Chatham Rise Phosphorite. Observations from the literature
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1 Chatham Rise Phosphorite Observations from the literature
2 Content 1. Where is it? 2. Why is it there? i. Stratigraphy ii. Structure iii. GONDWANA iv. Ocean circulation v. Ocean fronts 3. The answer... Vertically exaggerated sun-shaded satellite bathymetry image from GNS, Lower Hutt, NZ
3 Where is it? Located on crest of Chatham Rise, 400m water depth Nodules within a layer up to 70cm thick, surficial or subsurface Nodules exhibit two distinct phases of boring and burrowing Patchy distribution reflects irregular development of phosphatic duricrust 9.4%P (21.5% P 2 O 5 ) concentrated at 66kg m -2 covering ~400km 2
4 Why is it there? P initially delivered to the ocean via continental weathering and fluvial transport P processed by plankton and liberated to the sediments by the decay of marine organisms Super saturation of pore water occurs in organic rich sediments at the sediment/seawater interface Diagenetic: replacement of calcareous precursor on offshore topographic highs In the case of the Chatham Rise, this occurred where sediments of the calcareous Oligocene to Plio-Pleistocene Penrod Group were exposed at the sea floor
5 Why is it there? The underlying stratigraphy... Calcareous Penrod Group Transition from non-marine Hoiho to marine Pakaha
6 Why is it there? The structural history... Modern coastlines shown in their Gondwanan configuration Key features Wishbone Scarp (active through the K) formed northern margin of the Chatham Rise Bounty Trough (failed extension of the New Caledonia and deep-water Taranaki basins) formed southern margin of the Chatham Rise
7 Structural history: Late Cretaceous 85Ma Latitude of CR ~65 85Ma Initial split from Gondwana Wishbone Scarp active Bounty trough opening Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
8 Structural history: Early Paleocene 66Ma Latitude of CR ~55 66Ma K/T boundary Drake passage not open Tasman Sea not open No circumpolar current Quiet, warm seas Late Paleocene thermal maximum Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
9 Structural history: Mid Eocene 45Ma Latitude of CR ~45 45Ma Drake passage not open Tasman Sea not open No circumpolar current Antarctica ice free Nelson and Cooke (2001) Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
10 Structural history: Late Eocene/Oligocene 33Ma Latitude of CR ~45 33Ma Cool water in latest Eocene Drake passage open Tasman Sea begins to open Deposition of calcareous Penrod Group begins Marshall Paraconformity 33Ma Nelson and Cooke (2001) Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
11 Structural history: Early Miocene 20Ma Latitude of CR ~42 20Ma Drake passage open Tasman Sea open Tasmania moves away from Antarctica Circumpolar current established Nelson and Cooke (2001) Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
12 Structural history: Mid Miocene 12Ma Latitude of CR ~42 12Ma Constant latitude >Mid Eocene Climate deteriorates >16Ma max Ice increasing on Antarctica (E/W) Cool waters migrates northward Oldest reliable date for P nodules Nelson and Cooke (2001) Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
13 Structural history: Pliocene 5Ma Latitude of CR 42 5Ma Youngest reliable date for formation of phosphorite Position of ocean fronts stable Nelson and Cooke (2001) Screen shots from animation by Rupert Sutherland GNS
14 The final piece in the puzzle... NW 40 km SE Thinning of Oligocene Oligocene Penrod Gp Rakiura/Pakaha Gps Hoiho Gp Basement
15 To summarise... Continental rifting initiated changes in ocean chemistry and current flow directions Oligocene deposition of calcareous Penrod Group Late Oligocene uplift perpendicular to the Chatham Rise exposed younger Oligocene carbonates Miocene topographic high of the Chatham Rise became a locus for up-welling Polar ocean front advanced towards the Chatham Rise as ice sheets developed in the Antarctic Phosphorite duricrust formed where Oligocene carbonates remained exposed Phosphorite precipitation ceased as cold water regime became established in the NZSSO
16 Acknowledgements Chatham Rock Phosphate Chris Castle & Robin Falconer GNS Rupert Sutherland Kenex Charlene Wildman Husband Tim Allan All the researchers...
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