INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJCET) International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN (Print), ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp IAEME: Journal Impact Factor (2014): (Calculated by GISI) IJCET I A E M E GEOINFORMATIC TECHNIQUES ON MAPPING AND RECLAMATION OF WASTELANDS IN CHITRADURGA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA Basavarajappa H.T, Manjunatha M.C Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies in Precambrian Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore , India ABSTRACT Wastelands are essentially understood as low-quality land from an agricultural point of view, often referred to as degraded land. Unscientific handling of land resources has resulted in the development of vast stretches of wastelands and also formed one of the major factors of decrease in per capita arable land causing ecological imbalances. The present paper aims to identify the Wastelands of Chitradurga District, Karnataka through hi-tech tools of Geoinformatics. The major causes of land degradation and subsequent formation of wastelands can be primarily attributed to 'faculty agricultural practice and indiscriminate deforestation'. Agricultural practices include the lack of soil conservation measures and irrigation practices that often lead to the formation of the salt affected soils. The study was taken up to map and record the wastelands using Survey of India (SoI) toposheets of 1:50,000 scale, IRS 1D PAN+LISS III satellite data and Google Earth software with limited Ground Truth Check (GTC) and final wasteland layer is generated. The database provides spatial baseline information in distribution, extent and temporal behavior of wastelands in planning and implementation of development strategies in wastelands reclamation of the country. Keywords: Geoinformatics, Reclamation, Wastelands and Chitradurga. 1. INTRODUCTION Wasteland is the low-quality land from an agricultural point of view, often referred to as degraded land and is presently laying unutilized (except fallow land) due to inherent or imposed disabilities related to location, environment, soil as well as current financial constraint [12]. According to National Wastelands Development Board [16] wasteland is defined as "degraded land that can be brought under vegetative cover" with reasonable effort which is currently under-utilized and land which is deteriorating due to lack of appropriate water and soil management or on account of natural causes". Information on geographical location, areal extent and spatial distribution in 99

2 wasteland studies are essential for their effective management and sustainable development [9]. Land has been turned into wasteland, due to several natural and biotic factors like water logging, soil erosion, wind erosion/deposition, salinity/alkalinity, floods and unscientific methods of cultivation. The wastelands can have numerous ramifications within any policy designed to "Rehabilitate wastelands", as it is a policy goal in India to increase food security [10]. The wasteland areas are mapped using geo-rectified SoI topomap and updated using satellite data & Google Earth to identify change in their categories through Geoinformatic techniques. An investigation through RS application has given extensive information on wasteland identification and its reclamation measures to earth science [22,20,13] through RS and GIS analysis. 2. STUDY AREA The study area lies in between 13 34' to 15 02' N latitude and 76 00' to 77 01' E longitude with an total areal extent of 8,338 Km 2 (Fig.1). It includes six taluks namely, Challakere, Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Holalkere, Hosadurga and Molkalmuru with general ground elevation of 732 m above MSL. The study area experiences a hot, seasonally dry and tropical Savannah climate. The study area covers the forest area of about 737 Km 2 [11], land under nonagricultural use is 512 Km 2, cultivated wasteland 216 Km 2, barren and uncultivated land 470 Km 2. The average annual rainfall in the district is 574 mm ( ) recorded from last three decades. The average annual rainfall is mm (2011). The maximum temperature recorded is 370 C, while minimum is 150 C; may falls up to 120 C during winter season (Nov-Jan). SW monsoon (June-Sep) contributes major portion of rainfall about mm; NE monsoon (Oct-Dec) contributes mm (2008); winter (Jan-Feb) mm and summer (Mar-May) mm in the study area. Fig.1: Location map of the study area Fig.2: Georeferenced topomap of the study area 100

3 3. METHODS & MATERIALS 3.1 Methods: Geoinformatic techniques encompass Survey of India (SoI) toposheets, Remote Sensing (RS) Satellite data, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) in mapping of vegetation, forest cover, lithology, soil types and land use/landcover pattern in assessing the wasteland reclamation and management. The Satellite RS data i.e., IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) 1D PAN+LISS III of False Color Composite (FCC) is acquired for visual interpretation and digital image processing of the study area. ArcGIS v10 and Erdas Imgine v2011 are adopted as software tool for analyzing, integrating the baseline information database to generate thematic maps. The variation in the Association, Texture, Shape, Size, Shadow and Pattern are involved to identify and delineate different wasteland categories. Geoinformatic techniques are the advent hi-tech tool that mainly helps in mapping, interpretation and integration of thematic maps in wasteland reclamation and sustainable development for future use [14]. Wasteland identification is attributed in collection/verification and measurement of information of different surface features in Satellite data which are responsible for reflectance behavior patterns of wasteland categories. The final wasteland map is updated using Google Earth Software (>5 meters resolution). Fig.3: LISS III data of the study area Fig.4: Google Earth map of the study area 3.2 Materials i. Topomap: 57A/12, 57B/3, 57B/4, 57B/6, 57B/7, 57B/8, 57B/9, 57B/10, 57B/11, 57B/12, 57B/13, 57B/14, 57B/15, 57B/16, 57C/1, 57C/2, 57C/5, 57C/6, 57C/9, 57C/10, 57C/13, 57G/1. Sources of data: Survey of India (SoI) of 1:50,000 scale (Fig.2), Bangalore (year: ) are considered as base maps. ii. Thematic maps: Georeferenced topomap, IRS 1D PAN+LISS-III, Google Earth, Vegetation, Forest cover, Lithology, Soil types, Land use/land cover and final Wasteland map. Sources of data: Geological Survey of India (GSI), Calcutta, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), Bangalore. 101

4 iii. Satellite RS data: Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)-1C & 1D LISS-III (year: , Resolution: 23.5m), PAN+LISS III (year: , Resolution: 5.8m) (Fig.3), Google Earth (Fig.4): 5th April with >5 meter resolution. iv. Software analysis: Arc GIS v10, Map Info and Erdas Imagine VEGETATION & FOREST COVER The vegetation map of the study area is derived from georectified SoI topomap of 1:50,000 scale with limited Ground Truth Check (GTC) and digitized using ArcGIS v10. The vegetation is tropical and temperate with similar kinds of scrubby forest. The total cultivable land is dryland which covers about 62% [6]. Lack of vegetation will rapidly affects the environmental degradation by water and wind, soil erosion, soil salinization/alkalization, water logging etc. A total of 76,702 numbers of trees (Palms, Palmyra, Conifer, Bamboo and other tress) are identified and digitized (Fig.5). Forest is a community of living organism that contains woods, trees and large its bio-mass. The study area includes 25 erstwhile state forest with total areal extent of Km 2 ( ) (Table.1). According to 1999 assessment of the Karnataka Forest Department, Chitradurga district holds 831 km 2 of forest cover, which is 14% of the total area of the District. Amongst, dense forest covers 38 km 2, open forest is about 332 km 2 and remaining 461 km 2 is of Scrub forest (Fig.5) [6]. Table.1: Forest cover in the study area Sl No Name of the forest Taluk Area in ha 1. Garaga Kaval state forest Holalkere Bagganadu state forest Hiriyur Gaudanahalli state forest Hiriyur Challakere state forest Challakere Obanahalli state forest Challakere Jogimatti state forest Chitradurga, Holalkere & Hiriyur 7. Lakkihalli state forest Holalkere, Hosadurga & Hiriyur Janakal state forest Holalkere & Hosadurga Devaragudda state forest Holalkere & Hosadurga Marikanive state forest Hiriyur & Hosadurga Kamarakaval state forest Molakalmuru & Challakere Suvarnamukhi state forest Hiriyur Kudrekanive state forest Hosadurga Dodda Chellur state forest Challakere Obanahalli state forest Challakere Konasagara state forest Molakalmuru Hire Adavi state forest Molakalmuru Krishnarajapura state forest Molakalmuru Bandravi state forest Molakalmuru Sanjivarayanakote state forest Molakalmuru Santegudda state forest Molakalmuru Guheshwara gudda state Chitradurga forest 23. Bevinahalli state forest Chitradurga Niruthadi state forest Chitradurga & Holalkere Tuppadahalli state forest Holalkere Total Source: Georeferenced topomap of the study area ( ) 102

5 5. LITHOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Any underlying lithological formation is an important factor for an engineering point of view. The lithology map of study area are mainly consists of metasedimentary types that are digitized and updated using satellite imagery IRS-1D PAN+LISS III through ArcGIS v10 software (Fig.6) [3,4]. The lithological formations of the study area are identified as Conglomerate, Dolerite & Amphibolite dykes, Ferruginous chert, Granite, Granodiorite, Greywacke/Argillite, Limestone, Manganese, Meta Ultramafite, Metabasalt, Migmatites, Pink & Grey granite, Pyroxene Granulite and Quartz Chlorite Schists. Specific engineering constructions on particular lithological formations are very much necessary in wasteland reclamation process. Fig.5: Vegetation & Forest cover map Fig.6: Lithology map of the study area 6. SOIL Soil is the surface material that is derived from underlying parent rocks. Soil forms the basic geological processes which are easily identifiable in the satellite imagery and helps in understanding the nature of lithology to apply proper crop rotation on a specific soil types in wasteland management & sustainability. Soil moisture consists of organic and inorganic materials, water and air [7]. Adequate soil management practices are essential to obtain sustainable water yields; otherwise salinity and water logging conditions may develop. Soils are essential units in controlling the infiltration of rainwater and surface flow patterns. Soil map is prepared using satellite imagery IRS-1D PAN+LISS III data [4]. as a base map through ArcGIS v10 software. Soil types in the study area are identified as Clayey in and surrounding parts of trijunction of Hiriyur, Chitradurga and Hosadurga; Clayey mixed soil in Molakalmuru, eastern portions of Challakere, and some parts of Holalkere, Hosadurga and Hiriyur; Clayey Skeletal soil in western parts of Challakere, few parts of Chitradurga, Holalkere; Loamy soil in major parts of Chitradurga, Holalkere, Hosadurga and small 103

6 parts of Molkalmuru; and Rocky land soil is found in central portions of Molkalmuru, Holalkere, few parts of Chitradurga and Challakere (Fig.7). 7. LAND USE/LAND COVER PATTERNS Land is one of the most important natural resources. Land use/cover provides an idea of relative infiltration capacity of different land cover types. The land use pattern and its spatial distribution are the prime requisites for the preparation of an effective land use planning and management of any area. The impact of land use and land cover over the surface and sub-surface hydrologic condition is remarkably high. Various land use/cover classes [15] have been identified and mapped using satellite imageries of summer, kharif and rabi season ( ). Different classes of vegetation tend to slow down and intercept the surface flow of run-off water leading to maximize infiltration. The map provides information on existing land use/land cover pattern and their spatial distribution. The land use/land cover maps are prepared using satellite images in conjunction with colloteral data like topomaps (Fig.8) [2,3,19].The land use/land cover classes are delineated as agricultural lands, built-up land, forest cover, water bodies, wastelands and other lands. Fig.7: Soil map of the study area Fig.8: Land use/land cover map of the study area Agricultural lands are primarily used as farming & production of food, fiber for commercial and horticultural crops. It consists of cropland, plantations, fallow land and current shifting cultivation areas. It includes land under corps (irrigated and un-irrigated, fallow land, plantations). Built-up lands are the human habitation areas developed due to non-agricultural use including buildings, transportation networks (National, State and Taluks highways), communication & utilities in association with water, vegetation, open and mining land. Forests are the lands with tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. It consists of evergreen/semi-evergreen, 104

7 deciduous, forest plantation, scrub forests, littoral/swamp/ mangrove and grass/grazing land. The forest cover are mainly consists of open, closed and scrub type of forests in the study area. Water bodies are impounded water area in extent and often with a regulated flow of water. It includes manmade reservoirs/lakes/tanks/ canals, besides natural lakes, rivers/streams and creeks. Wastelands are the degraded land which can be brought under vegetative cover with reasonable effort. Wastelands can result from inherent/imposed constraints such as by location, environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil / financial / management constraints. Other lands can be treated as miscellaneous due to their nature of occurrence, physical appearance and other characteristics in the integrated thematic layer. 8. WASTELANDS Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints. Geoinformatic techniques play a rapid role in the field of land resources, its management and development [18]. The individual thematic maps like vegetation, forest, lithology, soil types and land use/land cover are overlaid one at a time to produce final composite map with a particular set of information. The following wasteland categories are identified and digitized using SoI topomap of 1:50,000 scale and updated from LISS III, Google Earth & Wasteland map of Karnataka of 1:2,50,000 scale (2003) through ArcGIS v10 and Erdas Imagine v2011 [15]. 9.a Barren/Rocky/Stony waste The rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil & vegetation cover appears as isolated hill exposures on plateau and plains. They are located in steep isolated hillocks/hill slopes, crests, plateau and eroded plains associated with barren and exposed rocky/stony wastes, lateritic out-crops, mining and quarrying sites. These areas appear in light gray to black tone due to hill shadow on one side and light red on the other side due to vegetation and tonal variation is subject to degree of soil erosion. These types of lands are noticed in Vijapura, Guddadarangavvana halli, Madakaripura of Chitradurga taluk and few parts of Molakalmuru taluk. 9.b Degraded Forest land The lands within notified forest boundaries with less than 20% vegetative cover are classified as degraded/underutilized land. They appear as dark gray to light red tone during the maximum green period and tonal variations are mainly due to the type of season of data acquisition. These are observed in Elakuranahalli, Elladakere, Gollarahatti, Bagganadu of Hiriyur taluk, Alagavadi, Hire Kandavadi of Chitradurga, Katamdevarakote of Challakere taluk and few parts of Molakalmuru taluk. 9.c Degraded land under plantation Thick growth of plantation crops located outside the notified forest areas that are better delineated using multi-season satellite data in conjunction with ground data. They exhibit dark brown to light red tone. These are small in shape exhibiting a regular pattern and scattered. This type of lands are identified in Sasalu, Hire Kandavadi, Arehallihatti, Amrithpura of Holalkere taluk; Bharmasagra, Emmehatti, Bevinahalli, Bhahaddurghatta, Hosahatty, Chikkgondanhalli, Gelagatta and Hireguntur of Chitradurga taluk. 105

8 Fig.9: Wasteland map of the study area Table.2: Wasteland Category of the study area Sl No Wasteland category Area in km 2 Percentage (%) 1. Barren/Rocky area Degraded Forest Degraded Land under plantation 4. Degraded pastures/grazing land 5. Gullied / Ravinous land Mining/industrial waste Salt affected area Scrub land Utilized land Total wasteland area Total geographical area

9 Fig.10: Pie-chart showing Wasteland coverage in the study area 9.d Degraded Pasture/Grazing land Permanent pastures or meadows which have become degraded due to lack of proper soil conservation and drainage measures in outskirts of forest boundary. They appear in light brown to light red in tone depending on the amount of grass cover associated with the feature. They are small in size, irregular in shape, scattered and associated with village fringes and flood plains. These types of lands are noticed in Balenahalli and Dodderi of Challakere taluk. 9.e Gullied and Ravine land Gullies are localized surface run-off affecting the unconsolidated material resulting in the formation of perceptible channels causing undulating terrain. Gullies develop from rills which are tiny water channels with a few centimeters deep, formed as a resultant impact of heavy rainfall and wearing action of run-off generated. The word ravine denotes gullied land containing systems of gullies running more or less parallel to each other and entering a nearby river flowing much lower than the surrounding table lands [17]. Ravines are basically a extensive systems of gullies developed along river courses. This type of land is observed in Arehallihatti of Holalkere taluk and Kalkere of Hosadurga taluk. 9.f Mining/industrial wasteland These are the lands where large-scale mining operations, mine dumps and discharge of large scale industrial effluents causes land degradation. The features exhibit dark gray (coal mining areas) to light bluish to black (iron ore waste) tone based on the color of the mine dump, small to medium in size, depending on the extent of mining area, irregular in shape with mottled texture, located at or near active mining areas and industrial complexes. These areas are seen conspicuously around urban areas and other areas where industrial activity is prominent. This type of lands are observed in Megalahalli, Beemasamudra, Hanumanahalli, Sannakittadahalli, Ingaldhal, Halekal, Hosahatti and Bahadurghatta area of the study area. 9.g Salt affected area Salt affected land is a major problem across many parts of the world [8]. Lands that are affected by salinity/alkalinity portray the qualities that have adverse effect on the growth of most plants due to action or presence of excess soluble salts (saline) or high exchangeable sodium. Salt affected lands appear in different tones of dull white to bright white on satellite data in different geographical conditions. These lands are noticed in few parts of Molakalmuru taluk, 107

10 Hosahalli, Talaku, Balenahalli, Kammathmarikunte, Challakere, Purlehalli, Parasurampura, ThimmannanaikanaKote, Gollahalli, Hariyabbi, Ajjikamasagara, Turuvanur, Chikkgondanhalli and Panjaiahnahatti of the study area. 9.h Scrub land Scrub land occupies relatively high topographic locations [21]. These areas possess shallow and skeletal soils, at times degraded, extremes of slopes, severely eroded and lands subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs dominating the landscape. They have a tendency for intermixing with cropped areas [1]. They appear in light yellow to brown to greenish blue depending on the surface moisture cover and vary in size from small to large having either contiguous or dispersed pattern. These lands are observed in few parts of Molakalmuru and Chitradurga, and most part of Hiriyur, Hosadurga and Challakere. 10. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS With growing needs of development and exploding population often leads to overexploitation of natural resources, including depletion of soil fertility and degradation of land resources which intern creates complex problematic issues in country s growth and development. The main causes in wastelands are unskilled irrigation, over grazing, over-cultivation, deforestation and dumping / mine wastes. The proper development and reclamation of wastelands need statistical information and consolidated maps of suitable scale depicting the spatial distribution pattern. Geoinformatics techniques are an advent hi-tech tool over conventional techniques on account of reliability in cost effectiveness and time being method. Bundings, gully plugging, pot drip irrigation system, agro-forestry, soil, land & water conservation, long-term sustainable utilization of natural resources also helps in land reclamation. To prevent further land degradation, it needs appropriate management strategies for solving complex issues in understanding the potentiality of land and water resources. 11. CONCLUSIONS Geoinformatic analysis provides more consistent database and accurate baseline information on wasteland planning, successful model analysis, prediction, validation & developmental activities in infrastructure, scientific mapping of land resources and its beneficiaries. Spatial information of wastelands at taluk-level can be utilized for various reclamation measures in effective planting of suitable tree/crop species in degraded forest areas. The forest cover is about 737 Km 2, land under nonagricultural use is 512 Km 2, cultivated wasteland 216 Km 2, barren and uncultivated land 470 Km 2. The study area holds 831 km 2 of forest cover, which is 14% of the total area of the District. Amongst, dense forest covers 38 km 2, open forest is about 332 km 2 and remaining 461 km 2 is of Scrub forest. Scrub land is the largest wasteland category of about Km 2. Comprehensive model & periodic scientific surveys are much needed action in development of ecological restoration and to meet essential needs of fuel, fodder, wood and timber. Use of inorganic chemicals and insecticides in the fields should minimize to convert the wasteland into arable lands. Specific crop rotation methods on most favorable locations and construction of Artificial Recharge Structures (ARS) help in land reclamation analysis. Increasing tree cover, productive use of land resources should be done due to increase in population and in order to overcome the developmental activities of wasteland reclamation. Urban planning, management and evelopment is necessary due to population increase to avoid building and other constructional works on fertile soil/lands which are meant for cultivation purpose only. 108

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Authors are in depthly acknowledged Prof. S. Govindaiah, Chairman; DoS in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore-06; NRDMS, Zilla Panchayat, Chitradurga; NRSC-ISRO, Hyderabad; Survey of India (SoI), Bangalore; Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), CGWB, Bangalore and UGC-MRP, New Delhi for financial support. REFERENCE 1. ARD, (2009). Agriculture and Rural Development-single Farm Payment - Claiming Land with Scrub. 2. Basavarajappa H.T and Dinakar S (2005). Land use and land cover studies around Kollegal taluk, Chamarajanagar district, using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, The Indian Mineralogists, Special Vol.01, No.01, Pp: Basavarajappa H.T, Pushpavathi K.N, Balasubramanian A and Manjunatha M.C (2012). Mapping and integration of Geology and Geomorphological Landforms of Mysore district, Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Frontiers of Geosciences, Edited Vol.01, No.1, Pp: Basavarajappa H.T, Parviz Tazdari and Manjunatha M.C (2013). Integration of Soil and Lineament on Suitable Landfill Sites Selection and Environmental Appraisal around Mysore city, Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Vol.4, Issue.6, Nov-Dec, Pp: Basavarajappa H.T, Manjunatha M.C and Jeevan L (2014). Application of Geoinformatics on Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones of Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India, International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), IAEME, Vol.05, Issue.05, Pp: Central Ground Water Board (2007). Groundwater information booklet, Chitradurga District, Karnataka, Central Groundwater Board, South Western Region, Bangalore, Pp: Central Ground Water Board (2008). Groundwater information booklet, Chitradurga district, Karnataka, Southwestern region, Bangalore. 8. Crosbishley and Pearce D (2007). Growing trees on salt-affected land, ACIAR impact Assessment series Report No Gautam and Narayan, (1988). Wastelands mapping in India. Pink publishing house, mathua. 10. Hoeschele, (2003). Intra-Governmental communication and the application of GIS to improve wastelands in India, ARID LAND, No Karnataka Forest Department (1999). Western Ghats Forestry Project Project Experience and Achievements for , Project Director, Western Ghats Forestry Project, Bangalore. 12. NRSA (1987). Manual of procedure for wasteland mapping using remote sensing techniques. 13. NRSA (2001). Management of salt affected soils and rational land use at village level using remote sensing and GIS techniques in part of south coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Project Report. 14. NRSA (2002). Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development Path to Progress. 15. NRSC/ISRO (2012), Wastelands Atlas of India, Change analysis based on multi-temporal satellite data, Version.1, Pp: NWDB (1987). National Wasteland Development Board, Description, classification, identification and mapping of wastelands, New Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 109

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