Satellite-Based Radar Terrain Surface Deformation Mapping

Transcription

1 Essential Information Solutions For Decision Making Satellite-Based Radar Terrain Surface Deformation Mapping APSG US West Summer Meeting, Denver CO June 26,

2 Lines of Business GEOSPATIAL SOLUTIONS: Provide mapping and map derived analysis to support our customers mission requirements. Customers are largely United States Government Defense and Civil agencies but also include commercial domestic and international customers.. INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISANCE SYSTEMS: Leveraging MDA LTD technology to provide multi-satellite earth observation ground receiving stations. Two major customers are DigitalGlobe and the US DoD. WEATHER SERVICES: Provide timely, accurate, customized weather forecasts and information products to help customers maximize revenue by understanding weather-related impacts to their business. Commodity trading (primarily in energy and agriculture) is the largest customer segment. 2

3 Agenda 1. Introduction to MDA 2. Summary of SAR and InSAR 3. Case Studies of Oil & Gas Applications: Case Study 1: Waterflood in California Case Study 2: Cyclic Steam Stimulation in Alberta Case Study 3: Monitoring Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Algeria 4. Summary 3

4 Summary of SAR/InSAR 4

5 Optical vs RADAR Satellite Data 5

6 RADAR Remote Sensing satellite remote sensing optical microwave What you see in Google Earth passive unfocused - altimeter - scatterometer active (radar) focused SAR + InSAR - C-Band (interferometric) Synthetic Aperture RADAR Electromagnetic spectrum this window!

7 Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) Imaging 7

8 Select Beam Mode for the Monitoring Project RADARSAT-2 Imaging Modes 8

9 RADAR Imagery Has Two Parts Amplitude Phase 9

10 InSAR InSAR uses two or more dates of RADAR satellite imagery to detect and measure phase shift due to ground movement. 10

11 InSAR Monitoring Solution Very accurate and spatially contiguous (3-8m posting)* surface movement is derived from the analysis with vertical measurements in the 3-5mm RMS range. In the case of oil field monitoring, this enables reservoir engineers to manage subsidence levels by adjusting production and injection thereby reducing operational costs and preventing casing failures * Posting refers to the spacing of points in the X and Y directions 11

12 Environmental Features Managed During Data Processing Some environmental features create noise that we manage in the processing: Topographic noise Atmospheric noise Vegetation changes between dates cause decorrelation Surface moisture changes Other influences 12

13 Quality-Enhancing Measures Selection of appropriate beam mode (resolution) Development of a strong multilook archive to establish true baseline conditions (stacking to filter out noise) Selection of suitable evaluation approach 13

14 EOR and CCS Monitoring With InSAR Case Study 1: Waterflood in California (Shallow, desert Can use Differential D- InSAR ) Case Study 2: Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) in Alberta (Vegetation & Moisture issues -Use Integrated-InSAR I- InSAR ) Case 3: Carbon Capture Sequestration (CCS) in Algeria (Atmospheric noise and a small signal from a deep horizon)

15 Case Study 1: 10+ Years of Waterflood Monitoring in California Keeping Production Costs Down for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) from Diatomite and Shallow Sands

16 San Joaquin Valley, California Deformation Monitoring ~1000 feet

17 The Client Requirement #1: Reduce Casing Failures/Well Losses A crucial monitoring tool in use since 2001 Failed Casing Surface subsidence Pressure Depletion Slip Planes : ERS : RADARSAT-1 (15/yr) : RADARSAT-2 (15/yr) Subsidence costs due to well damage/failures was >US $20M in Yr 2000 D-InSAR monitoring has been a key component in subsidence rate control and significant cost savings related to reduced well failures since 2001

18 A Decade of Monitoring in SJV Monitoring period : September 26, 2003 to October 20, 2003 Sensor : RADARSAT-1 Pixel spacing : 66 ft x 66 ft Delivered map projection : State Plane, NAD83 August 4, 2012 to August 28, 2012 RADARSAT-2 20 ft x 20 ft State Plane, NAD83 and NAD 27

19 Threat Alerts : Reduce Water Loss and Stop Out-of-Zone Escape Radarsat-1: April to May F1 descending Water leak detected with D-InSAR: Client alerted After water injector was shut off RADARSAT-1 data CSA Received by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing. Processed and distributed by MDA Geospatial Services Inc. Radarsat-1: May to Jun Radarsat-2: May to Jun Radarsat-2: May to Jun Radarsat-1: May to Jun F1 descending, UF24 descending, UF4 descending, F3F descending, June 12 June 14 June 17 RADARSAT-2 Data and Products MacDONALD, DETTWILER AND ASSOCIATES LTD 2008 All Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency June 19

20 MDA Solution: D-InSAR Monitoring of Surface Deformation Data every 24 days for one track, but can be as frequent as every 4 days from multiple tracks Enabled reservoir engineers to manage subsidence levels by adjusting production and injection actions Reliable delivery of deformation maps via ftp within 2-5 days after second SAR image acquired in InSAR pair Timely deformation maps allowed more efficient maintenance of wells that are at higher risk of damage No equipment/instrumentation required on the ground Continuous coverage across oilfield with 3 or 8 m postings Very accurate (3-5 mm RMS, LE90) in Vertical

21 Case Study 2: Cyclic Steam Monitoring in Alberta Oilfield in Alberta, Canada Roads/ Lakes Well pads/ main plant site 30 Corner Reflectors in area of ~2 x 2 km Provide detailed information to reservoir engineers Capture steep spatial deformation gradient/ local deformation One reference reflector installed in stable area of no deformation

22 Client Need: Optimize Steam Distribution for Heavy Oil Production Steam injection used to mobilize bitumen for oil production horizontal wells at few hundred meters depth ( m) Steam causes vertical deformation or land surface uplift: Uplift and Subsidence of mm to cm per month across well pads is detected using MDA proprietary InSAR approach Complex spatial and temporal deformation patterns occur Reservoir Engineers need to know the reservoir response (temporal and spatial dilation from steam and diluent injection) Distinguish from natural surface movement (e.g. frost heave) To understand the underground steam distribution and to tune the steam injection and oil production process Weekly, monthly or quarterly surface deformation reports provided to clients; annual report submitted to ERCB

23 Alberta EOR CSS Production Cyclic Steam Stimulation Inject, Soak, Produce Older technology can produce 20 to 40+ cm/month of uplift Many think the ground settles fully between CSS cycles

24 AB & SK EOR SAGD Production Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Injection and production well pairs Steam (and solvent) injected in top well to mobilize and drain the bitumen into the lower well Typically 2.5 cm/year uplift for 20+ years

25 Satellite Image Coverage

26 Alberta Heavy Oil EOR Well Pad Locations

27 Evidence of Deformation (CSS)

28 ~5cm/mo Surface Deformation Detected and Mapped (CSS)

29 Monitoring Subtle SAGD Surface Deformation Requires Installation of RADAR Reflectors

30 Corner Reflectors (CRs) are Installed in to supplement existing point targets Corner Reflectors are installed onto 20 foot pipe (6m) so no frost heave effect Effective geodetic monuments with high accuracy ~mm Provide years of deformation monitoring maintenance free.

31 Corner Reflectors Monument based observations to ensure that the observed ground movement is below the frost line. Robust, reliable ground targets ensure accurate monitoring. Often perceived as expensive in the initial infrastructure requirement but can be amortized over longer periods.

32 Sampling a Field Designing the monitoring programme is the critical requirement Understanding the expected deformation, is the critical part of the story Design factors include depth and amount of deformation and well density.

33 Oil Sands Products Monitoring Reports CR Visibility Reports 4, or 24 days to annual Measurements Monuments (~1000 installed in Alberta now!) other (hard in the radar sense) targets of opportunity ground points (when possible) Point (CSV or Shape) files of deformation over the monuments and/or targets of opportunity Interpolated maps Precision Achieve ~ ±3 mm after 20 images in a time series at all CRs Achieve ~ ±5 mm for other targets of opportunity (buildings, infrastructure).

34 Case Study 3: Geologic Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Monitoring Ocean Disposa l Capture CO 2 from source (power production, gas wells, etc.) + inject it as supercritical liquid into brownfields, saline aquifers, etc.

35 CCS at Krechba, Algeria Background: The Joint Industry Project (JIP), comprising partners BP, Statoil, and Sonatrach, work with BP to produce natural gas from ~2000m depth in Krechba (Algeria), and separate the CO2 to produce commercial-grade LNG The JIP is required to demonstrate that the injected gas remains underground for decades, and is exploring various monitoring technologies such as 4D Seismic, Wellbore Sampling, Tracers, and Satellite Imaging MDA and Pinnacle Technologies completed a contract to monitor the Krechba Gas Field using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) over two years. Graphic from JIP Presentation /09/2010

36 CCS Monitoring at Krechba 2000 m Graphic from JIP Presentation 2009

37 Krechba Field, Algeria 17 km Graphic from JIP Presentation 2009

38 Project Objectives 1. Provide assurance that secure geological storage of CO 2 can be cost-effectively verified and that long-term assurance can be provided by short-term monitoring. 2. Demonstrate to stakeholders that industrial-scale geological storage of CO 2 is a viable green house gas mitigation option. 3. Set precedents for the regulation and verification of the geological storage of CO 2, allowing eligibility for GHG credits

39 Integrated Surface Deformation Monitoring (4D Reservoir Characterization) InSAR Maps Graphic Courtesy of Pinnacle Technologies

40 MDA Solution: Network Inversion InSAR Time series analysis from using Network Inversion Interferometry (NI-InSAR) removes noise to detect 20+ mm of surface deformation

41 Final Series of Interferograms Created Atmosphere is temporally random, unlike deformation Temporal filter was carefully designed to smooth results Small scale atmospheric bubbles removed; deformation bulges enhanced by removal Temporal filtering ensures spatial correlation is retained Example: _

42 Land Surface Deformation Time Series

43 Summary MDA has for over a decade used InSAR as an operational tool for monitoring oil field operations We now use specific InSAR processing approaches to detect, measure and monitor very subtle SAGD, CSS, water flood and CO2 site micro-surface movements.