Prentice Hall Science Explorer: 16 Book Series 2005 Correlated to: Maryland Voluntary State Curriculum for Science (Grade 6)

Transcription

1 Maryland Voluntary State Curriculum for Science (Grade 6) 1.0 Skills and Processes Students will demonstrate the thinking and acting inherent in the practice of science. Introduction: At this level, students need to become more systematic and sophisticated in conducting their investigations, some of which may last for weeks or more. This means closing in on an understanding of what constitutes a good investigation and explicitly discussing how explanation relates to experimental design. Even though the main purpose of student investigations is to help students learn how science works, it is important to back up such experience with selected readings. Scientific explanation of the material world is built on theories and this is a good time to introduce a) an understanding of how theories are constructed and find both historical and modern examples of the theory development process; and b) an appreciation for the explanatory and predictive power of theories. By the end of Grade 8, children will have had multiple experiences applying and practicing all of the listed science skills and processes across the concept areas. Grades 6-8 A. Constructing Knowledge 1. Design and carry out simple investigations and formulate appropriate conclusions based on data obtained. a. Explain that scientists differ greatly in what phenomena they study and how they go about their work. SE/TE: 18, 33, 46, 60-61, 84-85, 93, , 141, 155, , , SE/TE: 12, 21, 68, 74-75, 88, 94, , , 183, , SE/TE: 30-31, 58, 66-67, 86, , 123, , 163, 167, , SE/TE: 12, 42-43, 52-53, 58-59, 92-93, 113, , , SE/TE: 16, 24-25, 53, 57, 88-89, 97, 112, , SE/TE: 6-12, 13-22, 23, 30-35, 36, 128 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-1, 1-2, 1-4; Section Summary 1-1, 1-2, 1-4; Review and Reinforce 1-1, 1-2, 1-4; Enrich 1-1, 1-2, 1-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-6012; Transparencies P1, P2, P4 1

2 b. Develop the ability to clarify questions and direct them toward objects and phenomena that can be described, explained, or predicted by scientific investigations. c. Explain and provide examples that hypotheses are valuable, even if they turn out not to be true, if they lead to fruitful investigations. SE/TE: , SE/TE: , SE/TE: , SE/TE: , SE/TE: , SE/TE: 5, 14, 23, 26, 35, 56-57, 60, 76, 96, 97, SE/TE: 159 SE/TE: 49 SE/TE: SE/TE: 12 SE/TE: 53, 109 SE/TE: 5, 13, 15, 19, 23 2

3 d. Locate information in reference books, back issues of newspapers, magazines and compact disks, and computer databases. e. Explain that if more than one variable changes at the same time in an investigation, the outcome of the investigation may not be clearly attributable to any one of the variables. Support for this objective can be found in SciLinks/PHSchool.com web links throughout the material in the following modules: SE/TE: 25, 65, 69, 109 TECH: - Web Code scn-2010; - Web Code ceh-2020 SE/TE: 85, 185 TECH: - Web Code scn-0525; - Web Code ceh-ceh SE/TE: 75, 129, 133 TECH: - Web Code scn-1013; - Web Code cfh-1020, cfh-1040 SE/TE: 91, 97, 137 TECH: - Web Code scn-1431; - Web Code cgh-4030, cgh-4040 SE/TE: 83, 95, 135 TECH: - Web Code scn-1521; - Web Code cgh-5020, cgh-5030 SE/TE: 24, 26, 35, 37, 59, 99, 113, , 134 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgd-6011, cgp- 6012, cgd-6021, cgh-6020, cgp-6023, cgp- 6032, cgh-6030, cgb-6000; - Web Code scn-1613, scn-1614, scn-1622, scn-1624, scn-1631, scn-1633 SE/TE: , SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: 53, 124 SE/TE: 16, 19, 23, 133 3

4 f. Give examples of when further studies of the question being investigated may be necessary. g. Give reasons for the importance of waiting until an investigation has been repeated many times before accepting the results as correct. h. Use mathematics to interpret and communicate data. Determine what units to use Express findings in several forms Decide what degree of precision is adequate. Estimate probabilities of outcomes. SE/TE: 18, 33, 46, , 141, 155, 165 SE/TE: 21, 74-75, SE/TE: 30-31, 37, SE/TE: 42-43, SE/TE: 16, 88-89, 97-99, 112, 124 SE/TE: 19, 23, 147 SE/TE: 187 SE/TE: 201 SE/TE: 183 SE/TE: 153 SE/TE: 153 SE/TE: 5, 13, 15, 19, 23, , 147 SE/TE: SE/TE: 15, SE/TE: 37, 64, SE/TE: 25, SE/TE: SE/TE: 43, 44-55, 56-57, 58-59, 60-67, 68-75, 76, 83, 84, 85, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-1, 2-2, 2-3; Section Summary 2-1, 2-2, 2-3; Review and Reinforce 2-1, 2-2, 2-3; Enrich 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgd-6021, cgp- 6023; - Web Code: scn- 1622; Transparencies P7, P12, P14, P16, P18, P23, P24, P26 4

5 i. Use ratios and proportions in appropriate problems. j. Explain why accurate record-keeping, openness, and replication are essential for maintaining an investigator s credibility with other scientists and society. SE/TE: 196 SE/TE: 147, 210 SE/TE: 192 SE/TE: 162 SE/TE: 162 SE/TE: 142 SE/TE: 18, 33, 46, 60-61, 84-85, 93, , 141, 155, , , SE/TE: 12, 21, 68, 74-75, 88, 94, , , 183, , SE/TE: 30-31, 58, 66-67, 86, , 123, , 163, 167, , SE/TE: 12, 42-43, 52-53, 58-59, 92-93, 113, , , SE/TE: 16, 24-25, 53, 57, 88-89, 97, 112, , SE/TE: 6-7, 18-22, 129, 133 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgd

6 B. Applying Evidence and Reasoning 1. Review data from a simple experiment, summarize the data, and construct a logical argument about the cause-and-effect relationships in the experiment. a. Make a case for accepting the idea that there is no fixed set of steps all scientists follow, scientific investigations usually involve the collection of relevant evidence, the use of logical reasoning, and the application of imagination in devising hypotheses and explanations to make sense of the collected evidence. b. Explain that what people expect to observe often affects what they actually do observe and that scientists know about this danger to objectivity and take steps to try to avoid it when designing investigations and examining data. SE/TE: 18, 33, 46, 60-61, 84-85, 93, , 141, 155, , , SE/TE: 12, 21, 68, 74-75, 88, 94, , , 183, , SE/TE: 30-31, 58, 66-67, 86, , 123, , 163, 167, , SE/TE: 12, 42-43, 52-53, 58-59, 92-93, 113, , , SE/TE: 16, 24-25, 53, 57, 88-89, 97, 112, , SE/TE:5, 6-12, 13-22, 23, 30-35, 36, 128, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-1, 1-2, 1-4; Section Summary 1-1, 1-2, 1-4; Review and Reinforce 1-1, 1-2, 1-4; Enrich 1-1, 1-2, 1-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-6012; Transparencies P1, P2, P4 SE/TE: 18, 33, 91, 164 SE/TE: 74-75, 94 SE/TE: 37, , SE/TE: 8, 52-53, 68 SE/TE: 19, 85, 112, 114 SE/TE: 5, 6-7, 13, 19, 35, 128 6

7 c. Explain that even though different explanations are given for the same evidence, it is not always possible to tell which one is correct. d. Describe the role of logic in developing arguments to interpret and draw conclusions from data. e. Question claims based on vague statements or on statements made by people outside their area of expertise. SE/TE: 18, 33, 46, , 141, 155, 165 SE/TE: 21, 74-75, SE/TE: 30-31, 37, SE/TE: 42-43, SE/TE: 16, 88-89, 97-99, 112, 124 SE/TE: 5, 14-19, 23, 35 SE/TE: TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-2; Section Summary 1-2; Review and Reinforce 1-2; Enrich 1-2 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-6012 SE/TE: 24-29, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-3; Section Summary 1-3; Review and Reinforce 1-3; Enrich 1-3 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1613; Transparency P3 C. Communicate Scientific Information 1. Develop explanations that explicitly link data from investigations conducted, selected readings and, when appropriate, contributions from historical discoveries. a. Organize information in simple tables and graphs and identify relationships they reveal. SE/TE: 18, 56, 60-61, 84-85, , SE/TE: 21, 68-69, 125, , 160, SE/TE: 11, 58-59, , SE/TE: 42-43, SE/TE: 24-25, 57, 88-89, SE/TE: 68-75, 76, 84, 85, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-3; Section Summary 1-3; Review and Reinforce 2-3; Enrich 2-3 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-6023; Transparency P23 7

8 b. Read simple tables and graphs produced by others and describe in words what they show. c. Give examples of how scientific knowledge is subject to modification as new information challenges prevailing theories and as a new theory leads to looking at old observations in a new way. d. Criticize the reasoning in arguments in which Fact and opinion are intermingled Conclusions do not follow logically from the evidence given. No mention is made of whether the control groups are very much like the experimental group. Samples are too small, biased, or not representative. e. Explain how different models can be used to represent the same thing. What kind of a model to use and how complex it should be depend on its purpose. Choosing a useful model is one of the instances in which intuition and creativity come into play in science, mathematics, and engineering SE/TE: 18, 56, 60-61, 84-85, , SE/TE: 21, 68-69, 125, , 160, SE/TE: 11, 58-59, , SE/TE: 42-43, SE/TE: 24-25, 57, 88-89, SE/TE: 9, 23, 56-57, 68, 73, 75, 76, 84, 85, 111 SE/TE: 21-22, 39, 147 SE/TE: 187 SE/TE: 201 SE/TE: 183 SE/TE: 153 SE/TE: 153 SE/TE: 28, 63-65, 128, 133 SE/TE: 93, 183 SE/TE: 12, 68-69, , 197 SE/TE: 5, 30-31, 37, , 179 SE/TE: 58-59, , 149 SE/TE: 24-25, 97, 149 SE/TE: 11, 43, 84, 100, 101, 102, 105, 120, 129 8

9 f. Participate in group discussions on scientific topics by restating or summarizing accurately what others have said, asking for clarification or elaboration, and expressing alternative positions. g. Recognize that important contributions to the advancement of science, mathematics, and technology have been made by different kinds of people, in different cultures, at different times. SE/TE: 12, 21, 24-29, 35, 37, 40, 57, 58-59, 76, 83, 84, 96, 115, , 129 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-3; Section Summary 1-3; Review and Reinforce 1-3; Enrich 1-3 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1613; Transparency P3 SE/TE: 64-65, SE/TE: 84-85, , 193 SE/TE: 22, 32, SE/TE: 96-97, , SE/TE: 94-95, , SE/TE: XP-P3, 6-9, 30-34, , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-4; Section Summary 1-4; Review and Reinforce 1-4; Enrich 1-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgb-6000; Transparency P4 9

10 D. Technology Design and Systems: Design Constraints: An idea to be developed in the middle grades is that complex systems require control mechanisms. The common thermostat for controlling room temperature is known to most students and can serve as a model for all control mechanisms. However, students should explore how controls work in various kinds of systems-machines, athletic contests, politics, the human body, learning, etc. At some point, students should try to invent control mechanisms, which need not be mechanical or electrical, that they can actually put into operation. 1. Explain that complex systems require control mechanisms. a. Explain that the choice of materials for a job depends on their properties and on how they interact with other materials. b. Demonstrate that all control systems have inputs, outputs, and feedback. SE/TE: 5 SE/TE: 115, 154, SE/TE: 43, 66-67, 78 SE/TE: 20-21, 113 SE/TE: 57 SE/TE: 87, , , 120, 123, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-2; Section Summary 3-2; Review and Reinforce 3-2; Enrich 3-2 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-6032; Transparency P35 SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: 94-95, 96, 119, 120 TECH: Transparency P34 10

11 c. Realize that design usually requires taking constraints into account. (Some constraints, such as gravity or the properties of the materials to be used, are unavoidable. Other constraints, including economic, political, social, ethical, and aesthetic ones also limit choices.) d. Identify reasons that systems fail they have faulty or poorly matched parts, are used in ways that exceed what was intended by the design, or were poorly designed to begin with. SE/TE: 173 SE/TE: 43, 66-67, 78 SE/TE: 20-21, 113 SE/TE: 57 SE/TE: 97, , , , 120 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-3; Section Summary 3-3; Review and Reinforce 3-3; Enrich 3-3 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1633; Transparency P37 SE/TE: SE/TE: 43, 67, 78 SE/TE: 21, 113 SE/TE: 57 SE/TE: 87, 97, , 107, 120 Designed Systems: Systems thinking can now be made explicit--suggesting analysis of parts, subsystems, interactions, and matching. Student projects should now entail analyzing, designing, assembling, and troubleshooting systems--mechanical, electrical, and biological--with easily discernable components. The idea of system should be expanded to include connections among systems. For example, a can opener and a can may each be thought of as a system, but they both--together with the person using them--form a larger system without which neither can be put to its intended use. 1. Analyze, design, assemble and troubleshoot complex systems. a. Provide evidence that a system can include processes as well as things. SE/TE: 5 SE/TE: 173 SE/TE: 43, 66-67, 78 SE/TE: 20-21, 113 SE/TE: 57 SE/TE: 94-95, 96, 119, 120 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1631; Transparency P34 11

12 b. Explain that thinking about things as systems means looking for how every part relates to others. (The output from one part of a system (which can include material, energy, or information) can become the input to other parts. Such feedback can serve to control what goes on in the system as a whole.) c. Analyze any system to determine its connection, both internally and externally to other systems and explain that a system may be thought of as containing subsystems and as being a subsystem of a larger system. SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: SE/TE: 94-95, 96, 119, 120 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1631; Transparency P34 SE/TE: 5, 36 SE/TE: 115, 154, SE/TE: 43, 66-67, 78 SE/TE: 20-21, 113 SE/TE: 57 SE/TE: 94-95, 96, 119, 120 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1631; Transparency P34 12

13 Making Models: Models and their use can now be dealt with much more explicitly than before because students have a greater general knowledge of mathematics, literature, art, and the objects and processes around them. Students should have many opportunities to learn how conceptual models can be used to suggest interesting questions, such as "What would the atmosphere be like if its molecules were to act like tiny, high-speed marshmallows instead of tiny, high-speed steel balls?" The use of physical models also can increase in sophistication. Students should discover that physical models on a reduced scale may be inadequate because of scaling effects. 1. Analyze the value and the limitations of different types of models in explaining real things and processes. a. Explain that the kind of model to use and how complex it should be depends on its purpose and that it is possible to have different models used to represent the same thing. b. Explain, using examples, that models are often used to think about processes that happen too slowly, too quickly, or on too small a scale to observe directly, or that are too vast to be changed deliberately, or that are potentially dangerous. c. Explain that models may sometimes mislead by suggesting characteristics that are not really shared with what is being modeled. SE/TE: 93, 183 SE/TE: 12, 68-69, , 197 SE/TE: 5, 30-31, 37, , 179 SE/TE: 58-59, , 149 SE/TE: 24-25, 97, 149 SE/TE: 11, 43, 84, 100, 101, 102, 105, 120, 129 SE/TE: 93, 183 SE/TE: 12, 68-69, , 197 SE/TE: 5, 30-31, 37, , 179 SE/TE: 58-59, , 149 SE/TE: 24-25, 97, 149 SE/TE: 11, 43, 84, 100, 101, 102, 105, 120, 129 SE/TE: 93, 183 SE/TE: 12, 68-69, , 197 SE/TE: 5, 30-31, 37, , 179 SE/TE: 58-59, , 149 SE/TE: 24-25, 97, 149 SE/TE: 11, 43, 84,

14 2.0 Earth/Space Science - Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the chemical and physical interactions (i.e., natural forces and cycles, transfer of energy) of the environment, Earth, and the universe that occur over time. A. Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet 2. Cite evidence to demonstrate and explain that physical weathering and chemical weathering cause changes to Earth materials. a. Identify examples of physical weathering, such as the effect of wind, ice, etc. and describe the changes caused in each. b. Describe the changes in materials caused by each of the chemical weathering processes listed : Rusting/tarnishing Dissolving by acid rain c. Compare physical and chemical weathering and provide examples of changes caused in Earth materials or features by each of these processes. 3. Cite specific physical properties and describe how they can be used to identify common rockforming minerals. SE/TE: 144, , 155 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1053 SE/TE: 140 SE/TE: , 157, 159 SE/TE: , 159 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-1; Section Summary 3-1 This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. SE/TE: 113, , 123, , , , , , , , 163 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-1, 4-2, 5-1; Section Summary 4-1, 4-2, 5-1; Review and Reinforcement 4-1, 4-2, 5-1; Enrich 4-1, 4-2, 5-1 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfp-0141, cfd- 1042, cfd-1051 ; Transparencies F35, F42 4. Differentiate among sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks based upon the processes by which they are formed. a. Identify and describe the processes that form sedimentary rock. Deposition Compaction Cementation SE/TE: , , 163, 169, 170, 171 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-3; Section Summary 5-3; Review and Reinforcement 5-3; Enrich 5-3 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1053; Transparency F45 14

15 b. Identify and describe the processes that form igneous rocks Volcanic eruptions Igneous intrusions SE/TE: , , 163, 169, 170 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-4, 5-2; Section Summary 3-4, 5-2; Review and Reinforcement 3-4, 5-2; Enrich 3-4, 5-2 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1034, scn-1052; Transparencies F30, F31, F43 c. Identify and describe the processes that form metamorphic rocks. High temperature Pressure d. Cite features that can be used as evidence to distinguish among the three types of rocks. e. Describe the processes that change one form of rock into another (rock cycle). SE/TE: , 163, 169, 170, 171 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-5; Section Summary 5-5; Review and Reinforcement 5-5; Enrich 5-5 TECH: Transparencies F48, F49 SE/TE:: scn-1055 SE/TE: 143, , , , , 163, 169, 170, 171 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-1, 5-2, 5-2, 5-4; Section Summary 5-1, 5-2, 5-2, 5-4; Review and Reinforcement5-1, 5-2, 5-2, 5-4; Enrich 5-1, 5-2, 5-2, 5-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd-1051; - Web Code: scn-1052, scn-1053, scn-1055; Transparencies F42, F43, F45, F47, F48, F49 SE/TE: , 169, 170, 171 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 6-1; Section Summary 61-; Review and Reinforcement 6-1; Enrich 6-1 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfg-1056; Transparencies F50, F51 B. Earth History 1. Recognize and explain how layers of sedimentary rock provide evidence of Earth s changing geologic history. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. SE/TE: 143, 144, , , 169 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-4; Section Summary 5-4; Review and Reinforcement 5-4; Enrich 5-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd-1054; Transparency F47 15

16 C. Plate Tectonics 1. Recognize and describe the internal and external structure of the Earth. a. Recognize and describe that the Earth s mantle Lies between the core and the crust Is very hot Has properties of both solids and liquid b. Recognize and describe that the Earth s core Is at the center of the Earth Is very hot Is dense and metalllic c. Identify and describe the Earth s crust. The solid crust consists of separate plates The plates constantly move at a slow pace in different directions The plates interact with one another as a result of plate motion. SE/TE: 6-13, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-1, 1-2; Section Summary 1-1, 1-2; Review and Reinforcement 1-1, 1-2; Enrich 1-1, 1-2 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1011; PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd-0112; Transparencies F1, F3, F4 SE/TE: 5, 6-13, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-1, 1-2; Section Summary 1-1, 1-2; Review and Reinforcement 1-1, 1-2; Enrich 1-1, 1-2 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1011; Transparencies F1, F3, F4 SE/TE: 32-36, 37, 39, 40, 41 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-1; Section Summary 5-1; Review and Reinforcement 5-1; Enrich 5-1 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfp-1015; Transparency F10 2. Recognize and explain how major geologic events are a result of the movement of Earth s crustal plates. a. Recognize and describe the evidence for plate movement. Shape of continents on both sides of the Atlantic Continuity of geologic features and fossils on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean rifts, seafloor spreading Global patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes SE/TE: 18-22, 23-29, 30-31, 32-36, 37, 44-50, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-1, 3-1; Section Summary 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-1, 3-1; Review and Reinforcement 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-1, 3-1; Enrich 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-1, 3-1 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1013, scn-1021; PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd- 1014, cfp-1015, cfd-1031; Transparencies F5, F7, F10, F14, F24 16

17 b. Recognize and explain that major geologic events (earthquakes, volcanic activity, sea floor spreading) occur along crustal plate boundaries. SE/TE: 18-22, 23-29, 30-31, 32-36, 37, 44-50, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 3-1; Section Summary 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 3-1; Review and Reinforcement 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 3-1; Enrich 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 3-1 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1021, scn-1013; PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd- 1014, cfp-1015, cfd-1031; Transparencies F5, F7, F14, F24 D. Astronomy 1. Recognize that objects of our solar system are interrelated. a. Recognize that Earth and its closest star, the sun, are part of a disk-shape galaxy of stars and that our galaxy is one of billions of galaxies. b. Construct models with accurate scale that represent the position of the Earth relative to the sun and to other planets. c. Identify and describe the pattern of movement of all celestial objects in our solar system. d. Recognize that the pull of gravity affects the pattern of motion of celestial objects. Support for this objective can be found Astronomy (Book J) Support for this objective can be found Astronomy (Book J) Support for this objective can be found Astronomy (Book J) Support for this objective can be found Astronomy (Book J) E. Interactions of Hydrosphere and Atmosphere 1. Describe the properties and structure of the hydrosphere and atmosphere. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. 3.0 Life Science The students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the dynamic nature of living things, their interactions, and the results from the interactions that occur over time. A. Diversity of Life 1. Compile evidence to verify the claim of biologists that the features of organisms connect or differentiate them these include external features and behavior patterns, and also internal structures and processes. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. 17

18 B. Cells 1. Gather and organize data to defend or argue the proposition that all living things are cellular (composed of cells) and that cells carry out the basic life functions. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. C. Genetics 1. Explain the ways that genetic information is passed from parent to offspring in different organisms. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. D. Evolution 1. Explain that in any particular environment, the growth and survival of organisms and species depend on the physical conditions. a. Cite examples and describe that small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate (through selective breeding) in successive generations so that descendants are very different from their ancestors. b. Explain that in all environments-freshwater, marine, forest, desert, grassland, mountain, and others-organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources, including food, space, water, air, and shelter. c. Explain that in any particular environment individual organisms with certain traits are more likely than others to survive and have offspring. d. Explain, with examples, ways that people control some characteristics of plants and animals they raise by selective breeding. Support for this objective can be found Cells and Heredity (Book C) SE/TE: 25 SE/TE: 6-10, 11, 13-20, 21, 24-31, 37, 38, 39, 42-47, 48-53, 58-67, 70-73, 74-75, 77, 78, 79 TR: Guided Review and Study Worksheet 1-1, 1-3, 2-1, 2-4, 2-5; Section Summary 1-1, 1-3, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5; Review and Reinforcement 1-1, 1-3, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5; Enrich 1-1, 1-3, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5 TECH: - Web Code: scn-0511, scn-0521; PHSchool.com - Web Code ced- 5013, cep-5024; Transparencies E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E13, E15, E21, E22 Support for this objective can be found Cells and Heredity (Book C) SE/TE: 25, 99 Support for this objective can be found Cells and Heredity (Book C) 18

19 e. Describe ways in which changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms and entire species. f. Describe how sediments of sand and smaller particles (sometimes containing the remains of organisms) are gradually buried and are cemented together by dissolved minerals to form solid rock; and describe that such fossils provide evidence for the long history of changing life forms whose remains are found in the rocks. g. Explain that the more recently deposited rock layers are likely to contain fossils resembling existing species. SE/TE: 81, 82-88, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-1, 3-3; Section Summary 3-1, 3-3; Review and Reinforcement 3-1, 3-3; Enrich 3-1, 3-3 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code ced-5033; - Web Code: scn-0531; Transparency E26 SE/TE: , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-4; Section Summary 5-4; Review and Reinforcement 5-4; Enrich 5-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd-1054; Transparency F47 SE/TE: TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 5-4; Section Summary 5-4; Review and Reinforcement 5-4; Enrich 5-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfd-1054; Transparency F47 E. Flow of Matter and Energy 1. Compare how plants and animals meet the need to obtain and utilize food. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. F. Ecology 1. Give reasons supporting the fact that the number of organisms an environment can support depends on the physical conditions and resources available. a. Explain that populations increase or decrease relative to the availability of resources and the conditions of the environment. b. Identify and describe factors that could limit populations within any environment, such as disease, introduction of a nonnative species, depletion of resources, etc. SE/TE: 13-20, 21 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-2; Section Summary 1-2; Review and Reinforcement 1-2; Enrich 1-2 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cep-5012; Transparencies E 3, E4, E5 SE/TE: 13-20, 21, 22-23, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-2; Section Summary 1-2; Review and Reinforcement 1-2; Enrich 1-2 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cep-5012, ceh- 5010; Transparencies E 3, E4, E5 19

20 c. Explain that within any environment organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources. d. Cite examples to illustrate that competition is reduced when organisms use different sets of resources, such as birds in a forest eat different kinds and sizes of seeds. SE/TE: TR: Guided Review and Study 1-3; Section Summary 1-3; Review and Reinforcement 1-3; Enrich 1-3 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code CED-5013; Transparency E6 SE/TE: 58-67, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-4, 2-5; Section Summary 2-4, 2-5; Review and Reinforcement 2-4, 2-5; Enrich 2-4, 2-5 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cep-5024; - Web Code: scn-0525; Transparencies E21, E Chemistry - Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations A. Structure of Matter 1. Cite evidence to justify and support the fact that all matter is made up of atoms. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. B. Conservation of Matter 1. Provide evidence to support the fact that the idea of atoms explains conservation of matter. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. C. States of Matter 1. Provide evidence and examples illustrating that most substances can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas depending on temperature. a. Use evidence from investigations to describe the effect that adding heat energy to different types of matter has on the rate at which the matter changes from one state to another. SE/TE: SE/TE: 86 Support for this objective can be found Motion, Forces, and Energy (Book M) b. Based on data from investigations describe the effect that removing heat energy from different types of matter has on the rate at which the matter changes from one state to another. Support for this objective can be found Chemical Building Blocks (Book K) 20

21 c. Analyze data gathered and formulate a conclusion on the effects of temperature change on most substances. SE/TE: 86 Support for this objective can be found Motion, Forces, and Energy (Book M) D. Physical and Chemical Changes 1. Cite evidence to support the fact that some substances can be separated into the original substances from which they were made. a. Investigate and identify ways to describe and classify mixtures using the observable and measurable properties of their components such as magnetism, boiling point, and solubility in water. b. Based on data gathered, identify and describe various processes used to separate mixtures, such as filtration, evaporation, and paper chromatography c. Use data gathered to provide a reasonable explanation for the idea that the mass of a mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of its components. Support for this objective can be found Chemical Building Blocks (Book K) Support for this objective can be found Chemical Building Blocks (Book K) Support for this objective can be found Chemical Building Blocks (Book K) 5.0 Physics Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the interactions of matter and energy and the energy transformations that occur. A. Mechanics 1. Develop a more complex explanation of motion using the relationships among time, distance, velocity, and acceleration. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. B. Thermodynamics 1. Describe and cite evidence that heat can be transferred by conduction, convection and radiation. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. C. Electricity and Magnetism 1. Recognize and describe the effects of static electric charges. This standard is not addressed at the Sixth Grade level. 21

22 2. Cite evidence supporting that electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy. a. Research and identify various energy transforming devices used to produce electrical energy, such as wind generators, solar cells, water turbines, simple batteries (lemon or penny batteries). b. Cite examples that demonstrate the transformation of electrical energy into other forms of energy. c. Investigate and describe that some materials allow the quick, convenient, and safe transfer of electricity (conductors), while others prevent the transfer of electricity (insulators). d. Identify and describe the energy transformations in simple electric circuits. SE/TE: , SE/TE: 54-57, , 103 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-3, 3-3; Section Summary 2-3, 3-3; Review and Reinforce 2-3, 3-3; Enrich 2-3, 3-3 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-4033; Transparencies N 37, N38, N39, N40 SE/TE: 67-70, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-5; Section Summary 2-5; Review and Reinforce 2-5; Enrich 2-5 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1425; Transparency N27 SE/TE: 47-51, 52-53, TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-2, 2-6; Section Summary 2-2, 2-6; Review and Reinforce 2-2, 2-6; Enrich 2-2, 2-6 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgd-4022; - Web Code: scn-1426; Transparencies N18, N27 SE/TE: 33, 60-66, 76 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-4; Section Summary 2-4; Review and Reinforce 2-4; Enrich 2-4 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-4023; Transparencies N21, N22 3. Identify and describe magnetic fields and their relationship to electric current. a. Investigate and describe the magnetic fields surrounding various types of magnets using materials, such as iron filings and small compasses. A single bar magnet Two bar magnets with like poles facing Two bar magnets with opposite poles facing A horseshoe magnet SE/TE: 5, 6-11, 12-13, 20-21, 29, 30, 31 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-1; Section Summary 1-1; Review and Reinforce 1-1; Enrich 1-1 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1412; Transparency N6 22

23 b. Describe how to use electricity to make a simple electromagnet with a battery, a nail, and wire. c. Investigate and explain ways to change the strength of a simple electromagnet by varying the number of coils wrapped, the amount of electricity in the wire, the number of batteries used, and whether or not an iron core is used. d. Based on investigations describe that electricity moving through a wire produces a magnetic force on materials, such as iron filings, compasses, etc. placed near the wire. SE/TE: 80-83, 86 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1431; Transparency N32 SE/TE: 19, 80, 83 SE/TE: 14-19, 20-21, 85, 86 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-2; Section Summary 1-2; Review and Reinforce 1-2; Enrich 1-2 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1412; Transparency N4 D. Wave Interactions 1. Identify and describe the relationships among the various properties of waves. a. Cite examples to show that waves transfer energy from one place to another (light from the sun, sound, earthquake waves). b. Measure and describe the wavelength, frequency, and amplitude of waves on water, ropes, and springs. SE/TE: 8, 51-53, 57, 78, 79 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cfp-1022; Transparency F17 SE/TE: 118 SE/TE: 6-10, 11-16, 26-28, 29 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-1, 1-2; Section Summary 1-1, 1-2; Review and Reinforce 1-1, 1-2; Enrich 1-1, 1-2 TECH: Transparency O1, O5, O13; - Web Code cgd-5012; - Web Code: scn-1511, scn-1514 SE/TE: TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-2; Section Summary 1-2; Review and Reinforcement 1-2; Enrich 1-2 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgd-5012; Transparencies O5, O6 23

24 c. Measure and describe the relationship between the frequency and the wavelength of a wave. SE/TE: 11-16, 32, 33 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 1-2; Section Summary 1-2; Review and Reinforcement 1-2; Enrich 1-2 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgd-5012; Transparencies O5, O6 2. Provide evidence to demonstrate the relationship among the properties of waves using sound. a. Investigate and describe that the pitch of sounds can be varied by changing the rate of vibration. b. Identify and describe the relationship among frequency, wavelength, and pitch. c. Observe and describe the relationship between amplitude and loudness. d. Cite evidence that sound waves transfer energy using observation of sympathetic tuning forks, tuned guitar strings, etc. SE/TE: 44-47, 48-52, 53 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 2-3; Section Summary 2-3; Review and Reinforce 2-3; Enrich 2-3 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cgp-5023; Transparency O21, O22 SE/TE: 44-47, 65 SE/TE: 42-44, 47, 66 TECH: Transparency O19 SE/TE: 44-45, 50-51, Investigate and cite the rules that govern behaviors of light. a. Based on data generalize the law of reflection. SE/TE: 18, , 118, 136, 140 TECH: Transparency O9 b. Based on observations predict the change in the direction (refraction) of light as it travels from one material to another. c. Cite evidence that the amount of light energy absorbed or reflected depends on the color of the object illuminated. SE/TE: 19, , 123 TECH: Transparency O10 SE/TE: , 112, 140 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-1; Section Summary 4-1; Review and Reinforce 4-2; Enrich 4-1 TECH: Transparency O41 24

25 6.0 Environmental Science - Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the interactions of environmental factors (living and nonliving) and analyze their impact from a local to a global perspective. A. Natural Resources and Human Needs 1. Recognize and compare how different parts of the world have varying amounts and types of natural resources and how the use of those resources impacts environmental quality. a. Identify and describe natural resources, such as agricultural lands, energy, minerals, water, wildlife, forests, and fisheries. b. Identify and describe the distribution of natural resources around the Earth SE/TE: 82-88, 89-93, , 111, 112, 113, , , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2; Section Summary 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2; Review and Reinforce 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2; Enrich 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2 TECH: - Web Code: scn-0531; scn-0541, scn-0552; - Web Code cep-5032, ced-5033; Transparency; Transparencies E26, E27, E32, E46, E47, E48, E49 SE/TE: TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-3; Section Summary 4-3; Review and Reinforce 4-3; Enrich 4-3 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1043; Transparency F39 SE/TE: 82-88, 89-93, , 111, 112, 113, , , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2; Section Summary 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2; Review and Reinforce 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2; Enrich 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1, 5-1, 5-2 TECH: - Web Code: scn-0531; scn-0541, scn-0552; - Web Code cep-5032, ced-5033; Transparency; Transparencies E26, E27, E32, E46, E47, E48, E49 SE/TE: TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-3; Section Summary 4-3; Review and Reinforce 4-3; Enrich 4-3 TECH: - Web Code: scn-1043; Transparency F39 25

26 c. Identify and describe how the natural change process may be affected by human activities, such as agriculture, beach preservation, mining, development/construction, and stream/river alteration. d. Identify and describe problems associated with obtaining, using, and distributing natural resources. e. Identify possible solutions to problems associated with obtaining, using, and distributing natural resources. SE/TE: , , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Section Summary 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Review and Reinforce 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Enrich 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4 TECH: - Web Code: scn-0541; - Web Code cep-5042, ced-5043, ced-5044; Transparencies E32, E33, E34, E36, E37, E38 SE/TE: , , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Section Summary 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Review and Reinforce 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Enrich 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4 TECH: - Web Code: scn-0541; - Web Code cep-5042, ced-5043, ced-5044; Transparencies E32, E33, E34, E36, E37, E38 SE/TE: , , , , , , TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4; Section Summary 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4; Review and Reinforce 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4; Enrich 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4 TECH: - Web Code: scn-0541, scn-0552; - Web Code cep-5042, ced-5043, ced-5044, cep-5033; Transparencies E32, E33, E34, E36, E37, E38, E48, E51, E55 SE/TE: 27 26

27 B. Environmental Issues 1. Recognize and explain that human-caused changes have consequences for the immediate environment as well as for other places and future times. a. Identify and describe a range of local issues that have an impact on people in other places. b. Recognize and describe how environmental change in one part of the world can have consequences for other parts of the world. c. Identify and describe that ecosystems can be impacted by human activities, such as resource acquisition and use, land use decisions (agriculture, mining, and development), recycling, and waste disposal. SE/TE: 82-87, 90-93, 96-97, , , , , , 153, 154, 155, 164, 177 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5; Section Summary 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-4, 4-5; Review and Reinforce 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5; Enrich 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cep-5042, ced- 5043; - Web Code: scn- 0531, scn-5044, scn-0545; Transparencies E34, E35, E36, E38, E40 SE/TE: 82-87, 90-93, 96-97, , , , , , 153, 154, 155, 164, 177 TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5; Section Summary 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-4, 4-5; Review and Reinforce 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5; Enrich 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5 TECH: PHSchool.com - Web Code cep-5042, ced- 5043; - Web Code: scn- 0531, scn-5044, scn-0545; Transparencies E34, E35, E36, E38, E40 SE/TE: , , , , 153, 154, 155 TR: Guided Reading and Worksheet 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Section Summary 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Review and Reinforce 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; Enrich 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4 TECH: - Web Code: scn-5041; PHSchool.com - Web Code cep-5042, ced- 5043; Transparencies 4-1, 4-2, 4-3,