Devonian-Mississippian Petroleum Systems of Southern Laurasia: What Makes the STACK-Merge-SCOOP Play in Oklahoma so Special*

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1 Devonian-Mississippian Petroleum Systems of Southern Laurasia: What Makes the STACK-Merge-SCOOP Play in Oklahoma so Special* Andrew Cullen 1 Search and Discovery Article #10998 (2017)** Posted October 9, 2017 *Adapted from oral presentation given at 2017 AAPG DPA Mid-Continent Playmakers Forum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, May 11, 2017 **Datapages 2017 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly. 1 Warwick Energy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (andrew.cullen@warwick-energy.com) Abstract Devonian-Mississippian unconventional plays and reservoirs of the greater Mid-Continent encompass the full range of unconventional tight reservoirs and play types. From shelf to basin, the Mississippian Lime, STACK, Merge, SCOOP, and Barnett Shale plays comprise a petroleum megasystem that records a change in source rock depositional environments. Devonian siliceous mudrocks of the Woodford Formation were deposited on locally incised shallow marine platforms, whereas Early Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) siliceous source rocks were deposited in a foreland basin created by continental collision of Gondwana with Laurasia during closure of the southern Iapetus Ocean. This article explores the question of why the Meramec siltstones and correlative lithofacies in the STACK, Merge, and SCOOP are so prolific relative to other Devonian-Mississippian basins and embayments of southern Laurasia that share lithostatigraphic characteristics: Rancheria Formation (New Mexico), Barnett Shale (Permian Basin), Moorefield Shale (Arkansas), and Borden Siltstone (Illinois Basin). References Cited Gutschick, R.C., and C.A. Sandberg, 1983, Mississippian continental margins of the conterminous United States: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No. 33, p Higley, D.K., M.E. Henry, M.D. Lewan, and J.K. Pitman, 2003, The New Albany Shale Petroleum System, Illinois Basin - Data and Map Image Archive from the Material-Balance Assessment: USGS Open-File Report , Website accessed September 27, Klemme, H.D., and G.F. Ulmishek, 1991, Effective petroleum source rocks of the world: Stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors: AAPG Bulletin, v. 75/12, p

2 Schaefer, Keith, 2013, Illinois Basin s New Albany Shale: The next big U.S. horizontal oil play?: Oil and Gas Investments Bulletin, September 23. Website accessed September 27, Sorkhabi, Rasoul, 2009, The Earth's richest source rocks: GeoExpro, v. 6/6, p Stevenson, D.L., 1964, Carper sand oil production in St. James, Wilberton, and St. Paul pools, Fayette County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 362, 12 p.

3 Devonossippian Petroleum Systems of Southern Laurasia: What Makes the STACK-MERGE-SCOOP in Oklahoma so Special? Andrew Cullen* Warwick Energy * On behalf the Warwick s Geology Team: Doug Bellis, Mallory Zelawski, Colton Portwood, Ursula Faus, Corey Dimond, Tricia Rudd, Sumeer Karla- honorary Acknowledgements to our University of Oklahoma co-collaborators: Matt Pranter, Zulfiquar Reza, Paul Philp, Josh Miller, Garrett Hickman, Bradley Cronk Special Thanks Kate Richard for inspiration & leadership AAPG for the quite unexpected invitation to speak. AAPG Playmaker Forum Oklahoma City, OK 2017

4 OUTLINE STACK-SCOOP Regional Setting Stratigraphic Considerations & Correlations Reservoir Characterizations Charge-Maturity-Migration Considerations Overpressures How the Midcontinent Mega-Systems works. Southern Laurasia Devonian-Mississippian systems. Play Analysis: Why the STACK is special. Conclusions

Carboniferous Source Rocks Mesozoic Diagramatic Our main focus Intra-cratonic Basin Wichita-Arbuckle Orogeny Penn Unconformity Granite wash -10,000 FEET -20,000-30,000 Johnson 1992 Sag basin Foreland

BASIN Tonkawa Cleveland Kansas Shelf Regional Cross Section Mtn.

5 Carboniferous Source Rocks Mesozoic Diagramatic Our main focus Intra-cratonic Basin Wichita-Arbuckle Orogeny Penn Unconformity Granite wash -10,000 FEET -20,000-30,000 Johnson 1992 Sag basin Foreland GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ANADARKO BASIN (OK & KS) WHEELER DIAGRAM SW Greater Anadarko Basin Regional Stratigraphic Column and Mapping Horizons WHEELER DIAGRAM Wichita ANADARKO Mtns. BASIN Tonkawa Cleveland Kansas Shelf Regional Cross Section Mtn. Front-Basin-Shelf NE Late Cretaceous denudation > 4,000 ft STACK SCOOP CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN MISSIPPIAN PERMIAN Virgilian Missourian Des Moines Atoka Morrow Failed Rift Sag Basin Wrenched Foreland Basin Mountain Front Permo-Triassic Unconformity Chase Wellington-Garber Heebner FS 30 Tonkawa Avant FS 10 Hogshooter FS Springer Reagan Marmaton Granite wash FS source 10, 20, 30 rocks Cherokee FS 10, 20, 30 Simpson Arbuckle CHKB, CLVD10, CLVD 20 Viola Sylvan Base Atoka Red Fork Woodford Devonian Unconformity / Acadian Orogeny Hunton undifferentiated Miss Lime undifferentiated Kansas carbonate shelf Penn Unconformity > 40,000ft of sediment >15 billion boe produced RESERVOIRS Cambrian to Permian SOURCE ROCKS Ord. Miss. Penn. Cambrian and Precambrian Basement Classic example of the Wilson Cycle Failed arm of Cambrian rift during opening of Iapetus Sea Carboniferous inversion- Iapetus closure assembly of Pangea Triassic-Jurassic rifting in Gulf of Mexico

6 MULTIPLE HORIZONTAL PLAYS IN THE ANADARKO BASIN 28,000 horizontal wells. Vertical wells are now the exception OKLAHOMA S PRINCIPAL HORIZONTAL PLAYS Penn Sands NW STACK WMD STACK Miss Lime Play HNTN Mississippian Plays MISS LIME STACK NW STACK WMD SCORE SCOOP N S SCOOP Horizontal Well Fault 4 Horizontal Play Types (nearly all worked vertically somewhere 1. Source-rock shales (Woodford and Springer shales) 2. Tight reservoirs adjacent to source rocks (Meramec, Granite Wash) 3. Tight reservoirs with long distance migration (Miss Lime) 4. Dewatering of dual porosity carbonates

STACK & SCOOP: MULTIPLE STACKED HORIZONTAL TARGETS OKLAHOMA S PRINCIPAL HORIZONTAL PLAYS TYPE LOG STACK ft 0 TYPE LOG SCOOP Miss Lime Play Penn Sands STACK GRn Res Rwa PHIE phin MBOIP HNTN GR

OSAGE 300m 400 500 600 CANEY SHALE SOURCE ROCK HIGH CLAY % 700 Love Co.

7 STACK & SCOOP: MULTIPLE STACKED HORIZONTAL TARGETS OKLAHOMA S PRINCIPAL HORIZONTAL PLAYS TYPE LOG STACK ft 0 TYPE LOG SCOOP Miss Lime Play Penn Sands STACK GRn Res Rwa PHIE phin MBOIP HNTN GR rhob 100 Proven Productive Landing Zones Horizontal Well Fault 200 Res PHIE phin SCOOP ft U MBOIP rhob Proven Productive Landing Zones SPRINGER SH MERAMEC L m OSAGE 300m CANEY SHALE SOURCE ROCK HIGH CLAY % 700 Love Co WOODFORD HUNTON 900 STACK Woodford was the initial basal target Current focus is on the Meramec. Osage productive & being appraised SYCAMORE WOODFORD 1100 HUNTON SCOOP Woodford original target- active drilling. Springer discovered later active drilling Sycamore productive & being appraised

carbonate skeletal fragments. Light blue is epoxy filled porosity.

8 MERAMEC IS A CLASTIC RESERVOIR Siltstone Argillaceous Calcareous Well-sorted, sub-angular silt-sized quartz grains Pink grains are carbonate skeletal fragments. Light blue is epoxy filled porosity. Violet rhombs Fe-dolomite GS ft Silt vf Sand mm

MERAMEC IS A CLASTIC RESERVOIR Local carbonate factory mixed

silt-sized quartz and plagioclase grains Intergranular pores is

mica, pyrites, zircon? Plagioclase Calcareous Siltstone Mica DZ?

9 MERAMEC IS A CLASTIC RESERVOIR Local carbonate factory mixed with transported silt-sized quartz Predominantly angular silt-sized quartz and plagioclase grains Intergranular pores is occluded by calcite and Fe-dolomite cement Accessory minerals: mica, pyrites, zircon? Plagioclase Calcareous Siltstone Mica DZ? Calcite Cement GS ft Silt vf Sand mm Silt < 60 mm =.06 mm

10 MERAMEC RESERVOIR: Good correlation of phi-k 4%-6% range 10 to 100 micro-darcies 4%-6% porosity zones present on logs but not sampled DATA FROM OPIC REPOSITORY

Osage MERAMEC DEPOSITIONAL MODEL The Meramec

clinoforms & small fan lobes on a low angle

Map Woodford B b SHELF B A Normal-Pressured

traction deposition basin floor submarine

thickness with> 6% porosity With interpreted

11 Osage MERAMEC DEPOSITIONAL MODEL The Meramec formation: siltstones deposited as clinoforms & small fan lobes on a low angle (<0.2 o ) ramp outboard of the Osage shelf. B Meramec silty turbidites with thin organic-rich mudrocks b Meramec Thickness Map Woodford B b SHELF B A Normal-Pressured Black Oil Window Turbidite siltstones Woodford 30-70% quartz. 600ft 400ft b b a Wave / current influenced traction deposition basin floor submarine fans basin floor 6% PHI ISOPACH Meramec thickness with> 6% porosity With interpreted depositions systems Southern Cuba: analog for depositional setting of Meramec; toe of slope submarine fans

12 STACK TO SCOOP CORRELATION MERAMEC~ LOWER CANEY / OSAGE ~ SYCAMORE MRMC-CNEY to WDFD Avg. Gamma Ray NW MRMC-CNEY to WDFD Net Ft. GR <40 API NW <100ft SCMR island? SE SE Increase in average gamma ray correlates with decrease thickness of sand & carbonate NW OSGE SE MRMC CNEY MRMC SCMR Woodford Datum

MERAMEC to CANEY XRD facies down-dip change Increasing clay % at expense of carbonate, much lower chlorite

92 K-Feldspar 1.65 1.19 Plagioclase 6.67 1.92 Calcite 37.82 21.95 Ankerite 0.10 0.27 Fe-Dolomite 3.51 2.

96 QUARTZ Caney 1% chlorite 40% Illite-Mica CLAY 31% CNEY 40% 7% 50% Caney % detrital?

13 MERAMEC to CANEY XRD facies down-dip change Increasing clay % at expense of carbonate, much lower chlorite Increasing % TOC basinward Whole Rock Mineralogy (Weight %) MRMC (n=25) AVG SD STACK Quartz K-Feldspar Plagioclase Calcite Ankerite Fe-Dolomite Pyrite Apatite Phyllosilicates QUARTZ Caney 1% chlorite 40% Illite-Mica CLAY 31% CNEY 40% 7% 50% Caney % detrital? Phyllosilicates AVG SD ML I/S Illite&Mica Kaolinite Chlorite % Illite-Smectite SCMR Fresh water mixing OR altered mafic igneous rock fragments?

MERAMEC OIL-SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION Good source rocks present but discreet beds are not common. Thinner laminae and dispersed organic matter are common.

36% Tmax 444 o C HI 323 Blurton MRMC oil is like many of the others from that area. It is not a mixture, there is no cracked oil mixed in with it.

14 MERAMEC OIL-SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION Good source rocks present but discreet beds are not common. Thinner laminae and dispersed organic matter are common. Meramec is partly self sourced imprints Woodford Source rocks + Caney with > 6%TOC MERAMEC OIL -STACK BLURTON N 10W Rock extract from core TOC 6.36% Tmax 444 o C HI 323 Blurton MRMC oil is like many of the others from that area. It is not a mixture, there is no cracked oil mixed in with it. The rock extract had low yield. The 191 plot for the terpanes were similar to the oil, but had small very subtle differences. There are some compounds in this chromatogram not in the oil. This oil does not have a Woodford contribution. I

15 OVERPRESSURE SANWICH BETWEEN 2 OVERPRESSURE SYSTEMS Mississippian Shelf NEMAHA RIDGE MRMC > 300ft

16 WOODFORD - MERAMEC MATURITY & FLUID PROPERTIES 10,000ft Vr ,000ft Vr 1.0 GOR 100,000 GOR 10,000 Vr 0.8 NEMAHA RIDGE

STACK: MERAMEC+WOODFORD - EUR 10,000 MMBOE Osage NOT included STOCK TANK OIL and GAS IN PLACE ESTIMATED ULTIMATE RESERVES MERAMEC HCIIP TYPE TC EUR TC EUR WELLS / TC EUR OIL TC EUR GAS TC EUR FM

17 STACK: MERAMEC+WOODFORD - EUR 10,000 MMBOE Osage NOT included STOCK TANK OIL and GAS IN PLACE ESTIMATED ULTIMATE RESERVES MERAMEC HCIIP TYPE TC EUR TC EUR WELLS / TC EUR OIL TC EUR GAS TC EUR FM CURVE #SEC TC EUR OIL ALL TOTAL SE 6190 GAS MBOE SECTION MMBO BCF MMBOE MRMC BLUE MO , MRMC BOBBY K MRMC BRIAN JO , , MRMC BRIAN JO , , MRMC CHARLIE MRMC GREEN M , , MRMC IAN STEW , , MRMC MRMC KEITH RI , MRMC MERRY C , MRMC MICK JAG , , MRMC MICK TA , , MRMC RONNIE , EUR MRMC 1,145 21,246 5,020 WDFD ANNE BO , , WDFD BLUE BA , WDFD BLUE_TH , WDFD DARRYL , WDFD WDFD KING CR , , WDFD MOBY_G ,058 1, , WDFD PURPLE_ , WDFD RAIDER R , , WDFD RED JAG , WDFD SILVER S , WDFD SOONER , WDFD WC_COY , ,350 1,143 WDFD WHITE_L , , WDFD JEAN LAF , EUR WDFD ,530 4,954 EUR STACK 1,843 46,776 9,974 Single Section Lateral RF 15% Continental, Devon, Newfield down-spacing units. 6 to 10 wells 800-1,200 mboe per well 40%-60% liquids. High-NGL to dry gas window with wells up to ~20bcfg EUR

completions with 12 well down-spacing SE Carter-Knox SCOOP Permian Pennsylvanian SCOOP PLAY STRUCTURAL SETTING NE SCOOP TYPE LOG SCOOP Woodford play EUR:

18 SCOOP:WOODFORD + SPRINGER PRIMARY TARGETS SCOOP - Woodford western extension of Arkoma shale play. Springer discovered later Prolific legacy vertical production in the Golden Trend and Carter-Knox Woodford shale thick enough to support stacked completions with 12 well down-spacing SE Carter-Knox SCOOP Permian Pennsylvanian SCOOP PLAY STRUCTURAL SETTING NE SCOOP TYPE LOG SCOOP Woodford play EUR: 976mmbo and 28tcfg Golden Trend Precambrian crystalline basement Springer restricted deposition only locally overlies Woodford MODEL FOR SPRINGER SHALE PAY DEPOSITION NE Fault Propagation Fold Local anoxic bottom water SW

In addition to the Woodford, excellent regional Mississippian age source rocks in Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas 322 Pennsylvanian Kansas Anadarko STACK Anadarko SCOOP Ft.

19 In addition to the Woodford, excellent regional Mississippian age source rocks in Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas 322 Pennsylvanian Kansas Anadarko STACK Anadarko SCOOP Ft. Worth Arkansas 324 Mississippian 323 Serpukovian Chesterian Chester Goddard Barnett Pitkin Lime 326 St. Genevieve 328 Fayeteville Visean Meramecian St. Louis Meramec Caney Moorefield Salem Warsaw 344 Osagean Cowley Osage Sycamore Boone-St. Joe Tournaisian Kinderhookian 358 Woodford Woodford Chattanooga 360 Devonian 359 Late Famennian Fransian Middle Givetian From a global perspective development of Barnett, Fayetteville, Moorefield, Caney, and Meramec source rocks is anomalous. World-wide only 0.4% of generated HC are from Mississippian source rocks.

REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: CHARGE & TRAP STACK-SCORE is essentially a mega-stratigraphic trap Miss Lime charged via Osage? Super-charged tight rock. Close to Sw irr?

20 REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: CHARGE & TRAP STACK-SCORE is essentially a mega-stratigraphic trap Miss Lime charged via Osage? Super-charged tight rock. Close to Sw irr? OVERPRESSURED MORROW 322 Pennsylvanian Kansas Anadarko STACK Anadarko SCOOP Ft. Worth Arkan 324 Mississippian 323 Serpukovian Chesterian Chester Goddard Barnett Pitkin Li 326 St. Genevieve 328 Fayetevi Visean Meramecian St. Louis Meramec Caney Moorefie Salem Warsaw 344 Osagean Cowley Osage Sycamore Boone-S Tournaisian Kinderhookian 358 Woodford Woodford Chattano 360 Devonian 359 Late Famennian Fransian Middle Givetian Rapid Burial Ma Peak generation & expulsion Foreland basin Penn sands OP disequilibrium compaction

foreland basins Gutschick and Sandberg 1983 CHAINMAN &

21 PLAYMAKER CONSIDERATIONS: WHERE TO GO TO FIND ANOTHER ONE? SOURCE ROCKS restricted circulation in peripheral foreland basins Gutschick and Sandberg 1983 CHAINMAN & DESERET MOOREFIELD RANCHERIA BARNETT BODREN SILT Above New Albany

22 PLAYMAKER CONSIDERATIONS: WHERE TO GO TO FIND ANOTHER ONE? RESERVOIR- WHAT S THE SOURCE OF THE MERAMEC SILTSTONES? ARE THEY RE-WORKED LOESS DEPOSITS? If so how widespread are they? BLOW INTO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT The Borden Silt in Illinois is a slightly calcareous, glauconitic, finegrained siltstone. Some fine sandstone and siltstones near the base of the Borden contain oil (Stevenson, 1964). IL State students presented Borden Silt detrital zircon data at GSA Rather than a transition from continental to Appalachian derived sediment, the Borden has a unique northerly provenance and was likely transported by wind rather than water.

SILTY ORGANIC-RICH SHALE ARKOMA BASIN: The Moorefield shale is an emerging play Moorefield Moorefield Pay Zone Pay Zone West East East Gamma Density Ray porosity light blue Resistivity Gamma Density

23 SILTY ORGANIC-RICH SHALE ARKOMA BASIN: The Moorefield shale is an emerging play Moorefield Moorefield Pay Zone Pay Zone West East East Gamma Density Ray porosity light blue Resistivity Gamma Density Ray porosity Resistivity light blue Density porosity Gamma Ray Gamma Ray Resistivity Density porosity Resistivity Gamma Density Ray porosity light blue Resistivity Density porosity light Moorefield Net Shale Pay Moorefield Target AreaMoorefield Target Area

24 PERMIAN BASIN: Could Barnett siltstones represent an exploration target? BARNETT BARNETT

25 ILLINOIS BASIN: Could BORDEN SILT represent an exploration target? Charge from New Albany / Woodford equivalent. Higley et al. 2003

26 Devonossippian Petroleum Systems of Southern Laurasia: What Makes the STACK-MERGE-SCOOP in Oklahoma so Special SUPER CHARGED FROM MULTIPLE SOURCE ROCKS HIGH GOR = STRONG DEPLETION DRIVE HIGH API GRAVITY = LOW VISCOSITY THICK SILTSTONE RESERVOIR ( ft) PERMEABILITY IN THE MICRO-DARCY RANGE OVERPRESSURE SANDWICH AAPG Playmaker Forum Oklahoma City, OK 2017

SOME FINAL PLAYMAKER THOUGHTS CONFIDENCE / KNOWLEDGE EXTREMELY UNLIKLEY VERY UNLIKEEY VERY LIKELY EXTREMELY LIKELY BUILD

HIGH BAD NEWS YOU CANNOT HAVE HIGH CONFIDENCE AND ALSO BE HIGHLY UNCERTAIN GOOD NEWS You ve got the play the game with fear

EQUIVICAL LIKELY 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% PROBABILITY / CHANCE OF OCCURRENCE YOU BE HIGHLY CERTAIN BUT

27 SOME FINAL PLAYMAKER THOUGHTS CONFIDENCE / KNOWLEDGE EXTREMELY UNLIKLEY VERY UNLIKEEY VERY LIKELY EXTREMELY LIKELY BUILD YOUR PLAYS FROM THE BOTTOM UP BE HONEST ABOUT YOUR CONFIDENCE & RISKS APPLY RISK SEGMENT MAPPING TO HIGH GRADE PERFECT VERY HIGH BAD NEWS YOU CANNOT HAVE HIGH CONFIDENCE AND ALSO BE HIGHLY UNCERTAIN GOOD NEWS You ve got the play the game with fear and arrogance Crash Davis HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW NONE YOU BE HIGHLY CERTAIN BUT NOT HAVE HIGH CONFIDENCE UNLIKELY EQUIVICAL LIKELY 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% PROBABILITY / CHANCE OF OCCURRENCE YOU BE HIGHLY CERTAIN BUT NOT HAVE HIGH CONFIDENCE MATURITY STORAGE PRESSURE BRITTLNESS Don t forget to learn your clichés. AAPG Playmaker Forum Oklahoma City, OK 2017

28 THANK YOU! QUESTIONS? Klias Peninsula NW Borneo: Padas River debouching mud and silt into Brunei Bay

Geological Framework for Active Resource Plays in Oklahoma. Edith Newton Wilson, PhD Rock Whisperer LLC March 4, 2014

Geological Framework for Active Resource Plays in Oklahoma Edith Newton Wilson, PhD Rock Whisperer LLC March 4, 2014 Oklahoma Oil Production 2000: 200,000 bopd* 2013: 300,000 bopd** 10 6 What Oklahoma