Journal of Earth Science, online ISSN X Printed in China DOI: /s x

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1 Journal of Earth Science, online ISSN X Printed in China DOI: /s x Geochemical Characteristics and Accumulated Process of Heavy Crude Oil of Chunguang Oilfield in Junggar Basin, China Yuanfang Fan* 1,2, Lianfu Mei 1, Hongjun Liu 2 1. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan , China; 2.School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi an Shiyou University, Xi an ABSTRACT: Chunguang oilfield is a new focus of the exploration in Junnggar basin with the heavy crude oil distributing in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. Based on the analysis of the geochemistry and fluid inclusion in the reservoirs, the source, accumulated period and process of the heavy crude oil reservoir has been investigated. The results indicate that the heavy crude oil can be divided into three types based on the degradation and sources. The heavy crude oil was mainly derived from the Permian source rocks, and latterly mixed by the heavy crude oil generated by the Jurassic source rocks. The accumulated period of the heavy crude oil has two stages. One was ranged from Cretaceous to Paleogene and the heavy crude oil was sourced from Permian source rocks of the Shawan depression and latterly mixed by the heavy crude oil generated by the Jurassic source rocks. The second period was from Neogene to present and the heavy crude oil was mainly derived from the Jurassic source rocks. Combined with the geological evolution, the heavy crude oil accumulated process has been recovered. KEY WORDS: oil-source correlation, fluid inclusions, accumulated stages, accumulated process 0 INTRODUCTION The heavy crude oil distributes extensively in China, and at present, in Xinjiang oilfield, Liaohe oilfield and other areas (Li, et al., 2007; Wang, et al., 1999; Wang, et al., 1998; Qiu, et al., 1995; Peters, et al., 1989). It has become the exploration and exploitation focus to research. It has its special geological characterizations, generally, showing high viscosity and density, undergoing biodegradation or oxidation and containing complex compounds. So, for the heavy crude oil, many geochemical experiment analysis methods should be used to explore its formation mechanism combining the geological evolution (Xiao, et al., 2014; Zhang, et al., 2014; Ren, 2014; Qin, et al., 2013; Yang, et al., 2009; Zhang, et al., 1998; Liu, et al., 1997; Simoneit, et al., 1996; Li, et al., 1995; William, et al., 1995; Abbott, et al., 1990). Chunguang oilfield is a new exploration area with the heavy crude oil and in the exploration *Corresponding author: ddzyfyf@163.com This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos ) and the Open Research Foundation of Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources Ministry of Education, China University of Geoscience (Wuhan) (Nos. TPR ). China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Manuscript received December 10, Manuscript accepted April 6, process and many problems have been faced such as the oil-source correlation (Xiao, et al., 2014; Zhang, et al., 2014; Yang, et al., 2014; Tao, et al., 2012; Song, et al., 2007; Wang, et al., 2000; Wang, et al., 1999; Wang, et al., 1998), accumulated mechanism, and accumulated stages (Zhang, et al., 2014; Xu, et al., 2013; Zhang, et al., 2013; West Branch of Exploration and Development Institute of SINOPEC, 2007).In this paper, taking Chunguang oilfield for example, using the geochemical analysis method (William, et al., 1995), the types, source and accumulation mechanism of the heavy crude oil have been investigated to provide the opinions for the heavy crude oil exploration. 1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING Chepaizi uplift is located on the southwestern Junggar basin, and it gets close to the Shawan depression in the east and the Sikeshu depression in the north. The crude oil was sourced from the Jurassic and Permian source rocks with better quality in the depressions (Liu, et al., 2011; Jing, et al., 2007; Li, et al., 2007;Hu, 2004; Xia, et al., 2003;Wang, et al., 1999; Carroll, et al., 1992). Recently, in Chepaizi uplift, Chunguang oilfield was found and became the focus of petroleum exploration (Fig.1) (Yang, et al., 2009; Zhuang, 2009; Zhang, et al., 2007; You, et al., 2006; Zhao, 2005; Zhang, et al., 2004; Xia, et al., 2003; Zhang, et al., 1998). Furthermore, in Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene and Neogene strata (Fig.2), the heavy crude oil was discovered. Also, the heavy crude oil shows in Carboniferous strata. In a word, the source-reservoir-cap conditions in Chunguang oilfield are better for petroleum migration and accumulation. Fan, Y. F., Mei, L. F., Liu, H. J., Geochemical Characteristics and Accumulated Process of Heavy Crude Oil of Chunguang Oilfield in Junggar Basin, China. Journal of Earth Science. doi: /s x

2 Journal of Earth Science, online ISSN X Printed in China DOI: /s x Figure 1. Location of Chunguang oilfield in Chepaizi uplift. Figure 2. Stratigraphic column for Chepaizi uplift. 2 ANALYTICAL SAMPLES AND METHODS More than 100 core samples were collected from Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary strata in Chepaizi uplift of Junggar basin and measured by fluid inclusion investigation and homogenization temperature (Th) measurement in the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology Fluid Inclusion Ana- Fan, Y. F., Mei, L. F., Liu, H. J., Geochemical Characteristics and Accumulated Process of Heavy Crude Oil of Chunguang Oilfield in Junggar Basin, China. Journal of Earth Science. doi: /s x

3 Geochemical Characteristics and Accumulated Process of Heavy Crude Oil of Chunguang Oilfield in Junggar Basin, China lytical Laboratory. The fluid inclusions were investigated through polarized and fluorescent light observation and micro thermometry on a Linkam THMS-G600 heating-freezing stage attached to a Leica DMRXHC petrological microscope (Ruan, et al., 2013). The ultraviolet light wavelength of hydrocarbon fluorescence excitation ranges from 340 to 380 nm. Due to the hydrocarbon inclusions characterized by instable gas fluid ratios and homogenization temperatures, the homogenization temperatures were measured from saltwater inclusions. The saturated and aromatic fractions extracted from the core samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Ma, et al., 2014; Song, et al., 2013). GC-MS analyses were performed on a Thermo-Finnigan Trace-DSQ equipped with an HP-5MS (60 m 0.25 mm 0.25 µm) fused silica capillary column, operating in full scan modes. GC-MS conditions were split injection at 300 ; helium (99.999% purity) as carrier gas; and oven temperature initially at 50 for 1 min, programmed at 20 /min to 120, then at 3 /min to 310 and held at this temperature for 25 min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the EI (electron impact) mode at 70 ev with a total scan range. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 The Heavy Crude Oil Physical Characteristics The characteristics of the heavy crude oil samples are not different from the conventional crude oil. In Cretaceous strata, the averaged density of heavy crude oil is 0.95 g/cm3, the viscosity is 592mPa.s(50 ) and the freezing point is In Jurassic strata, the averaged density of the heavy crude oil is 0.99 g/cm3, the viscosity is 5879 mpa.s(50 ) and the freezing point is The Heavy Crude Oil Types and Sources Based on the biomarker compounds and carbon isotopes distribution in Chunguang oilfield, the heavy crude oil can be divided into three types (Fig.3, 4, 5, 6, Table 1). The first type (Ⅰ) of the heavy crude oil has been subjected to the severe biodegradation with no alkanes distribution. Furthermore, in the different structural position, the biodegradation level of the heavy crude oil is distinct. In well Pai1, the biodegradation of heavy crude oil was severe with no alkanes, and in well Pai 602, the tricyclic terpanes and C24 tetracyclic terpanes were affected by the biodegradation(fig.3). Besides the steranes and hopanes were biodegraded severely, only the few content of the gammacerane were in the heavy crude oil (Fig.3). Simultaneously, the isotope of the heavy crude oil is lighter with the value of -30 correlated with the Permian source rock characteristics (Fig.3). The second type (Ⅱ) of the heavy crude oil was subjected to the biodegradation with no identified peaks in the gas chromatograph. The baseline of the chromatograph is higher with a few of alkanes showing. For example, the heavy crude oil in well Cheqian1 and well Pai1 Cretaceous strata was filled by the latter heavy crude oil (Fig.4, Table 1). Additionally, the 25-hopanes in the heavy crude oil distribute extensively with higher abundance (Fig.4). The abundance of the steranes is higher and they are not affected similarly by the biodegradation (Fig.4). However, in well Pai 204, the quantity of latter heavy crude oil filling is higher with many more unidentified peaks and the series of 25-hopanes show in the chromatograph (Fig.4). Besides, the alkanes distribute completely and the stearanes show regularly with high abundance. Simultaneously, the isotope of the heavy crude oil is arranged from -27 to -29 that is higher than the values of the heavy crude oil sourced from the Permian source rocks and lower than the values of the heavy crude oil derived from the Permian source rocks (Fig.5). In a word, the second type of the heavy crude oil is sourced both the Permian and Jurassic source rocks. The third type (Ⅲ) of the heavy crude oil has lower level of the biodegradation with no filling the latter crude oil that distributes in the well Pai 22 (Fig.4, Table 1). The total gas chromatograph indicates that the abundance of the n-alkanes and iso-alkanes are lower than the setranes or hopanes distribute regularly (Fig.4). The carbon isotope of the heavy crude oil is about -28 with no 25-hopanes showing that is correlated from the Jurassic source rocks (Fig.5). Therefore, this type of the heavy crude oil is different from the Permian source rocks and derived from the Jurassic source rocks. Three types of the heavy crude oil have undergone biodegradation, especially, the first (Ⅰ) and second (Ⅱ) type of the heavy crude oil so that the biomarker parameters make no sense. However, through the residual biomarker parameters with lower biodegradation and the distribution of the fluorene, dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene, the first type (Ⅰ) of the Figure 3. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the heavy crude oils.

4 Yuanfang Fan, Lianfu Mei, Hongjun Liu Figure 4. Chromatograms of partial biomarkers. Table 1. Analysis samples and division of the heavy crude oil ID Well No. Strata Type GC-MS Isotope Conclusion Sample1 Pai602 Tugulu Formation heavy crude oil (Ⅰ) First type Sample2 Pai1 Jurassic heavy crude oil Sample3 Pai204 Palaeogene heavy crude oil Sample4 Pai1 Tugulu Formation heavy crude oil Sample5 Cheqian1 Shawan Formation heavy crude oil Sample6 Cheqian1-5 Shawan Formation heavy crude oil (Ⅱ) Second type Sample7 Pai22 Shawan Formation heavy crude oil (Ⅲ) Third type Figure 5. Plots showing δ 13 C in the heavy crude oils. heavy crude oil is sourced from the Permian source rocks and the second type (Ⅱ) is derived from the Permian source rocks and latter heavy crude oil filling generated by the Jurassic source rocks. The third type (Ⅲ)is derived from the Jurassic source rocks with heavy isotope values and differed from the heavy crude oil sourced from the Permian source rocks in the Cheguai area (Table 1, Fig.6). 3.3 The Accumulated Period of the Heavy Crude Oil Figure 6. Diagrams showing the distribution of the aromatic hydrocarbons. The accumulated period of the heavy crude oil can be obtained by the homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions distribution (Qin, et al., 2010; George, et al., 2007; Larter, et al., 1992; Martin, et al., 1990). In the heavy crude oil reservoir, the fluid inclusions distribute four types including the liquid hydrocarbon inclusion, gas-liquid hydrocarbon inclusion, gas hydrocarbon inclusion and salt water inclusion. The liquid hydrocarbon inclusions distribute extensively in the microfractures of the quartzes and feldspar or in the overgrowth

5 Geochemical Characteristics and Accumulated Process of Heavy Crude Oil of Chunguang Oilfield in Junggar Basin, China edge of the quartzes (Fig.7a, b). Under the plane-polarized light, the fluid inclusions display deep gray, brown, and deep brown as similar as a line, belt or group, and under the fluorescence condition, the fluid inclusion show light yellow(fig.7c,d). Gas-liquid hydrocarbon fluid inclusions distribute widely in the micro-fractures of the quart or feldspar. Under the plane polarized light, the fluid inclusions show faint yellow, gray yellow or gray (Fig.7e,f), and under the fluorescence light, the fluid inclusions show strong blue or shallow blue. The gas fluid inclusions in the heavy crude oil reservoir distribute few in the overgrowth of the quart regularly from 1μm to 10μm. Under the plane-polarized light, the fluid inclusions show gray or shallow yellow or colorless and under the fluorescence light, the fluid inclusions show weak shallow green. The containing hydrocarbon salt water inclusions are associated with the hydrocarbon inclusions in the microfractures and distribute in the overgrowth edge of the quartzes or feldspar. Under the plane-polarized light, the fluid inclusions show colorless, gray, deep gray, but under the fluorescence condition, the fluid inclusions show shallow yellow or colorless. Based on the salt water inclusions analysis results, the salinity is beyond the 7%, but in the Shawan formation, the salinity of the inclusions is under 4%. So the heavy crude oil accumulation period is different. Additionally, Figure 7. Liquid fluid inclusions in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Neogene strata. a-well Pai 1, 759.4m, the gas and liquid hydrocarbon inclusions among the microfracture belts of the quartz secondary edge in the sandstone of Jurassic strata under polarization light; b-well Pai 1, 759.4m, the gas and liquid hydrocarbon inclusions among the microfracture belts of the quartz secondary edge showing strong yellow in the sandstone of Jurassic formation under fluorescence light; c-well Pai 21, 919.5m, liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in the calcite cement of glutenite in Cretaceous strata showing dark brown under Transmitted Light; d-well Pai 21, 919.5m, liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in the calcite cement of glutenite in Cretaceous strata showing dark brown under Transmitted Light; e-well Pai 203, N1s, 936.7m, liquid hydrocarbon inclusions among the micro-fractures of quartz showing isabelline or deep brown;f-well Pai 203, N1s, 936.7m, liquid hydrocarbon inclusions among the micro-fractures of quartz showing gray brown.

6 Yuanfang Fan, Lianfu Mei, Hongjun Liu the homogenization temperature distribution of the salt water inclusions is ranged from 40 to100 in the Shawan formation (Fig.8a). In Jurassic strata, the homogenization temperature is ranged from 50 to 90 and partial inclusions homogenization temperature is beyond 150 that is affected by the deep fluid probably (Fig.8b). Using the layer, erosion and paleo geothermal gradient data, the burial and geothermal history have been established (Fig.9, 10). The reservoir temperature is lower so that the accumulated period cannot be determined in the burial history through the homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions. So it reflects that the homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions is not correlated with the reservoir temperature. After the Shawan formation deposition, there is no large of erosion quantity, so only one possibility, the deep crude oil migrated fast with high temperature that was caught to be changed into inclusions. Therefore, the temperature of the fluid inclusions is higher than that of the reservoir temperature. So the heavy crude oil accumulated has two stages, based on the 深度 Depth/m,m oil-source correlation, one was ranged from Cretaceous to Paleogene and the heavy crude oil was sourced from Permian source rocks of the Shawan depression. The second period was from Neogene to present. Figure 8. Homogenization temperature histogram of fluid inclusions (a-shawan formation, b-jurassic and Cretaceous strata). Figure 9. Burial and thermal history in Chepaizi bulge (left-well Pai 2-86; right-well Pai 203). T J 0 20( ) 30( ) 40( ) 50( ) ( ) 70( ) K 80( ) Ro= 0.5%~ 0.7% Ro= 0.7%~ 1.0% Ro= 1.0%~ 1.3% Ro= 1.3%~ 2.6% Period/Ma 年代,Ma Pal 90( ) 100( ) ( ) 120( ) N+Q Fm 130( ) N+Q E K 2 K 1 0 t = 0 J 2 x+j 2 t J 1 s J 1 b T Figure 10. Burial history of Well Sican The Accumulated Mechanism of the Heavy Crude Oil Based on the oil-source correlation result, the heavy crude oil in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Neogene is derived from the Permian source rock, secondly the Jurassic source rock. The Permian source rock distributes in the Shawan depression. From the generation hydrocarbon history, the Permian source rock ended its generation after the Triassic period. After this period, the source rock generated gas mainly. So, the heavy

7 Geochemical Characteristics and Accumulated Process of Heavy Crude Oil of Chunguang Oilfield in Junggar Basin, China crude oil in the Chepazi uplift was accumulated from the paleo-oil adjustment in Permian strata reservoir of the Cheguai faulted belt. The integrated accumulation period is as follows (Fig.11): (1)At the end of the Triassic period, the middle and lower Permian source rocks began to generate hydrocarbon. In the Cheguai faulted belt, the better sand layer develop at the fan-delta front facies, with high porosity and permeability values. The heavy crude oil accumulated in the lower part of the normal fault. Simultaneously, the Cheguai fault belt activity was weak and the heavy crude oil distributed in the lower Permian Jiamuhe formation and middle Permian the Xiazijie formation. The upper Wuerhe member and Triassic strata became the cap rocks. (2)At the end of the Jurassic period, the Yanshan movement occurred and the scope of the Che-Mo paleo uplift extended that affected the heavy crude oil generated by the Permian source rocks earlier. The heavy crude oil adjusted into the Jurassic reservoir, and the Xishanyao formation became the cap rocks to protect the crude oil from being damaged. Therefore, the crude oil migrated among the faults and formed secondary reservoir.

8 Yuanfang Fan, Lianfu Mei, Hongjun Liu Figure 11. Evolution of the heavy crude oil accumulation in Chepaizi bulge-cheguai faulted belt. (3)From the Cretaceous to Paleogene period, the Yanshan movement transmitted into the Xishan movement. The total thickness in Chepaizi uplift is so thin that the crude oil in the lower fault block migrated among the uniformity belt of Jurassic strata top into the Jurassic and Cretaceous reservoirs. However, the upper layer is thinner with no sealing ability. The crude oil migrated and degraded among the upper fault block. So in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata, many more fluid inclusions were found. The heavy crude oil accumulated in Well Pai1, Pai 6, Pai7 and Cheqian 1 of Chepaizi uplift, but the heavy crude oil adjusted less. 4 CONCLUSIONS (1)The heavy crude oil can be divided into three types. The first type (Ⅰ) has been subjected to the severe biodegradation with no alkanes distribution that was derived from the Permian source rocks. 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