ID FLUKE Comments No material remaining in drum after second cycle. After Slaking The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. G. Patton October 13, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE Golder Associates Ltd. 300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: Fax:

21 Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks Project No.: Project: Location: Client: Borehole No.: HMM-BH-05 Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation Sample No.: SLD 3 Burnaby, BC Depth (m): BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No: 341 ASTM D4644 Test Results I d1 = Slake Durability index after 1 st Cycle 44.0 % I d2 = Slake Durability index after 2 nd Cycle 0.0 % I d3 = Slake Durability index after 3 rd Cycle N/A % Initial Sample Description 10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Sandstone Final Description of Fragments in Drum Type II - Retained pieces consists of large and small pieces I d1 I d2 No material remaining in drum I d3 N/A Temperature C Calibration Before Slaking Max 21.4 Machine ID BUR10002 Min 18.8 Drum ID B Average 20.3 Thermometer ID FLUKE Comments No material remaining in drum after second cycle. After Slaking The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. G. Patton October 13, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014 TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE Golder Associates Ltd. 300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: Fax:

22 Depth Borehole From To Sample Photograph Reference Golder Associates, Vancouver, BC, Canada Reference (Mallory) Boxes 1 to 3 Summary of Cerchar Abrasivity Test Results Cerchar (CAI s ) (1/10 mm) (m) (m) Mean STDev Mean STDev HMM-BH Photo Medium Abrasiveness HMM-BH CHE-02 Photo Medium Abrasiveness HMM-BH CHE-01 Photo N/A HMM-BH Cerchar 5 Photo Medium Abrasiveness HMM-BH Cerchar 3 Photo Medium Abrasiveness HMM-BH Photo Medium Abrasiveness HMM-BH Cerchar 2 Photo N/A HMM-BH Cerchar 4 Photo Low Abrasiveness HMM-BH Cerchar 1 Photo Low Abrasiveness CAI (1/10 mm) Abrasiveness Classification (Table 1 of ASTM 7625) Test Comments See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be representative of true abrasivity See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be representative of true abrasivity See photo. Very deep scratch, sample too soft to provide a representative abrasivity test. See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be representative of true abrasivity See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be representative of true abrasivity Soft with harder inclusions, harder inclusions are abrasive - CAI =2.5. See photo. Very deep scratch, sample too soft to provide a representative abrasivity test. See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be representative of true abrasivity See photo. Very deep scratch, may not be representative of true abrasivity Comments: (1) Rock samples were tested as received with natural moisture content. (2) Tests on samples were conducted on diamond saw cut core surfaces. However, rock surfaces very rough due to weak rock matrix and relatively low rock strength. (3) We recommend reviewing the results in concert with the data and information contained in the attached paper by Plinninger et al 1. (4) Tests conducted in accordance with ASTM D using HRC Pins (Stylus). (5) CAI calculated per ASTM 7625, 10.2 = CAI s x Plinninnger, R., Kasling, H., Thuro, K. and Spaun, H., Testing Conditions and Geomechanical Properties Influencing the Cerchar Abrasiveness Index (CAI) Value. IJRM &MS Technical Note, Test Date Test By 1-Nov-14 CDB Note: Tests carried out on diamond saw cut surfaces

23 SubTerra, Inc. Golder Associates, Inc. November 1, 2014 November 1, 2014, Cerchar Abrasivity Sample Photographs Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3 Photo 4 Photo 5 Photo 6 Page 1

24 SubTerra, Inc. Golder Associates, Inc. August 24, 2014 August 24, 2014, Cerchar Abrasivity Sample Photographs Photo 7 Photo 8 Photo 9 Photo 10 Photo 11 Photo 12 Page 1

25 CLIENT : BGC Engineering PROJECT : ARD Testing SGS Project # : 1439 Test : Modified Acid-Base Accounting Date : October 30, 2014 Sample ID Paste TIC CaCO3 S(T) S(SO4) S(S-2) Insoluble S AP NP Net Fizz Test ph % NP % % % % NP Method Code Sobek CSB02V Calc. CSA06V CSA07V CSA08D Calc. Calc. Modified Calc. Sobek LOD #N/A #N/A #N/A 0.5 #N/A #N/A HMM-BH-03 ABA < None HMM-BH-03 ABA < None HMM-BH-03 ABA < < Slight HMM-BH-03 ABA <0.01 < < < None HMM-BH-03 ABA < < None HMM-BH-03 ABA < < None HMM-BH-03 ABA <0.01 < < None HMM-BH-03 ABA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < None HMM-BH-03 ABA < < None HMM-BH-05 ABA <0.01 < < < None HMM-BH-05 ABA <0.01 < < None HMM-BH-05 ABA <0.01 < < < None HMM-BH-05 ABA <0.01 <0.8 <0.005 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < None Duplicates HMM-BH-03 ABA None HMM-BH-03 ABA HMM-BH-03 ABA-04 <0.01 HMM-BH-03 ABA-08 <0.01 HMM-BH-05 ABA-03 <0.01 QC GTS-2A PD RTS-3A 2.47 TIC-L NBM Slight Expected Values Slight Tolerance +/ Note:

26 PETROGRAPHIC REPORT ON 13 SAMPLES FROM BURNABY MOUNTAIN GEOTECHNICAL DRILLING INVESTIGATION Report for: Jack Stratton/Cathy Schmid Invoice BGC Engineering Inc. Proj St. Paul Street Kamloops, B.C. V2C 6G4 (250) Oct. 29, SUMMARY: The 13 samples examined can be roughly divided into 7 samples of arkosic (feldspar-rich), variably lithic arenite ( sandstone ), 5 samples of pebble conglomerate (although of these, two slides only sectioned a single, igneous rock clast), and one sample of fine siltstone ( mudstone ), as follows: Sandstone (PET-01, 02, 03, 07, XRD-02, 03, 04):0.5-2 mm size detrital quartz, plagioclase ±Kspar, mica (biotite, muscovite, chlorite), amphibole, epidote, accessory ilmenite-sphene-rutile-allanite?- rare zircon-sulfides-garnet, variable lithic clasts, and either no matrix or variably significant, very fine-grained sericite (±biotite, chlorite?) matrix, locally plucked out by section preparation to leave voids. Primary porosity is difficult to evaluate due to the prevalence of plucking; both the soft, micaceous matrix mineralogy and the lack of consolidation in several samples appear to lead to a loss of strength in otherwise hard rock (average Moh s hardness ). Rare lenses of (lignite?) coal are soft. Conglomerate (PET-04, 06, 08; single clasts only in PET-09 and XRD-01): varied, heterolithic clasts to about 8 cm that range from plutonic to porphyritic hypabyssal felsic/intermediate intrusive (locally strongly altered to secondary biotite-sericite-epidote-chlorite ±magnetite, ilmenite, sphene, rare chalcopyrite), to sedimentary (arkosic sandstone much as described above) or variably foliated schist/phyllite, with variable matrix (to almost non-existent; i.e. clast-supported) of arkosic sandstone (as described) or in one sample (PET-08) significant carbonate, apparently mostly calcite. The clasts are relatively hard (5.6 to 5.9) but the matrix, where present, may be softer and/or unconsolidated. Mudstone (PET-05): actually in siltstone range, mm size, closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-pyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix. Sulfides are rare in these rocks, restricted to scattered traces of pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite probably mostly derived by erosion of variably mineralized source rocks; rare traces of minute framboidal pyrite could be diagenetic. Carbonate is also rare except in the one conglomerate sample Capsule descriptions are as follows: PET-01: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory Kspar- ilmenitesphene-rutile-trace allanite-zircon. It is very hard (6.1), but friable and unfractured.

27 2 PET-02: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), Kspar, accessory ilmenitesphene-rutile-trace allanite. It is hard (5.7), but friable, with lenses of coal. PET-03: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace garnet. It is relatively hard (5.5), but somewhat friable due to sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix. PET-04: conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity, plus sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix. PET-05: arkosic (feldspar-rich) siltstone/ mudstone (technically near lower limit of fine sandstone) comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-pyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix. PET-06: conglomerate: closely packed, widely heterolithic/porphyritic, variably sericite, biotite, chlorite, epidote, magnetite-trace pyrite altered pebbles in clast-supported mode, only minor detrital quartz, feldspars, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory sphene-ilmenite in matrix. It is hard (5.6), but somewhat friable due to minor porosity. PET-07: lithic arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed lithic clasts, detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (biotite), chlorite, minor Kspar, less epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity in the matrix. PET-08: conglomerate: closely packed, heterolithic (granite or quartz diorite), variably carbonate, chlorite, actinolite, epidote, sericite, magnetite ±sphene altered clasts, in heavily carbonate-altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspars, and mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite). It is hard (5.8), and mostly well cemented by the carbonate matrix PET-09: single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene? phyric intermediate (quartz diorite?) porphyry (accessory magnetite-apatite-kspar), moderately altered to epidote-clay?/sericite-chlorite-actinolitebiotite-quartz-sphene-trace chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6) and unfractured. XRD-01: appears to be a single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene/amphibole? phyric intermediate (andesite?) hypabyssal porphyry (accessory ilmenite), strongly altered to epidote-chlorite-sphenetrace clay?/sericite-pyrite. It is hard (5.9) and unfractured, but contains local epidote veins. XRD-02: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, possible minor chlorite)-minor Kspar-accessory epidote, ilmenite-trace rutile, pyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6), but distinctly friable due to abundant sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix. XRD-03: arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital plagioclase, quartz, significant mica (biotite, sericite, possible minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, trace rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.5), but strongly plucked due to abundant sericite and biotite (minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

28 3 XRD-04: arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital plagioclase, quartz, micas (biotite, sericite, minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, rutile, allanite (?). It is hard (5.7), but lacks cohesion due to sericite (± biotite/chlorite?) in the matrix. Detailed petrographic descriptions and photomicrographs are appended (on CD/by attachment). If you have any questions regarding the petrography, please do not hesitate to contact me. Craig H.B. Leitch, Ph.D., P. Eng. (250) Isabella Point Road, Salt Spring Island, B.C. Canada V8K 1V4

29 4 PET-01: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Sandstone Composed Of Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Amphibole, Lesser Epidote, Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Accessory Kspar- Ilmenite-Sphene-Rutile-Trace Allanite-Zircon From HMM-BHO m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows porous-looking, relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) sandstone lacking any obvious veins. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and very minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 30% 7 <0.8 angular to subangular, local aggregates Plagioclase 30% 6 <0.8 subangular to euhedral, common aggregates; partly sericitized Amphibole 15% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates Epidote/zoisite 10% 7 <0.3 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates Biotite 5% 3 <0.3 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral flakes, commonly in aggregates Sericite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes, detrital or after plagioclase K-feldspar (?) 2% 6 <0.1 based on etched offcut, likely mostly primary, detrital Chlorite 1% 3 <0.3 sub/euhedral flakes, F:M ~0.4? Ilmenite 1% 5.5 <0.25 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 euhedra, mainly along open fracture Allanite (?) <1% 7 <0.45 sub/euhedral detrital, medium brown, with epidote Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.05 aggregates to 0.5 mm (after ilmenite?) Garnet <1% 7.5 <0.25 subhedra, colourless Zircon <1% 7.5 <0.4 euhedral prisms, unaltered Sulfides <<1% 5.5 <0.1 Chalcopyrite (ragged subhedra), lesser pyrite (framboids), rare Weighted Average H 6.1 yet the sample is friable in hand specimen, belying the hardness Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase ±Kspar?), amphibole, epidote, micas and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, possible allanite, garnet, zircon and rare sulfides; up to 1/3 the sample may be lithic clasts (aggregates of minerals). There is essentially no matrix/porosity visible. An open fracture is unusual in being lined by heavy detrital minerals (ilmenite, sphene, zircon). Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with feldspar, sericite, epidote, amphibole, rutile). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase displays common polysynthetic twinning with variable composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <50 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or occurs as microlites <0.2 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar is rare and inferred from etched offcut only. Amphibole varies from almost colourless to pale/medium olive-green, suggestive of tremolite and hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) or rarely chlorite (pale green pleochroism and weakly anomalous greyish, length-fast birefringence suggestive of Fe:Fe+Mg, or F:M, ratio near 0.4?). Mica flakes range from colourless muscovite to medium brown or locally greenish brown biotite, commonly intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspar. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include common ilmenite (partly altered to hematite or less commonly rutile) and sphene. Possible allanite is pleochroic in brown, locally intergrown with epidote; garnet and zircon are rare, as are chalcopyrite and minute framboidal pyrite both <0.1 mm. In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory Kspar- ilmenite-sphene-rutile-trace allanite-zircon. It is very hard (6.1), but friable and unfractured.

30 5 PET-02: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Sandstone: Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase ± Kspar, Amphibole, Lesser Epidote, Mica (Biotite, Chlorite) in Minor Matrix of Sericite-Chlorite, Accessory Ilmenite-Sphene-Trace Allanite-Rutile From HMM-BHO m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows porous-looking, relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium- to locally fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite ( sandstone ) with local inclusions of black organic matter (coal, likely lignite?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and minor stain for K- feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 35% 7 <1.0 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates Plagioclase 25% 6 <0.5 subangular to euhedral, common aggregates; partly sericitized Amphibole 10% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates Epidote/zoisite 5% 7 <0.3 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.2 based on etched offcut, likely mostly primary, detrital Biotite 5% 3 <1.4 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized Sericite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral detrital flakes, or in matrix or after plagioclase Coal (?) 5% 1.5 <0.01 irregular masses up to several cm; likely lignite? Chlorite 3% 3 <0.9 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3? Ilmenite 1% 5.5 <0.2 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite, rutile, sphene Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, zoned, detrital, or finer-grained, after ilmenite? Rutile <<1% 5.5 <0.03 aggregates to 0.2 mm (after ilmenite?) Allanite (?) <<1% 7 <0.15 subhedral granular, medium brown, with epidote Weighted Average H 5.7 but the sample is friable in hand specimen, belying the hardness Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase ±Kspar?), amphibole, epidote, micas and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, <1/3 the sample may be lithic clasts (aggregates of minerals). Minor matrix appears to be very fine sericite/chlorite. An area of organic matter may be lignite coal (?) at the top of an apparently fining-upward cycle (but intermixed with the sandstone). Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with feldspar, sericite, epidote, amphibole, rutile). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase displays common polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 17º and negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar is mostly inferred from etched offcut. Amphibole varies from very pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite (distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence suggestive of F:M ratio near 0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown or locally greenish brown biotite or rarely colourless muscovite, commonly intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include common ilmenite (slightly altered to hematite or at rims to sphene or rutile) and sphene. Possible allanite is faintly pleochroic in brown, locally intergrown with epidote. In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), Kspar, accessory ilmenite-sphene-rutile-trace allanite. It is hard (5.7), but friable, with lenses of coal.

31 6 PET-03: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Biotite and Chlorite), Minor Kspar, Lesser Epidote, Amphibole, Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite-Trace Garnet From HMM-BHO3 53.4m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium- to finegrained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite ( sandstone ) with faintly defined bedding at about 90º to core axis (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears less than in PET-01/02. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 35% 7 <0.8 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates Plagioclase 25% 6 <0.6 subangular to euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized Sericite 15% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase Biotite 10% 3 <0.8 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.4 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, possibly orthoclase? Chlorite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3? Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.2 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates Amphibole 1% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, zoned, detrital (or trace fine-grained in chlorite) Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.5 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite Garnet (?) <<1% 7.5 <0.2 sub/anhedra, colourless, probably detrital Weighted Average H 5.5 Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase ±Kspar?), relatively abundant micas, minor amphibole, epidote, and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, lithic clasts are <20% of the sample. Significant matrix appears to be very fine sericite/minor chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, randomly oriented flakes mostly <20 µm. An open fracture crosses the slide along the bedding, in part controlled along aligned mica flakes. Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase locally displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 17º and locally negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with large 2V (orthoclase?); abundance is estimated from etched offcut. Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~ ?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (locally mostly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital or very fine, in chlorite after biotite). Rare possible garnet (?) may be detrital. In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace garnet. It is relatively hard (5.5), but somewhat friable due to sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

32 7 PET-04: Conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite: quartz, plagioclase, mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite), Kspar, epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite From HMM-BHO m, described as upper conglomerate in Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (porous), medium grey conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to 2.5 cm in medium/coarse-grained, massive arkosic arenite ( sandstone or grit ) matrix lacking visible bedding. The rock (especially some clasts) is distinctly magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (essentially unscratched by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 30% 7 <1.25 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates Plagioclase 30% 6 <1.6 subangular to euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized Sericite 10% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; or after plagioclase Biotite 10% 3 <0.8 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.8 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, orthoclase ±microcline Chlorite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~ ?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3? Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates Porosity (?) 3% 0 <0.5 interstitial holes due to porosity or plucking during preparation Amphibole 2% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 sub/euhedral, detrital (trace fine-grained rimming magnetite) Magnetite <1% 6 <0.25 sub/euhedra (only in biotite altered porphyry clast) Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.25 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite Pyrite <1% 6.5 <1.0 euhedral, rimming central epidote-chlorite Weighted Average H 5.7 Remarks: This sample consists of about 30-50% pebble sized clasts in matrix of detrital quartz, feldspars, micas, minor epidote, amphibole and accessory sphene, ilmenite and pyrite with interstitial sericite (±chlorite?) and open space that could represent primary porosity or plucking. Clasts (locally plucked out by section preparation) are mainly subrounded and consist of finegrained hypabyssal felsic/intermediate porphyry (plagioclase phyric to ~1 mm) significantly altered to secondary biotite (randomly oriented medium brown subhedral flakes mostly <0.1 mm replacing mafic sites, with accessory magnetite partly rimmed by fine sphene) or altered fine sandstone (detrital quartz and feldspar mostly <0.2 mm, strongly replaced by secondary biotite ±accessory ilmenite). In the host, quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments that are fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole). Plagioclase either displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 20º or is untwinned with negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm; it also occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals (microperthite albite inclusions). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~ ?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO 2 minerals are relatively rare ilmenite (locally partly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital). Rare pyrite is intergrown with epidote and chlorite. In summary, this is conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity, plus sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

33 8 PET-05: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Siltstone/ Mudstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Minor Amphibole, Kspar, Lesser Epidote, Accessory Ilmenite-Limonite-Trace Rutile-Pyrite From HMM-BHO m, described as mudstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, very fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) lutite ( siltstone/mudstone ) lacking defined bedding. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, easily, by steel), and very minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears very minor (less than in PET-01 to 03). Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 25% 7 <0.2 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates Sericite 25% 3 <0.05 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix or larger, detrital Plagioclase 20% 6 <0.1 subangular to euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized Biotite 10% 3 <0.2 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized Amphibole 6% 6 <0.15 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.1 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital? Chlorite 5% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5?); matrix <20 µm, F:M? Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.05 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly separate Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.08 sub/euhedra, trace alteration to hematite Limonite <1% 4.5 <0.01 aggregates of goethite with minute hematite flakes <2 µm Rutile <<1% 6.5 <0.02 sub/euhedra, golden brown, after ilmenite? Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 framboidal spheres or minute euhedra Weighted Average H 5.1 Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase ±Kspar?), relatively abundant micas and amphibole, minor epidote, and accessory ilmenite, limonite, rutile and trace pyrite. Significant matrix appears to be very fine sericite/minor chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, randomly oriented flakes mostly <20 µm. Faint bedding is defined by aligned aggregates of mica flakes; local open fractures occur along or sub-perpendicular to bedding. Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or rarely in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts, with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, amphibole?). The quartz is relatively unfractured/shows only weak strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase locally displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 mostly <10º (relatively fresh oligoclase?). Kspar is surmised from etched offcut, possibly forming subhedral crystals with relatively large negative 2V (orthoclase?). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows pale but distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-greenish, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown biotite, locally slightly altered to chlorite, or colourless muscovite; however much sericite, possibly mixed with chlorite, occurs in the matrix of more comminuted grains between the larger, obvious detrital grains. Accessory opaques appear to be mainly TiO 2 minerals including mostly ilmenite (locally slightly altered to hematite) and relatively rare rutile (euhedral, red/golden brown, after ilmenite?). Rare minute pyrite is either framboidal or less commonly euhedral. In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) siltstone/ mudstone (technically near lower limit of fine sandstone) comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutilepyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.

34 9 PET-06: Conglomerate: Closely Packed, Widely Heterolithic/Porphyritic, Variably Sericite, Biotite, Chlorite, Epidote, Magnetite-Trace Pyrite Altered Pebbles In Clast-Supported Mode, Only Minor Detrital Quartz, Feldspars, Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite Matrix From HMM-BHO3 115m, described as upper conglomerate in Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (porous), medium grey conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to 2 cm in coarse-grained, massive arkosic arenite ( grit ) matrix lacking visible bedding. The rock (especially some clasts) is distinctly magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (essentially unscratched by steel except in matrix), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Plagioclase 30% 6 <2.0 sub/euhedral, locally partly/largely sericitized (±carbonate) Quartz 25% 7 <1.5 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates or in clasts K-feldspar 10% 6 <0.7 subhedra, likely mostly primary, in clasts, perthitic orthoclase? Biotite 10% 3 <3.0 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized Chlorite 6% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (mostly after biotite; F:M ~ ?) Epidote/zoisite 5% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in clasts Amphibole 5% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in clasts Sericite 5% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly after plagioclase Clinopyroxene 1% 6 <1.2 euhedral phenocrysts in porphyry clast, augite? Porosity (?) 1% 0 <0.3 interstitial holes due to porosity or plucking during preparation Magnetite <1% 6 <0.2 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in altered porphyry clasts) Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.4 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral (detrital or associated with ilmenite, magnetite) Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.15 subhedral, only in chlorite-biotite ±epidote altered clasts Weighted Average H 5.7 Remarks: This sample consists of about 80-90% heterolithic pebble sized clasts in matrix of detrital quartz, feldspars, micas, minor epidote, amphibole and accessory ilmenite with essentially no matrix, only trace sericite (±chlorite?) and open space that could represent primary porosity or plucking. Clasts are mainly subrounded and so varied it is beyond the scope of this report to describe them in detail. They range from very fine-grained altered rock (sericite-biotite-quartz-feldsparaccessory ilmenite-sphene ±pyrite) or volcanic rock (feldspar-quartz phyric) or sedimentary rock (quartz-feldspar rich arkosic sandstone) to relict intermediate or mafic porphyry (clinopyroxene, relict chlorite ±biotite-magnetite-trace chalcopyrite altered orthopyroxene?, relict sericite ±carbonate, prehnite altered plagioclase phyric to ~2 mm) or amphibole-bearing mafic rock significantly altered to epidote and chlorite or secondary biotite (with accessory magnetite partly rimmed by fine sphene) or altered fine sandstone (detrital quartz and feldspar mostly <0.2 mm, strongly replaced by secondary green biotite ±accessory magnetite). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow or grey-green, length-fast birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~ ?). Mica flakes are mostly coarse, medium brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or finegrained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Matrix between the clasts is almost non-existent in this sample. Most common are single crystal fragments of quartz that are fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly feldspar (plagioclase or Kspar, typically unaltered compared to examples in clasts) Plagioclase either displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 40º or is untwinned with negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh labradorite (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with moderate alteration to sericite/trace chlorite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with microperthite albite

35 10 inclusions. Accessory TiO 2 minerals are relatively uncommon ilmenite (locally partly altered to hematite) and sphene (both euhedral, likely detrital). In summary, this is conglomerate: closely packed, widely heterolithic/porphyritic, variably sericite, biotite, chlorite, epidote, magnetite-trace pyrite altered pebbles in clast-supported mode, only minor detrital quartz, feldspars, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory sphene-ilmenite in matrix. It is hard (5.6), but somewhat friable due to minor porosity.

36 11 PET-07: Lithic Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Lithic Clasts, Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Biotite), Chlorite, Minor Kspar, Lesser Epidote, Amphibole, Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite From HMM-BHO m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium- to coarse-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite ( sandstone ) lacking obvious bedding. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears less than in PET-01/02. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 40% 7 <1.5 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates Plagioclase 25% 6 <1.0 subangular to euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized Biotite 10% 3 <2.0 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral bent flakes, partly chloritized Chlorite 8-10% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5?), partly after biotite/amphibole K-feldspar 5% 6 <2.0 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, µperthitic orthoclase? Sericite 5% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in lithic clasts or after plagioclase Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates Amphibole 1% 6 <0.45 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates Porosity (?) 1% 0 <0.3 interstitial holes due to porosity or plucking during preparation Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 sub/euhedra, fine-grained rims on ilmenite or coarse, detrital Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.15 sub/euhedra, partly altered to/rimmed by hematite/sphene Carbonate <1% 3.5 <0.25 sub/anhedra, secondary in lithic clasts, dolomite/ankerite? Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.03 subhedral, rare inclusions in quartz Weighted Average H 5.7 Remarks: This sample consists mainly of closely packed, interlocking lithic clasts (>50% of the sample) and similar sized grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase and Kspar), relatively abundant micas (mainly biotite), minor amphibole, epidote, and accessory ilmenite and sphene. Very little matrix appears to be present (mostly open pore spaces). No fractures cross the slide. Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with varying proportions/combinations of fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole, rare carbonate). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries, mostly in lithic clasts). Plagioclase displaying polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 20º, or negative relief compared to quartz, suggests variable composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite, the latter associated with weak to moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes to 0.1 mm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as sub/euhedra <0.2 mm. Plagioclase also occurs as subhedra <0.1 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with large 2V and minute inclusions of albite (microperthitic orthoclase?). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende/actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows pale but distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly deformed/bent in between/around quartz/lithic grains, partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include minor ilmenite (locally partly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital or very fine, rimming ilmenite). Rare pyrite is seen only as traces in quartz. In summary, this is lithic arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed lithic clasts, detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (biotite), chlorite, minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity in the matrix.

37 12 PET-08: Conglomerate: Closely Packed, Heterolithic (Granite Or Quartz Diorite), Variably Carbonate, Chlorite, Actinolite, Epidote, Sericite, Magnetite ±Sphene Altered Clasts, in Heavily Carbonate-Altered Matrix Containing Detrital Quartz, Feldspars, Mica (Sericite, Biotite, Chlorite) From HMM-BHO m, described as lower conglomerate (with carbonate matrix), Kitsilano Member of Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively well consolidated (cemented), pale grey/white conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to ~5 cm in coarsegrained, buff-coloured carbonate-rich arkosic arenite ( grit ) matrix. The rock (especially some clasts) is distinctly magnetic; the matrix shows rapid reaction to cold dilute HCl (it is partly scratched by steel; clast is more difficult to scratch/reacts only slowly), and there is minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut (clasts and matrix). Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Plagioclase 40% 6 <3.0 sub/euhedral, partly altered to sericite-carbonate-epidote Quartz 25% 7 <1.5 sub to anhedral, mainly primary/locally secondary Amphibole 7% 6 <1.5 sub/euhedral, pale green, fibrous, secondary (actinolitic?) Carbonate 7% 3.5 <0.75 sub/anhedra, secondary, calcite/minor dolomite? K-feldspar 5% 6 <1.0 subhedra, likely mostly primary in clasts, perthitic orthoclase? Chlorite 5% 3 <1.0 sub/euhedral flakes (after biotite/amphibole; F:M ~0.5/0.4?) Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, after mafics, plagioclase Sericite 3% 3 <0.2 euhedral flakes, after plagioclase; muscovite ~1 mm in granite Magnetite 3% 6 <1.0 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in intermediate clast) Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.4 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral (associated with/after ilmenite, magnetite) Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 subhedral, only in quartz-chlorite-epidote altered areas Weighted Average H 5.7 Remarks: The section appears to be poorly located to examine the conglomerate matrix; it appears to cut only two large clasts, one felsic ( granite ) and the other intermediate ( quartz diorite ); both are partly altered to carbonate, especially near the contact between the two (marked by an open fracture). The felsic clast (white in hand specimen) consists mainly of interlocking subhedral crystals of plagioclase, quartz, Kspar and minor muscovite, chlorite, epidote and accessory sphene, indicative of a two-mica leuco-granitic intrusive rock. Plagioclase (extinction Y^ º, oligoclase ~An 20 ) is partly to strongly altered to carbonate (dolomite?) along closely spaced fractures sub-perpendicular to the contact, plus minor sericite/muscovite mostly <0.2 mm. Quartz forms ragged sub/anhedra locally recrystallized to fine-grained secondary aggregates near veinlets where strain is moderate (subdomains, sutured grain boundaries). Kspar crystals show minute inclusions of albite (microperthite). Small, interstitial mafic sites are represented by aggregates of muscovite, partly chloritized biotite, local epidote and trace accessory sphene after ilmenite. The intermediate clast is composed of interlocking relict plagioclase, quartz and mafic mineral sites, the latter closely associated with significant magnetite, locally all set in a minor amount of fine-grained quartz-rich groundmass suggestive of a hypabyssal porphyry. Plagioclase forms zoned subhedra to ~3 mm that are partly to strongly (especially at cores, particularly near the contact) replaced by carbonate (ragged subhedra, calcite?) ±sericite (subhedral flakes mostly <35 µm) and epidote (subhedra to 0.25 mm, mainly colourless). Quartz is similar to that in the felsic clast or more strongly recrystallized to secondary quartz (mostly <0.3 mm, much more strongly strained) along and near veinlets. Amphibole forming sub/euhedral crystals to 1.5 mm is pale olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); these are relatively unaltered. Relict mafic sites with ragged, subhedral outlines to ~5 mm consist mainly of bundles of fibrous subhedral pale green coloured (actinolitic?) amphibole partly altered to epidote and chlorite and closely associated with significant magnetite rarely partly altered to hematite or rimmed by fine sphene) Epidote shows pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content; chlorite shows pale green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-green, length-fast birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.4?).

38 13 Matrix between the clasts is almost non-existent in this section, occurring only on one small triangular area between the two major clasts. Here detrital single crystal fragments of quartz that are fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly feldspar (plagioclase or Kspar, both altered similarly to examples in clasts), amphibole (as described above) and flakes or books of mica (muscovite as seen in the granite, or biotite partly/largely replaced by chlorite) plus local lithic clasts to ~1 mm are set in/altered to abundant carbonate as interlocking subhedra to 0.5 mm (likely mainly calcite). This is typical of the matrix as deduced from examination of the hand specimen. In summary, this is conglomerate: closely packed, heterolithic (granite or quartz diorite), variably carbonate, chlorite, actinolite, epidote, sericite, magnetite ±sphene altered clasts, in heavily carbonate-altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspars, and mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite). It is hard (5.8), and mostly well cemented by the carbonate matrix.

39 14 PET-09: Single Clast of Plagioclase-Pyroxene? Phyric Intermediate (Quartz Diorite?) Porphyry (Accessory Magnetite-Apatite-Kspar), Moderately Altered To Epidote-Clay?/Sericite-Chlorite- Actinolite-Biotite-Quartz-Sphene-Trace Chalcopyrite From HMM-BHO m, described as lower conglomerate, Kitsilano Member of Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (uncemented), pale grey/white conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to at least 8 cm in very minor coarsegrained, arkosic arenite ( grit ) matrix (apparently missed in section). The rock (essentially the large clast) is distinctly magnetic, but shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (unscratched by steel), and trace stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Plagioclase 40% 6 <2.0 sub/euhedral, partly relict (altered to sericite, epidote) Amphibole 15% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral, pale green, fibrous, secondary (actinolitic?) Epidote/zoisite 15% 7 <0.5 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, after mafics, plagioclase Clay?/sericite 15% 3 <0.05 partly/largely plucked out to leave voids, after plagioclase cores Chlorite 5% 3 <0.35 sub/euhedral flakes (after amphibole ±biotite; F:M ~0.5?) Quartz 5% 7 <0.25 sub to anhedral, mainly interstitial primary/locally secondary Magnetite 2% 6 <0.35 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in intermediate clast) Sphene ~1% 6 <0.15 sub/euhedral (associated with/after ilmenite, magnetite) K-feldspar ~1% 6 <0.25 subhedra, interstitial, likely mostly primary? Biotite <1% 3 <0.2 brown, secondary, sub/euhedral flakes, partly chloritized Apatite <1% 5 <0.25 euhedral prisms, mostly with mafic sites Chalcopyrite <1% 4 <0.25 subhedral, mainly with epidote-quartz altered mafic sites? Weighted Average H 5.6 Remarks: The section is poorly located to examine the conglomerate matrix; it appears to cut only one large clast, a felsic to intermediate hypabyssal porphyry composed of 30-35% 1-4 mm relict plagioclase (largely replaced by epidote or clay?/sericite, the latter commonly partly plucked out by section preparation to leave voids) and 10-15% <1-2 mm relict mafic (altered to secondary amphibole ±biotite-epidote-chlorite) phenocrysts in a matrix of smaller, seriate crystals of the same plus minor quartz and accessory magnetite-sphene-apatite-chalcopyrite. Relict plagioclase phenocrysts have mainly euhedral outlines with distinct zoning emphasized by the locally strong to intense alteration mostly at the cores to variable mixtures of clay (?) as brownish, minute flakes mostly <15 µm, locally plucked out to leave voids up to ~2 mm across and sericite as subhedral flakes to 50 µm, both randomly oriented, or epidote as interlocking subhedra mainly <0.5 mm with pale yellow colour (low Fe content). Remnant plagioclase is likely andesine or oligoclase at rims based on extinction Y^010 up to 25º or mainly <10º, respectively. Relict mafic phenocrysts have subhedral rectangular to irregular outlines suggestive of former pyroxene (?) now replaced by relatively fine-grained, fibrous amphibole with medium olive-green pleochroism (hornblende or actinolitic hornblende?), or locally (mainly at margins or along microfractures) by secondary biotite, or in places by combinations of chlorite (subhedral flakes with pale green pleochroism, near-zero to slightly length-slow birefringence suggestive of F:M 0.5?) and locally significant epidote (as above, but with bright yellow pleochroism indicating high Fe content), quartz (subhedra to 0.25 mm) rarely mixed with minor chalcopyrite (stringers of subhedra <0.25 mm) The groundmass is finer but seriate-textured, composed of the same minerals described above with similar alteration, plus minor quartz as interstitial subhedra to 0.2 mm (likely mostly primary?). Accessory opaques are mostly magnetite as euhedra to 0.25 mm, partly replaced by sphene <0.15 mm (or the sphene may replace former ilmenite forming exsolution lamellae in the magnetite). Apatite forms euhedral prisms to 0.25 mm long mostly mixed with the mafic sites. In summary, this is single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene? phyric intermediate (quartz diorite?) porphyry (accessory magnetite-apatite-kspar), moderately altered to epidote-clay?/sericite-chloriteactinolite-biotite-quartz-sphene-trace chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6) and unfractured.

40 15 XRD-01: Single Clast of Plagioclase-Pyroxene/Amphibole? Phyric Intermediate (Andesite?) Hypabyssal Porphyry (Accessory Ilmenite), Strongly Altered To Epidote-Chlorite-Sphene-Trace Clay?/Sericite-Pyrite? From HMM-BHO5 22.5m, described as typical conglomerate, Kitsilano Member of Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows what may be essentially one large clast (?) of medium greenish-grey, intermediate volcanic/hypabyssal rock to at least 8 cm so that matrix is apparently missed in the sample/section. The rock (essentially the clast) is essentially non-magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (scratched by steel with difficulty), and no stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Plagioclase 45% 6 <2.5 sub/euhedral (groundmass/phenos), partly relict epidote altered Epidote/zoisite 35% 7 <1.0 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, after mafics, plagioclase Chlorite 15% 3 <0.35 sub/euhedral flakes (after amphibole ±biotite; F:M ~0.5?) Quartz 3% 7 <0.25 sub to anhedral, groundmass, mainly interstitial primary? Sphene ~1% 6 <0.08 sub/euhedral (in epidote altered mafic sites, after ilmenite) Clay?/sericite <1% 3 <0.01 traces along microfractures in plagioclase Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 relict, sub/euhedra, largely altered to sphene Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 subhedral, one margin of slide only, could be contamination? Weighted Average H 5.9 Remarks: The section is poorly located to examine the conglomerate or its matrix; it appears to cut only one large clast, a felsic to intermediate hypabyssal porphyry composed of 20-25% <1-2 mm relict plagioclase (partly to largely replaced by epidote, rare trace clay?/sericite) and 15-20% mostly <1-2 mm relict mafic (altered to epidote-chlorite) phenocrysts in a matrix of much finer, seriate crystals of the same plus minor quartz and accessory sphene-trace relict ilmenite, rare pyrite (?). Relict plagioclase phenocrysts have mainly euhedral outlines with only minor zoning at margins preserved; most intense alteration is mainly at the cores to epidote as interlocking subhedra mainly <0.5 mm with very pale yellow colour (low Fe content), local very minor clay?/sericite as subhedral flakes to 15 µm along microfractures. Remnant plagioclase is likely albite-oligoclase based on extinction X^010 very close to 0º. Relict mafic phenocrysts have subhedral rectangular to lath-shaped outlines suggestive of former amphibole or pyroxene (?), now pseudomorphed by relatively fine-grained, granular epidote up to ~1 mm in size with variable, locally medium yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content)or (especially for smaller, less euhedral examples that grade in seriate fashion to groundmass relics) by intimately intermixed combinations of epidote and lesser chlorite (subhedral flakes mostly <25 µm with pale green pleochroism, near-zero birefringence suggestive of F:M 0.5?). Accessory sphene forming euhedra mostly <80 µm is commonly associated with the relict mafic sites. The groundmass is finer but seriate-textured, composed of the same minerals described above with similar alteration, plus minor quartz as interstitial subhedra to 0.2 mm (likely mostly primary?). Accessory opaques are rare ilmenite as euhedra to 0.1 mm, largely replaced by sphene <0.05 mm. Rare pyrite is seen as thin slivers <50 µm long only along one margin of the slide (never within the interior of the slide), strongly suggestive of contamination during preparation. Local thin veinlets are sub-planar, <0.5 mm thick, composed of interlocking granular epidote as fibrous/needle-like sub/euhedra mostly <0.2 mm long, with weak/moderate yellow colour. In summary, this appears to be a single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene/amphibole? phyric intermediate (andesite?) hypabyssal porphyry (accessory ilmenite), strongly altered to epidotechlorite-sphene-trace clay?/sericite-pyrite. It is hard (5.9) and unfractured, but contains local epidote veins. An XRD analysis of this sample may not be representative of the conglomerate unit.

41 16 XRD-02: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Possible Minor Chlorite)-Minor Kspar-Accessory Epidote, Ilmenite-Trace Rutile, Pyrite From HMM-BHO5 32.5m, described as weak green sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium- to fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite ( sandstone ) with no well-defined bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite-chlorite(?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Quartz 40% 7 <2.0 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts Plagioclase 30% 6 <2.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized Clay?/sericite 15% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase Biotite 5% 3 <3.0 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized K-feldspar 5% 6 <1.0 subhedra, mostly primary in lithic clasts, possibly orthoclase? Chlorite 3% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3? Epidote/zoisite <1% 7 <0.1 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly after plagioclase Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.5 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered Rutile <<1% 5.5 <0.04 aggregates to 0.1 mm (within biotite only) Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.02 subhedral, along/near open fracture Weighted Average H 5.6 Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (mainly plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), local micas, rare epidote, and accessory ilmenite, rutile and pyrite, lithic clasts are 10-15% of the sample. Significant matrix making up 10-15% of the sample appears to be mainly very fine sericite/minor chlorite (?) as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <30 µm (but up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave significant voids. An open fracture crosses the slide, in part controlled along mica flakes of the matrix. Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, biotite, sericite, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 mainly <10º and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition around oligoclase (?); minor albitization (?) may be associated with local weak/moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, rare epidote <0.1 mm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals (mostly in felsic plutonic lithic clasts) with large 2V (orthoclase?); abundance is estimated from etched offcut. Mica flakes are mostly medium brown at cores (to bright green at rims) biotite, locally partly altered to chlorite. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.5 mm) and trace rutile (euhedral acicular, very fine, in biotite or chlorite after biotite). Rare epidote shows pale yellow pleochroism indicating low to moderate Fe content. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~ ?). Traces of pyrite occur near and along the open fracture, mostly within the sericitic matrix. Lithic clasts up to ~3 mm across vary from coarse-grained felsic plutonic (interlocking quartz, plagioclase which is locally sericitized, Kspar and minor biotite) to very fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite-minor quartz (phyllite or schist?). In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, possible minor chlorite)-minor Kspar-accessory epidote, ilmenite-trace rutile, pyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6), but distinctly friable due to abundant sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

42 17 XRD-03: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) ±Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Plagioclase, Quartz, Significant Mica (Biotite, Sericite, Possible Minor Chlorite)-Accessory Kspar, Epidote, Ilmenite, Trace Rutile, Pyrite, Chalcopyrite From HMM-BHO5 42.0m, described as grey sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows moderately consolidated, pale greenish-grey, mediumto fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite ( sandstone ) with no well-defined bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and only trace stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Plagioclase 40% 6 <1.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; rarely sericitized Quartz 30% 7 <0.75 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts Biotite 12% 3 <1.0 brown or green, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized Sericite 8% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase Voids 5% 0 <0.5 interstitial, mostly due to plucking rather than pore space? Muscovite 1% 3 <0.7 colourless, deformed, detrital like biotite K-feldspar 1% 6 <0.5 subhedra, mostly primary detrital based on etched offcut Chlorite 1% 3 <0.4 sub/euhedral flakes after biotite (F:M to 0.6?); matrix <50 µm Epidote/zoisite 1% 7 <0.1 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly after plagioclase Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered, mostly in matrix Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.02 aggregates to 0.15 mm, locally enclosed in sphene, chlorite Pyrite <1% 6.5 <0.1 subhedral, disseminated in matrix (±chalcopyrite to 0.15 mm) Weighted Average H 5.5 Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (mainly plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), micas, rare epidote, and accessory ilmenite, rutile and pyrite, lithic clasts are <10% of the sample. Significant matrix making up 10-15% of the sample appears to be mainly very fine biotite/sericite/local chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <50 µm (but up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave significant voids. An open fracture crosses the slide, in part controlled along mica flakes of the matrix. Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or rarely in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, biotite, sericite, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction Y^010 mainly <10º (but up to 20º) and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition around oligoclase but up to andesine (?); minor albitization (?) may be associated with local weak alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals as suggested from etched offcut. Mica flakes are mostly brown/greenish brown/green biotite, locally partly altered to chlorite, rare muscovite. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.1 mm) and trace rutile (euhedral acicular, golden brown, in chlorite). Rare epidote shows pale yellow pleochroism indicating low to moderate Fe content. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~ ?). Very minor pyrite and rare chalcopyrite are mostly sparsely disseminated within the sericite/biotite matrix. Lithic clasts mostly <1 mm across are mostly very fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite or biotite, minor quartz-feldspar (phyllite or schist?). Some mica-rich examples are difficult to separate from the matrix of similar composition. In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital plagioclase, quartz, significant mica (biotite, sericite, possible minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, trace rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.5), but strongly plucked due to abundant sericite and biotite (minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

43 18 XRD-04: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) ±Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Plagioclase, Quartz, Micas (Biotite, Sericite, Minor Chlorite)-Accessory Kspar, Epidote, Ilmenite, Rutile, Allanite (?) From HMM-BHO5 39.2m, described as brown sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows poorly consolidated (crumbly), pale brownish-grey, medium- to coarse-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite ( sandstone ) with no welldefined bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel); stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut not visible due to epoxy coating. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately: Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments % H (mm) Plagioclase 45% 6 <2.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; rarely sericitized Quartz 30% 7 <1.5 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts Biotite 10% 3 <1.0 greenish brown, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized Clay?/sericite 8% 3 <0.05 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase Amphibole 2% 6 <1.0 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates K-feldspar 1% 6 <0.5 subhedra, mostly primary detrital based on etched offcut Muscovite 1% 3 <0.4 colourless, deformed, detrital like biotite Chlorite 1% 3 <0.3 sub/euhedral flakes after biotite (F:M to 0.5?); matrix <50 µm Voids 1% 0 <0.4 interstitial, mostly due to plucking rather than pore space? Epidote/zoisite <1% 7 <0.1 subhedra, mainly colourless, in lithic clasts with chlorite-sericite Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered, mostly in matrix Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.1 aggregates to 0.35 mm, locally associated with sphene/epidote Allanite (?) <<1% 7 <0.4 subhedral granular, medium brown, with epidote Weighted Average H 5.7 Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (mainly plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), micas, amphibole, rare epidote or allanite, and accessory ilmenite and rutile, lithic clasts are ~10% of the sample. Minor matrix making up 5-10% of the sample appears to be mainly very fine sericite/local chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <50 µm (rare biotite up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave minor voids. Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or locally in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained sericite, biotite, feldspar, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction Y^010 mainly <10º (but up to 16º) and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition in the oligoclase-andesine range; local albitization (?) is associated with alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <40 µm. Mica flakes are mostly dark, greenish brown biotite (locally partly altered to chlorite) or rarely smaller, colourless muscovite. Local amphibole forms sub- to euhedral crystals up to ~1 mm with medium olive-green pleochroism, likely hornblende or actinolitic hornblende, slightly altered to biotite and/or chlorite at margins. Chlorite shows pale green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Kspar forms subhedral crystals as suggested by rare occurrence in etched offcut where not coated with epoxy. Accessory TiO 2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.1 mm) and rutile (euhedral acicular, very dark brown, with epidote-quartz). Possible allanite (?) is rounded, detrital, associated with epidote. Lithic clasts mostly <2.5 mm across are mostly fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite or biotite, quartz-feldspar-local epidote (phyllite/schist?), or local weakly porphyritic volcanic rock. In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital plagioclase, quartz, micas (biotite, sericite, minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, rutile, allanite (?). It is hard (5.7), but lacks cohesion due to sericite (±biotite/chlorite?) in the matrix.

44 19 PET-01: Typical assemblage of detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase feldspar (pl), amphibole (am), epidote (ep, locally rimming core of brown allanite, al?), local mica (brown biotite, bi), chlorite (ch) and variable lithic clasts, accessory ilmenite/hematite (opaque) closely packed with no visible matrix. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide. PET-01R: Unusual concentrations of heavy accessory minerals including ilmenite (il, partly altered to hematite, hm), sphene (sp) and local zircon (zr?) along an open fracture. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

45 20 PET-02: Contact between arkosic sandstone (detrital quartz, feldspars, amphibole and biotite partly altered to chlorite, minor epidote, in matrix of sericite ±chlorite) and probable coal bed or clast (dark brown, amorphous) here conformable to bedding in sandstone. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide. PET-03: Relatively mica-rich arkosic sandstone (bent, broken biotite flakes and sericite (±chlorite?) rich matrix between coarse detrital quartz and feldspar grains, variably abundant lithic clasts. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

46 21 PET-04: Relatively coarse arkosic sandstone or grit (host to altered pebbles of conglomerate) composed of detrital quartz, feldspar (commonly altered to sericite/zoisite), amphibole (partly altered to epidote), accessory ilmenite, and common lithic clasts; bubbles in epoxy indicate pore spaces. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide. PET-04R: Relatively rare pyrite (py) as euhedral crystal associated with/cored by epidote-chlorite. Note biotite booklets or flakes deformed between harder plagioclase grains, open spaces (partly original porosity?) between detrital quartz and feldspar grains. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

47 22 PET-05: Arkosic siltstone/ mudstone (technically fine sandstone, mm size range) composed of detrital quartz, significant feldspar (fs), amphibole (am), mica (mainly green biotite, bi), accessory ilmenite (opaque, il) and limonite (lm) in matrix rich in sericite (ser) ±chlorite (?). Transmitted plane light, field of view ~1.5 mm wide. PET-06: Minor inter-clast matrix composed of detrital quartz (qz), feldspar (mainly plagioclase, pl, partly sericitized), minor mica (chloritized biotite, ch/bi) and local, strongly fractured sphene (sp), common fine porosity (bubbles, epoxy). Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

48 23 PET-06(2): Widely varying, closely packed (clast-supported) subrounded/subangular clasts ranging from fine-grained, biotite (bi), sericite (ser) or epidote (ep) altered to amphibole (am)-plagioclase (pl) phyric hypabyssal porphyry; note single-crystal quartz (qz) and porosity (bubble in epoxy) in matrix. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide. PET-07: Lithic arkosic sandstone composed of closely packed heterolithic clasts (fine-grained, strained quartz plus other minerals), coarse detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase (pl), K-feldspar (Kf), bent/deformed biotite (bi) and minor pore spaces but no appreciable matrix. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

49 24 PET-08: Poorly defined boundary between carbonate altered felsic (two-mica leuco-granitic) clast (lower right) and heavily carbonate (cb) altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspar, micas, amphibole and lithic clasts. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide. PET-08R: Abundant magnetite (mt) associated with relict mafic sites altered to fibrous secondary actinolitic amphibole (ac) interstitial to fractured, altered plagioclase (pl) and quartz (qz) in intermediate (quartz diorite) clast. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

50 25 PET-09: Seriate-textured relict plagioclase phenocrysts altered to clay?/sericite (brownish, partly plucked out to leave voids at cores) or epidote (ep) and mafic relics altered to actinolitic amphibole (am), chlorite (ch), biotite (bi), epidote (ep) and local quartz (qz; some is also primary) associated with minor chalcopyrite and magnetite (opaque; see below). Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide. PET-09R:Same view as above but in reflected light (uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide) to show chalcopyrite (cp) intergrown with epidote (ep) and secondary quartz (qz), accessory magnetite (mt) partly replaced by sphene (sp).

51 26 XRD-01: Hypabyssal porphyry composed of euhedral relict plagioclase (PL) and mafic (M, possibly originally pyroxene or amphibole?) phenocrysts, partly to completely replaced by albite (ab) and epidote (ep); or epidote and chlorite; most chlorite occurs with epidote replacing seriate mafic crystals in the groundmass. Note epidote vein. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide. XRD-02: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase (pl) and lithic clasts (felsic plutonic rock, partly sericitized) with significant matrix of interstitial sericite (ser) that causes rock to be weak and is commonly plucked out to leave voids. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

52 27 XRD-03: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital plagioclase (pl), quartz (qz), biotite (bi), rare epidote, and only rare lithic clasts (mainly sericite, ser) with significant matrix of interstitial sericite (ser) that causes rock to be weak and may be plucked out to leave voids. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide. XRD-04: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital plagioclase (pl), less quartz (qz), biotite (bi), local lithic clasts (sericitized, ser) plus minor dark matrix of interstitial biotite/sericite/chlorite that causes rock to be weak and may be plucked out to leave small voids. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

53 Overviews of offcuts and thin sections (dark semi-circles mark locations of photomicrographs): 28

54 Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC, TMEP Westridge Tunnel Investigation November 26, Site Investigation Data Report FINAL Project No.: APPENDIX G GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS RESULTS Site Investigation Data Report - FINAL.docx BGC ENGINEERING INC.

55 BGC ENGINEERING INC. REPORT ON SEISMIC REFRACTION INVESTIGATION TRANSMOUNTAIN PIPELINE EXPANSION PROJECT WESTRIDGE TUNNEL OPTION - SOUTH PORTAL BURNABY, B.C. by Claudia Krumbiegel, M.Sc. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. September, 2014 PROJECT FGI-1367 Frontier Geosciences Inc. 237 St. Georges Avenue, North Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7L 4T4 Tel: Fax:

56 (i) CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION page 1 2. THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY METHOD 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Survey Procedure 2.3 Interpretive Method GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS 3.1 General 3.2 Discussion LIMITATIONS 5 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Survey Location Plan Site Plan Interpreted Depth Section SL-1 Interpreted Depth Section SL-2 Interpreted Depth Section SL-3 Interpreted Depth Section SL-4 Interpreted Depth Section SL-5 Interpreted Depth Section SL-6 location Page 2 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Frontier Geosciences Inc.

57 1 1. INTRODUCTION On August 29, September 2 and September 3, 2014, Frontier Geosciences Inc. carried out a seismic refraction investigation for BGC Engineering Inc. at the Westridge Tunnel Option, South Portal in Burnaby, British Columbia. The investigation is in support of Kinder Morgan s Transmountain Pipeline Expansion Project. The site area is located west of the Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal, on the southwest side of Burnaby Mountain. A Survey Location Plan of the area is shown at a scale of 1:50,000 in Figure 1. The purpose of the seismic refraction survey was to determine geological conditions at the proposed South Portal area. A total of approximately 750 metres of detailed seismic refraction surveying was carried out in the investigation on seven seismic spreads. A Site Plan of the area is presented at a scale of 1:1,000, in Figure 2. Frontier Geosciences Inc.

58 N N N N N N N SURVEY AREA N N E E E E E E E E KILOMETRES BGC ENGINEERING INC. WESTRIDGE TUNNEL OPTION - SOUTH PORTAL SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY SURVEY LOCATION PLAN FRONTIER GEOSCIENCES INC. DATE: SEPT SCALE 1:50,000 FIG. 1