Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site, Alabama USA

Transcription

1 Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site, Alabama USA Prepared for: GHGT 12 Prepared By: George J. Koperna, Jr., Vice President Steven M. Carpenter, Vice President Robin Petrusak, Project Manager Advanced Resources International, Inc. Rob Trautz, Senior Project Manager Dick Rhudy, Technical Executive Electric Power Research Institute Richard Esposito, Principal Research Geologist Southern Company October 5 th 9 th, 2014 Austin, TX

2 Disclaimer Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the This presentation is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under DE-FC26-05NT42590 and was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

3 Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site, Alabama USA 1 Project Background 2 Permitting 3 Site Characterization 4 Injection and Monitoring Operations 5 Numerical Modeling 6 Summary 3 GHGT12_ October,

4 Project Background 4 GHGT12_ October,

5 5 GHGT12_ October, Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the SECARB Phase III Projects

6 Project Objectives 1. Support the United States largest commercial prototype CO 2 capture and transportation demonstration with injection, monitoring and storage activities; 2. Test the CO 2 flow, trapping and storage mechanisms of the Paluxy Formation, a regionally extensive Gulf Coast saline formation; 3. Demonstrate how a saline reservoir s architecture can be used to maximize CO 2 storage and minimize the areal extent of the CO 2 plume; 4. Test the adaptation of commercially available oil field tools and techniques for monitoring CO 2 storage (e.g., VSP, cross-well seismic, cased-hole neutron logs, tracers, pressure, etc.); 5. Test experimental CO 2 monitoring activities, where such technologies hold promise for future commercialization; 6. Begin to understand the coordination required to successfully integrate all four components (capture, transport, injection and monitoring) of the project; and 7. Document the permitting process for all aspects of a CCS project. 6 GHGT12_ October,

7 Storage Overview The CO 2 capture unit at Alabama Power s (Southern Co.) Plant Barry became operational in 3Q A newly built 12 mile CO 2 pipeline from Plant Barry to the Citronelle Dome completed in 4Q A characterization well was drilled in 1Q 2011 to confirm geology. Two Class V UIC Permits were issued in NOV Injection wells were drilled in 4Q 2011 and 1Q Permission to operate the injection pilot was granted in AUG k 300k metric tons of CO 2 will be injected into a saline formation beginning 3Q Cum injection volume 114,104 tonnes. 3 years of post-injection monitoring. 7 GHGT12_ October,

8 Citronelle Dome Geologic Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the Dome Geologic Structure No observed faulting and 4-way closure 8 GHGT12_ October,

9 Permitting 9 GHGT12_ October,

10 EPA UIC Class V Permit A Class V Experimental Well permit was sought for the following reasons Short duration of injection (3 years) and modest volumes of CO 2 Characterization and modeling of stacked CO 2 storage CO 2 Injection Under real world operating conditions Demonstration of experimental monitoring tools and methods After comments by EPA, most Class VI (CO 2 sequestration well) standards were applied Injection Area of Review (AOR) determined by modeling and monitoring results (Annually) Extensive deep, shallow and surface CO 2 monitoring Injection stream monitoring Periodically updated Corrective Action Plan Site closure based on USDW non-endangerment demonstration (5-yr renewal) Pressurized annulus throughout injection (+/- 200 psig) 10 GHGT12_ October,

11 SECARB Anthropogenic MVA Frequency MVA Method Shallow Soil flux Groundwater sampling (USDW) PFT survey Deep CO2 volume, pressure & composition Reservoir fluid sampling Injection, temperature & spinner logs Pulse neutron logs Crosswell seismic Vertical seismic i profile (VSP) Experimental Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) Comparative fluid sampling methods MBM VSP Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) MBM VSP & OVSP Seismic 11 GHGT12_ October, Frequency Continuous Monthly Quarterly Annual Milestone (Baseline, Injection, Post)

12 Site Characterization 12 GHGT12_ October,

13 Geologic Characterization Baseline Reservoir Characterization: Analysis of over 80 existing oilfield ld well logs for porosity, thickness and depositional style. Sand mapping to determine open or closed sand units. Collected new geologic data on the Paluxy reservoir and confining unit with the drilling of the project s three new wells: 210 feet of whole core and 70 percussion sidewall cores Full set of open hole logs on all three wells (quad combo, MRI, spectral gamma, mineralogical evaluation, waveform sonic, cement quality, pulsed neutron capture) Baseline vertical seismic profiles and crosswell seismic collected in Feb GHGT12_ October,

14 Paluxy Sandstone Section of the D-9-7#2 core (9,598 to 9,607ft) Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the Fine to medium coarse-grained fluvial sandstones. 680 md 1 Darcy 1.1 Darcy 1.6 Darcy Grains are sub-round, moderately well sorted, predominately quartz Occasional clay pebble md conglomerate and rip-up clasts at base of fluvial channel sequences. 1.8 Darcy 730 md 860 md 600 md 279 md Burrowed to bioturbated sandstone at top of channel sequences. Mottled red-brown to light gray. Sandstone permeability generally correlates to grain size. 14 GHGT12_ October,

15 Geologic Model Completions were designed to eliminate high perm pathways, which were reflected in geologic and numerical model layering schemes. Core and laboratory results yielded porosity and permeability maps. 15 GHGT12_ October,

16 Injection and Monitoring i Operations 16 GHGT12_ October,

17 Well Location Map for the Anthropogenic Test Site Showing the AoR In zone & Above zone monitoring wells (D 4 13 and D 4 14) AoR: 1,700 ft radius from D 9 7 Existing Well D 9 7 (P&A) New Injector (D 9 7#2) D 9 7#2 D 9 9#2 Existing Well D 9 8 (P&A) One Injector (D-9-7 #2) Two deep Observation wells (D-9-8 #2 & D-9-9 #2) New Characterization Well (D 9 8#2) Two in-zone & above zone Monitoring wells (D-4-13 & D- D 9 8#2 4-14) One PNC logging well (D-9-11) Three abandoned wellbores Back up Injector/New Observation Well (D 9 9#2) Existing Well D 9 9 (P&A) 12 soil flux monitoring locations PFT monitoring on the pad 17 GHGT12_ October,

18 Summary of Reservoir Pressure Monitoring and Injection Rate 18 GHGT12_ October,

19 Numerical Modeling 19 GHGT12_ October,

20 Introduction Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the CMG s GEM software was used to model the injection into the upper Paluxy Sandstone and forecast the subsurface movement and pressure profile of the CO 2 in order to meet our Class V UIC AoR guidelines. Modeling was done in a two-step process. These steps were: History matching the injection throughh 31 AUG Forecasting continued injection through the end of the proposed injection period to account for anticipated interruptions (reserve shut-down from 01 NOV APR 2014). Then, the plume was allowed to relax to understand pressure equilibration and plume stabilization. 20 GHGT12_ October,

21 Injection Profile Match Field gathered injection profile surveys were used to understand how the CO 2 entered the Paluxy reservoir sand bodies (8 sands, 10 sets of perforations). Simulation GHGT12_ October,

22 Offset Pressure Profile Match Pressure data was used to calibrate modeled upper Paluxy sand layer (perf sets 1 and 2) pressure responses at 870 ft (265m) at D 9-8 #2 and more than 3,000 ft (914m) at the D Note: the late time erratic pressure data in the D 9-8 #2. Upper Paluxy Pressure Match at the D 9-8 #2 Upper Paluxy Pressure Match at the D 4-14 SECU D4 14 Pressure Pressure, psia Aug 12 Sep 12 Nov 12 Dec 12 Feb 13 Apr 13 May 13 Jul 13 Sep 13 Oct 13 Date D4 14 Bottom D4 14 Top D4 14 Simulation 22 GHGT12_ October,

23 Predicted Radial CO 2 Plume Extent on August 31, 2013 of 440 ft (134 m) As expected, the two most porous and permeable sands accepted the bulk of the CO GHGT12_ October,

24 Predicted Radial CO 2 Plume Extent on October 31, 2014 of 720 ft (219 m) Continuing the injection (135,000 tonnes more), the plume continues to spread across the 9460 and 9620 sands. 24 GHGT12_ October,

25 Predicted Radial CO 2 Plume Extent on October 31, 2017 of 720 ft (219 m) Despite the high permeability of the formation and a gentle dip, there is not a substantial change in the plume extent in the three years following the cessation of injection. In fact, the plume extent has equilibrated. 25 GHGT12_ October,

26 Summary 26 GHGT12_ October,

27 Summary Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the The maximum movement of CO 2 is less than 440 ft. (134.1 m) in any direction after the first year of injection and reaches a maximum extent of 720 ft. (219 m) at the conclusion of injection operations. The CO 2 plume is essentially oval during the injection period and moves little over the subsequent three years of postinjection monitoring. The dip of the Paluxy Formation influences the migration of mobile CO 2 to a small degree after injection operations cease. However, the shallow angle of dip (approximately 1.25 degrees to the northwest) limits the post-injection up dip migration. 27 GHGT12_ October,

28 Summary Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the Elevated pressure regions appear to be less than the observed plume extent and dissipate soon after the conclusion of injection operations (not shown). The high transmissivity of the Paluxy results in a CO 2 plume extent t thatt is greater than the extent t of significant ifi pressure build up (>2% of background). Consequently, the AoR determination is based on the plume extent. Injection into multiple sand layers results in a maximum plume of limited areal extent. For example, at maximum extent, the tangible CO 2 plume occupies approximately 37 acres, (0.15 km 2 ) three years after injection operations have ceased. 28 GHGT12_ October,

29 Advanced Office Locations: Washington, DC 4501 Fairfax Drive, Suite 910 Arlington, VA Phone: (703) Fax: (703) Houston, Texas Wickchester Ln., Suite 200 Resources Houston, TX Phone: (281) Fax: (281) Cincinnati, Ohio 1282 Secretariat Court Batavia, OH Phone: (513) International 29 GHGT12_ October,

30 Reservoir Pressure Differential as of August 31, 2013 : Reservoir Pressure Differential at the end of Injection Operations, October 31, GHGT12_ October,

31 Reservoir Pressure Differential 1 Year after Injection, October 31, 2015 Reservoir Pressure Differential 3 Years after Injection, October 31, GHGT12_ October,