Rules to a story!!what?!!when?!!where?!!why?! ANTH 42: Primates in Nature! WHEN: Dating methods! Lecture 2:! Primate evolution!
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![Evolution and its mechanisms (including natural selection) [later lecture!]! WHEN: Dating methods! 1854: Dinner in the Iguanodon!](/docs-images/78/78298276/images/1-1.jpg "Bishop James Ussher: 1650 calculated from Bible that Creation occurred 4004 BC! Mary Ann Mantell: 1820 discovered Iguanodon tooth (Sussex, UK)*!")
1 ANTH 42: Primates in Nature! Lecture 2:! Primate evolution! Rules to a story! What?! When?! Where?! Why?! but today, not in that order:! When? Dating methods and deep time! Where? How do fossils form - taphonomy! What? The primate fossil record! Why? Evolution and its mechanisms (including natural selection) [later lecture!]! WHEN: Dating methods! 1854: Dinner in the Iguanodon! Bishop James Ussher: 1650 calculated from Bible that Creation occurred 4004 BC! Mary Ann Mantell: 1820 discovered Iguanodon tooth (Sussex, UK)*! Richard Owen: 1842 coined word Dinosaur! Was hard to reconcile 6,000 years with creatures SO different and so clearly extinct.! Uniformitarianism violated.! * Other giant bones known, but this specimen first to kick off modern interest! Uniformitarianism & the earth! Strata laid down in layers, oldest are deepest.! Younger or older?! Sometimes, geological processes can muddle that up.! But with more data, can usually figure it out.!
2 " 100 years trying to date fossils. Recognized fossil stages - rocks with no crinoids or coral overlaid by rocks with crinoids and coral, but no dinosaurs, so could talk about age of crinoids and age of dinosaurs. Knew the order taxa showed up (relative dating), but argue about when in years (absolute dating).! Absolute.! Dendrochronology! (tree rings)! Growth depends on rainfall; annual rings.! Count inward from outermost ring, get age of tree.! Bristlecone pine 5,000 yrs! 1566! Buried log! Absolute.! Dendrochronology! (tree rings)! Growth depends on rainfall; annual rings.! Count inward from outermost ring, get age of tree.! Bristlecone pine 5,000 yrs! River oaks, S. Germany: > 10,000 yrs! Bristlecone Pines, SW USA: 8,500! 1566! Absolute. Dendrochronology! Radiometric! Isotopic decay - measurable rates! Buried log! Buried log!
3 Absolute. Dendrochronology! Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes - half-life! Radiometric! amount of 14 C! Isotopic decay - 14 C/ 12 C at death measurable (atmospheric)! rates! 14 C! Death! 14 N! total amount of carbon! 5,730! 11,460! 17,190! 22,920! 28,650! TIME! Absolute. Dendrochronology! Radiometric! Isotopic decay - Uranium - Lead (U/Pb)! measurable 235 U -> 207 Pb: 700my! rates! 238 U -> 206 Pb: 4,500my! Potassium - Argon (K/Ar)! 40 K -> 40 Ar: 1,300my! Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes - half-life! Unstable isotope! T 0! DECAY PRODUCT! T 1! T 2! T 3! TIME! T 4! T 5! Absolute. Dendrochronology! Radiometric! NOW:! DEEP TIME! 4.4 billion! 500 million Uranium - Lead (U/Pb)! 235 U -> 207 Pb: 700my! 238 U -> 206 Pb: 4,500my! Potassium - Argon (K/Ar)! 40 K -> 40 Ar: 1,300my! Unstable isotope! Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes - half-life! T 1! T T T 0! DECAY PRODUCT! 2! 3! T 4! T 5!
4 500 million 500 million 500 million 500 million And now to shift scales...!
![after all...]!](/docs-images/78/78298276/images/5-3.jpg "65mya!")
5 500 million And now to shift scales... [fish, after all...]! 500 million 65mya!
6 Deep time! 65mya! Chimphuman LCA " 6mya! Deep time! WHERE: Taphonomy! WHERE: Taphonomy! Taphonomy: the study of burial and decay; creation of fossils.! Chewed up, pulled apart! Trampled, dispersed! Weathered! Plant roots! Buried! Geological deformation! Exposed (partially?)! Gain of information (?): What happened to this horse?! WHERE: Taphonomy - one consequence! Living species Same color = closely related.! Because VAST MAJORITY of individual organisms that have ever lived do NOT become fossils (let alone recognizable ones),! And of the ones that do, only a TINY MINORITY then become exposed and available for study,! We expect gaps in the fossil record.! WHERE: Taphonomy - one consequence! Living species Same color = closely related.! Count species in modern habitat, compare with fossil species in similar fossil habitat, estimate # missing species. Guess?! Fossils! " 90%! (Uniformitariansim)!
7 WHERE: Taphonomy - one consequence! WHERE: Taphonomy - one consequence! Cheating to connect branches with species we haven t found, even if know they must have existed.! So connect up available species.! Make mistakes.! Cheating to connect branches with species we haven t found, even if we know they must have existed.! So connect up available species.! Make mistakes.! Find new fossil, revise understanding (and get closer to reality)! WHERE: Taphonomy - another consequence! WHERE: Taphonomy - another consequence! Jaws and especially teeth are HARD! What PARTS get left?! Faces aren t easy to chew and don t have much meat (medium-size animals).! Lucy! Dinosaur National Monument (UT)! Aegyptopithecus (jaw and skull found separately)! How do we put them together??!
8 WHAT: The record.! Origin of mammals, Origin & recognition of primates! mammals! What does a mammal look like when it s a bone?! What s the difference between a primate and a possum?! Bony definition of mammal! Fish! Reptiles! Synapsids! ~1m! Reptile --> mammal! Jurassic! 500 million years - 1 st fish to present! Dinosaurs! Primates! Mammae don t fossilize! Primates v. other mammals! Postorbital bar --> bony orbit! Postorbital bar! Primates v. other mammals! Postorbital bar is usually complete! But it s not real obvious, hence disagree over Tupaia! Maybe primate (tree shrew)! Not primate (elephant shrew)!
9 Primate phylogeny (Falk)! Plesiadapiforms ( proto-primates )! Adapiforms (prosimians)! Omomyiforms (tarsiers [?])! Late Oligocene (early simians)! Prosimian vs. anthropoid skulls! Early Miocene (apes)! Madagascar (lemur megafauna)! 120 mya Early Cretaceous! 130 mya, South America, Africa, India all connected! No primates! 115 mya, drifting apart.! 85mya Late Cretaceous! 80-90mya! Conceivable ancestors of primates around, but continents separate.! Dinosaurs still dominant.! Madagascar off on own.! End Cretaceous - K/T boundary 65 mya - primates!
10 Plesiadapiforms! Prosimians - or flying lemurs?! Eyes lateral! Purgatorius! ~ rat size; ~ 65mya Purgatory, Montana. primatomorph! Plesiadapiforms! Weird jaw + grasping paws! Nail, not claw! Plesiadapis: ~2 (beaver-sized); North Dakota! A! O! A! O! A! O! A! 45mya Eocene Adapids, Omomyids! Eocene! Adapids! Definitely primate! Adapiforms! Omomyids! Adapis (France)! Notharctus! Wyoming ~ 40-50mya!
11 Adapis! Shoshonius! Omomyids! Lots of specimens and # species! Note forward facing eyes, postorbital bar!
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